Zeszyt: 2011, vol. 8 / 02
The performed study aimed to determine the effect of sewage temperature in bioreactors on pollution discharges measured by the BOD5, COD and total ni-trogen indexes. The research was carried out in a municipal sequential batch re-actor (SBR) treatment plant. The discussed treatment plant is located in Książ Wielki commune in Miechów district in Lesser Poland voivodeship. Households from two villages: Książ Wielki and Wielka Wieś discharge their sewage into the analysed treatment plant. An average of 100 to 110 m3•d-1 of sewage constituting nearly 50% of the designed hydraulic load of this object was discharged into the treatment plant during the study period. Temperature measurements and sewage sampling for physicochemical analyses were performed for 24 months in 2007 and 2008. Twenty four sewage samples were collected with a frequency of once per month. The lowest sewage temperature in the bioreactor during the study period was 7.1°C, whereas the highest temperature reached 18.8°C. Therefore, the sew-age temperature amplitude in the bioreactor was 11.7°C. Low sewage temperature below 10°C occurred from December to April. Lower efficiency of neutralisation of the 3 analysed pollution indexes was observed in this period. The carried out research revealed average relationship between the sewage temperature in the ...
Land consolidation is the most effective tool for limiting the negative impact of construction of expressways and motorways on the surrounding agricul-tural lands. This process is related to designate the boundaries for which this negative effect was observed. The correctness of the boundaries is crucial to the ability to obtain appropriate effects of land consolidation works and on their costs, which are directly dependent on the area development. Precise determination of the boundary of territory, which should be cov-ered by land consolidation process is extremely time-consuming.That can be asso-ciated with a large amount of surveying and mapping data necessary to analyze.An exemplary process of designation of an area, for which implementation of a land consolidation process is advisable, shows a proposition of such method that uses the cadastral datasets in numerical form as input data. As an exemplary object, Krzeczów village was selected, where the technical work of surveying in order to create a new system of land plots in connection with the motorway running through the village area was completed in 2010.
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Rural areas in Poland constitute a special territory with respect to physico-geographical, economic and social aspects. In order that rural areas and an individual commune may use tourism as a driving force for local social-economic development, in the first place there must be conditions favourable for practising various forms of tourism (bases for start-ing and then intensifying the tourist movement are necessary prerequisites), sec-ondly opportunities must be opened up for creating various enterprises connected with tourism and providing services for tourists, and capable of meeting increased needs of local communities. Conditions (factors) determining rural communes predisposition for under-taking and realisation of development through tourism may be either of external or internal character. Increasing at present tourist demand animated situation in market of tour-ist servieces in Poland. Estimating the tourist sector in the świętokrzyskie voivod-ship in last years, it may be said that this voivodship became very attractive to dif-ferent investments in tourist sector especially in accommodation base. Many different factors had intensive influence into it. These are mainly: creating of Targi Kielce, coming into being many new attractiveness and tourist products and intensive promotion of the świętokrzyskie voivodship also in Poland and abroad.
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Along the paper, the research on chosen hydrodynamic parameters in braided river was described. The research was conducted within the reach of the Ochotnica River in the Gorce Mountains - Polish Carpathians. The research reach was located in the place where two bars in the river were created. In 2003 and 2004 measurements were done in 7 series. Values of flow velocities were measured in the river reach and then shear stresses, dynamic velocities, Reynolds and Froude numbers and Shields parameters were calculated. Analysis of hydro-dynamics parameters allowed to check the hydrodynamic conditions in the river channel. The results show that in the Ochotnica River natural braiding processes are taking place despite of anthropological pressure on the river. ...
The method used to optimize the rural land system takes into account two basic trends of its improvement: approaching lands to habitats and the size and shape of plots. The basis for creating optimization model is the division of the con-solidation lands complexes into small elementary strips and determining their dis-tances to farm habitats. The final result of the optimization procedure is a com-plete digital map of the new land deployment allowing to summarize the required cadastral documentation. Time-consuming processes of data preparation, model construction and its solutions have been automated by computer programs, which enable practical application of this method. The optimization, carried out for of Filipowice village, prowed that changie of existing land deployment, so that the main direction of the parcel was to be parallel to the axis of the development, can substantially reduce the length and surface of roads. The share of roads in the en-tire village area was reduced by optimizing from 3 to 2%, while the plots were brought 200 closer to farm habitats and the number of plots was reduced fourtr-mes. ...
The excessive fragmentation of agricultural lands is one of the major bar-rier of their rational use within large part of Poland. In particular, this problem concerns the southern-eastern regions of the country. Comprehensive tool for im-proving the spatial structure of land in the territories of whole villages is land consolidation process. Yet, its widespread use is limited by high costs and long duration of the procedure.This article presents an attempt of assessment of changes in the spatial structure of land, being the result of land consolidation process accomplished in Lipnica Wielka village. The process started in the eighties of the twentieth century and in practice was completed just in 2010, when new cadastral was implemented and land register information was updated. The land consolidation of Lipnica Wielka village was characterized by a very large area of development and the big number of parcels, which in 1986 was over 49,000. Number of participants in the proceedings exceeded two thousands.As a result of land consolidation, all relevant land structure parameters of the farms were improved. This applies to both a significant reduction in the aver-age number of plots on farms, increasing their areas and elimination of areas that do not ...
In the paper an analysis of sewage management in Baranów Sandomierski commune, locateg in north part of Podkarpackie province was made. The mean efficiency of waork of two sewage treatment plants, located in Baranów San-domierski and Dąbrowica was defined. It was noted, that both treatment plants eliminate pollutions satisfactorily in accordance with current regulations of law. Quality of water of Babulówka river, in section located upstream and below of sewage outflow was characterized. It shows, that quality of water was significantly improved in section located below of sewage outflow in case of BOD5, total phos-phorus and ammonia nitrogen. On the basis of municipal sewage management in the commune a few variants of improvement of sewer system were proposed. In Wola Baranowska build of sewer system with length of 15 km and two collective vegetal and pond treatment plants were taken into consideration. In case of areas with detached buildings individual sewage treatment plants were proposed. ...
In the paper the state and determinants of tourism infrastructure develop-ment in Ciężkowice Community located in Tarnów Province in Malopolska Voivodeship were presented.In the theoretical part of the article on the base of literature the essence of tourism infrastructure was presented. Elements included in it were characterized. Moreover the state of tourism infrastructure development in Ciężkowice Commu-nity was described. In the empirical part of the work results of questionnaire researches car-ried out in Community Office in Ciężkowice and in all eleven agritourism farms functioning in this region were presented. Both researches were connected with the state and determinants of tourism infrastructure development in Ciężkowice Community. ...
In this paper soil-climatical conditions in selected localities in Namysłów commune has been analyzed. The soil and climate conditions has been analyzed with regard to agricultural utilization of wastewater for energy plants irrigation. Using available literature the possibility of wastewater management coming from villages: Brzozowiec, Mikowice, Ligota Ksiażecą, Przeczów was indicated. In the paper there were presented the proposed solution benefits and attention was paid to the existing technical infrastructure and its possible expansion. ...
Cemetery waste is specific due to its material composition and due to its small quantity (approximately 1,100 tonnes from the 11 cemeteries in Brno in 2009). It is necessary to know the waste material composition to find the best way of its treatment and utilization. Therefore an advanced analysis of cemetery waste material composition has been carried out.Samples were analyzed in 2009 and 2010. In 2009 samples were analyzed due its biodegradation and in 2010the analyze was advanced to assessment of combustible and incombustible fractions.The amount of non-biodegradable fraction of cemetery waste is about 23 %weight that is too much for waste composting. The amount of combustible part of non-biodegradable fraction is about 73 %weight. The combustible part of non-biodegradable fraction consist of plastic and paraffin parts, the incombustible part of non-biodegradable fraction consist of glass and metal parts. Unsorted cemetery waste (including biodegradable fraction that is combustible) consist of 94 %weight combustible parts.
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Growing demand for interesting agro- and eco-tourism products motivates owners of agrotourism farms to expand the range of services on offer. Develop-ment of agrotourism products should be based on the values of the naturalenvironment and culture. The purpose of this article is to analyse the use of the values of the natural environment in the offer of agrotourism farms located on the verge of the Świętokrzyski National Park as an area with a high tourist potential. The study is based on a questionnaire research performed in the summer of 2010 in agrotourism farms located in the analysed area.
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For a few years there has been an increasing interest in the offer of agrot-ourism farms located in areas with exceptional natural and cultural values. Wy-sowa is an example of such localities - this is a small spa village located in Beskid Niski efficiently combining tourist and spa functions, attracting tourists with de-veloped tourist facilities presenting numerous values of the natural and cultural environment. The purpose of the article is to analyse selected elements of the tour-ist offer of agrotourism farms located in Wysowa.
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In the paper, results of the research into the land configuration of plots earmarked for grassland are presented. The plots researched belong to farms situated in Marcówka village, in Małopolska Province. The village studied has ca. a 431 ha area and is characterized by a high farm land fragmentation rate. A ba-sic land element that was taken for analysis were continuous parts of cadastral plots comprised only one type of use. The research dealt with all plots with grass-land in the selected village; they belonged to existing farms in this village. To ana-lyse such a very large number of plots, three specialist computer software were applied, „MKTopo GUTR", „Plikpol", and „Pole"; they apply data from a nu-meric cadastre map and from descriptive part of the digital file of lands and build-ings register. Applied technology allowed to obtain more than 70 features charac-terizing each analyzed plot. Seventeen basic features land configuration of a plots were accurately studied. The first six features determine spatial parameters of plot, the next three features refer to estimate costs of cultivating a given plot depending on the land configuration plots, the subsequent three features depict the location of a plot in the village and in the ...
The article presents a surface assessment of Opoczno commune in Nizina Środkowo-Polska environment. This assessment was conducted for designation of areas delimitation involving local planning. In research was used multiple-valued method invented by Walerian Wierzchowski in 1996. The main aim has been achieved by working out a method respecting the multiple-valued choice criteria of immediately areas requiring local plans. Such a method offers this kind of choice in a professional and objective. The results confirmed the efficiency of the method, its usefulness for planning practice and its appropriateness in the prevail-ing, another local conditions.
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Rural areas are characterized by considerable diversity in terms of natural conditions and socio-economic indicators. Very great influence on their current functional and spatial structure also had systemic transformation and now Polish membership in the European Union. This article is an attempt to show the status and trends in the development of rural non-agricultural activities of the Warmia and Mazury in the period between 2000 and 2009. The analysis of non-agricultural business development indicates that the economic potential of rural areas the voivodship is concentrated in the highest degree in the municipalities adjacent to the major cities of the region Olsztyn and Elblag. High economic potential are characterized by the municipality with strong tourist located in the central and eastern parts of the region and a high proportion of private farms located in its western part. The lowest concentration of economic entities present in the northern province, which are municipalities with low levels of socio-economic development
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In paper a groundwater quality near to municipality landfill was charac-terised. Groundwater analyses were carried on for 4 years in 3-4 months periods. Observation points around the municipal landfill site were localised in different distance to obtain different water flow times, i.e. since 30 to 800 m from landfill's border. Obtained results were put through statistical analyses in which the groundwater quality differentiation in different seasons as well as quality in sam-pling points from piezometers localised on groundwater inflow and outflow were assessed. Investigations carried out have enabled to evaluation of water quality changes in the vicinity of analysed landfill. ...
One of the most significant problems in contemporary climatology of cli-mate warming. Although not confirmed beyond any doubt, still numerous factors indicate climate change within the recent, relatively short period of time. Opinions presented in literature on the subject vary considerably - from extreme positions, forecasting disastrous effects in many regions worldwide to the claim that "the problem of climate change has been exaggerated against all proportions".The Zielonka Forest is situated in mid-part of the Warta river basin, in the central part of the Wielkopolska region. The natural landscape is of postglacial type (Würm glaciation) with morainic plateaus - plain or rolling, gravel and san-dy soils as the main features. Pine and oak are the dominant tree species in forest stands. The predominant habitats are: fresh mixed coniferous forest, fresh conif-erous forest, moist coniferous forest and alder. Transitional climate of Puszcza Zielonka is distinguished by relatively significant nonstationality expressed e.g. by parameters of temperature and precipitation dynamics. For the period from 1848 to 2008 year, the directional changes of precipitation time series were not indi-cated at 0,05 level of significance. The trends are statistically insignificant for each month of the year, half-year, vegetation and hydrologic year periods. However the periodicity ...
The paper presents the impact of the temperature of raw sewage on the effects of poluttants removal in biological treatment plant in Ludwin. The plant includes four ponds: (1) an anaerobic pond, (2A) an aerated pond with biological plunged bed, (2B) an aerated pond, (3) a sediment pond. In the years 2008-2010 organic poluttant removal effeciency, expressed as BOD5 and CODCr indices and total nitrogen and total phosphorus were analyzed. The entire system of wastewa-ter ponds is able to achieve a BOD5 reduction of aproximately 90% anad CODCr reduction 75%. Lower treatment effects for total phosphorus and total nitrogen were found (respectively 65% and 32%). Statistical analysis showed a clear influ-ence of the wastewater temperature on total nitrogen and total phosphorus re-moval. There was no significant correlation beetwen the wastewater temperature and the reduction of BOD5 and CODCr. ...
The work aimed at the assessment of working of a household sewage treat-ment plant based on a horizontal flow sand filter.Physicochemical analyses of chosen pollution indexes (BZT5, ChZTCr, total suspension, total phosphorus) were carried out and compared with currently in force values of these indexes according to the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 24th July 2006. On this basis the operation of the sewage treat-ment plant was assessed. Raw, initially treated and treated sewage samples were taken from December 2008 to March 2009. Physicochemical analysis was carried out in the Laboratory of the Department of Sanitary Engineering and Water Man-agement of the University of Agriculture in Kraków. The gathered results of tests and their analysis conducted in the paper showed the proper working of the household sewage treatment plant.
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This research presents results of survey polls in which 260 students of the Faculty of Agriculture and Economy at the Agriculture Sciences University in Krakow participated. The survey is comprised of open-end questions. This re-search indicates that beginning of formation of ecological consciousness is estab-lised in the period of elementary school, including childhood years and kinder-garden. Environmental attitudes are well developed during college years. Ecology is most often associated with principal environmental protection, environmental protection supported by adequate tasks, as a type of attitude and lifestyle, as well as a science which pertains to the interactions between individual organisms and the environment. Among subjects which shape certain pro-environmental attitudes we should mention ecology, biomonitoring and monitoring of environment, envi-ronment protection, ecological farming, protection of nature and waste manage-ment.
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Agricultural tourism may be treated not simply as leisure activity in rural environment, but also as a form of acquiring additional sources for farmers' in-come. It can also be regarded as a subject of teaching and agricultural consulting. Agricultural tourism often employs methodology that is derived from other scien-tific fields such as: statistics, geography, economy, and agronomy. This elabora-tion constitutes an attempt to adapt selected methods from the aforementioned dis-ciplines. The selected methods include the following: typology of attractions and diagnostic features of rural space, determinants of development, SWOT analysis, product map, semantic profile, Delpphy's method, discrete method, model method, interchanging of stimulants to distimulants, standardization of features and tech-niques of survey studies for the purpose of assessing the diversity of agrotourism space as well as perception of attractions carried out by scholars. ...
This paper presented the wolf return observation results in the Bydgoszcz Forest carried out in the years 1999-2009. The analysis conducted relate to among others the abundance of wolf population and its mortality; changes in the abundance of species forming the underlying basis of food for this predator, i.e. deer, roe deer and wild boar. These data were analyzed in conjunction with the annual plans of the hunting association. Study was complemented by pilot survey on the views of foresters and hunters in the phenomenon of re-population of Bydgoszcz Forest by wolves. The results showed that wolves have returned to Bydgoszcz in autumn 2004. and successfully adapted to the conditions prevailing there. At present, the forest exists at least one sounder of 7-9 individuals, which in summer is divided into several smaller ones. Predators probably reached the Bydgoszcz Forest from Bialowieza Primeval Forest by the north-central corridor. Results of 10 years of observation suggest that the appearance of the wolf did not affect the abundance of large herbivores inhabiting here. In recent years there has even increased the number of red deer, roe deer and wild boar. This phenomenon is explained by the introduction of more accurate method of conducting ...
The aim of the research project was to test the hypothesis that the white birch as hyperaccumulator of selected trace elements can be used in soil remedia-tion, that it acts as bioindicator in environmental studies and can be a useful spe-cies for planting to restrict migration of trace elements to the forest ecosystem with no adverse impact on its development and proper functioning. The research presented in this paper relied on a comparison of the mor-phometric parameters of assimilation apparatus in white birch (Betula pendula Roth.) growing in an isolated geomembranes soil, which has received two doses of trace elements in easily digestible forms. The results showed that the different levels of trace elements have the same impact on the state of assimilation apparatus birch. Given the prevalence of birch in Polish conditions, its good adoption to an environment with a strong human impact and low environmental requirements, this species may be suitable for planting in the form of biogeochemical barriers screening sources emitting trace elements (routes, dumps, landfills, industrial plants, sewage treatment plant).
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On Polish roads the problem of mortality of forest animals is more and more often noticeable. As a result of continuous development and modernization of roads in our country accompanying investments should be held, which aim is to minimize the amount of road incidents with participation of forest animals. The main cause of animals' mortality on roads is i.a. intersecting their migration cor-ridors by the road infrastructure.The aim of this article is to analyze the structure of road incidents with par-ticipation of forest animals.According to data collected concerning 2010 the Police reported 16 963 road incidents with participation of forest animals, including 157 accidents, 16 806 collisions, 6 persons killed and 208 injured. These are the losses seen from the environmental and the economic point of view. As results from the analysis carried out, national and voivodship roads, on which the great part of national and local vehicular traffic takes place, pose the greatest danger to forest animals. The least road incidents with participation of forest animals occur on motorways, which are in most cases fenced. The largest amount of road incidents with participation of forest animals occurred on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays. It results from the increased vehicu-lar traffic ...
The rapid development of IT technologies observed in recent years has pro-vided citizens with easier access to public information on the Internet. Information and the ability to process it ensures success in making decisions concerning vari-ous areas.The basis of the spatial information infrastructure constructed in Poland is inter-operability, i.e. the possibility of combining sets of existing spatial data which are maintained by various subjects. This paper presents the importance of cadastre data in the created spatial information infrastructure. ...
Landslides in the geological aspect can be active for many years. There is a need to keep monitoring stability of slope, especially if there are some buildings located on the landslide. Such monitoring can be done with the use of geodetic methods. In the article there are presented possible geodetic techniques which are used in practice and new one, not used up to now- ground radar interferometer technique. This technique allows for spatial measurement without the points stabi-lization on the landslide and gives the information about displacements values of the chosen area of measured landslide. ...
The effect of fertilization with the compost from forest humus and mulching with the fresh ectohumus on the soil properties, the growth of one-year old white birch seedlings as well as on the biological activity of soils in the forest nursery was investigated in the work. The biological activity was estimated with the use of bioindicatory method - mites (Acari), especially saprophage oribatid mites (Ori-batida) were used as biological indices. The pedosphere of studied area in the forest nursery had acid reaction (pH), and the mulching with the fresh forest ectohumus decreased additionally this value. On the basis of analysis of available P and K, it was found that there was small differentiation between plots fertilized with mineral fertilization and those fertilized with the compost and mulched with the fresh ectohumus. Fertilization with the compost significantly increased the height and the fresh mass of the above-ground parts of one-year old white birch seedlings. Influence of mulching - conducted in September - on these parameters was not detected. In the spring sea-son, before the mulching measure, the density of mites was low. After the mulching measure, the number of mites - especially saprophage oribatid mites - was dis-tinctly increased. On ...
