Zeszyt: 2008, vol. 5 / 02
The conception of sustainable development is relatively new but the literature on the subject is already imposing. The idea is essentially greatly complex and has numerous aspects. Perhaps it is the reason why it is differently understood and interpreted. Therefore it is necessary to re-define it, considering constantly changing external and internal conditionings. At the turn of the 20th and 21st century the concept was commonly considered as basic (e.g. in the EU countries) and its theory has been well documented but practical applications were but few. No experiences have been gained either (see : part 1). In Poland the idea has even been included in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland (par.5). Unfortunately practice shows that it has not been implemented in the Poland, on the contrary solutions opposite to this conception are realized with all the consequences for contemporary and future generations (see: part 2). ...
The paper presents some results of Author’s own studies and field research, as well the model research conducted by IMBER on agricultural holdings transformation from extensive and intensive conventional organization of production to sustainable systems of agricultural production integrated with the rural environment. Such evolutional restructuring will involve almost all commercial farms covered by the obligations stated in the European Union Directives and requirements of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The main objective of the organizational, technological and ecological transformations in the activities of development agricultural holdings remains and will remain obtaining increasingly safer (healthy) raw materials and food products under conditions of better energy and the environment saving in rural areas. The development of organic agricultural production, i.e. conducted without the use of any agrochemicals, was viewed critically. A necessity for practical utilisation of the latest achievements of agrochemical industry and biological progress, including genetically modified organisms (GMO) was indicated. It was recommended that a precise, sustainable production should be developed using organic methods and modern technical means. The standards and methods of checking the supply of safe food to the market were assessed. It was found that not all parameters applied for certification of agricultural raw materials and ...
The paper outlines the chosen problems of technical infrastructure, settlement and environmental protection – included in the National Strategic Framework of Reference (NSRO) for the years 2007–2013. Transport infrastructure of Poland is backward and underinvested. The length of highways in 2006 amounted to 674 km, and the express ways – 257 km. Bad condition of railway infrastructure and rolling stock constitutes the main problem of railway transport. The length of railway lines under exploitation decreased in the years 2000–2005 from 22,6 thousand km to 20,3 thousand km, and the railway network density from 7,2 km /100 km2 to 6,5 km/100 km2, however it still exceeds the mean value for the EU countries by 5 km/100km2. Energetic infrastructure bases almost entirely (92%) on the non – renewable sources mainly fuels, and is thus one of the main sources of environmental pollution. The technical condition of the country energetic network, as well as gas pipes, do not threaten the safety of energetic supply for receivers. For the last ten – odd years environmental infrastructure has been developing in a proper way. One may observe the increase of the protected lands area (at present 32,5% of the total country area); a significant progress ...
At the present time once can easily noticed very lively discussion about introducing modern, ecological friendly hydraulic structures in river training works which are suppose to stay up to the standards given by hydrobiologists, ecologists as well as fluvial geomorphologists. One of the proposals of such structures is a rapid hydraulic structure (RHS) with increased roughness. Along the presented paper such structure is presented. It was constructed within the river channel of the Sanoczek Stream in the Bieszczady Mountains, a part of Polish Carpathians. One of the main problems connected with changes of stability of hydraulic structures (in that case also with RHS) is velocity of running water causing huge turbulence and shear stresses. Thus, the objective of the following paper is to present the distribution of velocities values along the RHS and within the region of its influence. The main aim of the research was to describe conditions upstream and downstream of the structure and compare them in terms of stability of the RHS. Parallel with the main aim, the distribution of shear stresses as well as shear velocities along the RHS apron and the region within its influence are also presented. The work was conducted in Agricultural University ...
The article presents a historic analysis of anthropogenic effect on various elements of biosphere in subsequent periods of society development and shows its ecological consequences. A necessity of creating a special field of science called Geosozology (Greek: “sodzo” – protect) aimed at protection of biosphere elements was justified. Pansociocentric, panecocentric and panethicentric principles were established on which this scientific discipline should be based. Geosozology is considered an interdisciplinary science. Depending on the protected object and subject of investigations the followings fields of knowledge were distinguished: social sozology, phytosozology, zoosozology, pedosozology, hydrosozology, sozology of the atmosphere, landscape sozology, cosmosozology, ethical sozology and philosophical sozology. The main directions of sozological research base on individual elements of biosphere. ...
It present organization of waste management in gmina, when the Poland was became the member of European Union. Perform analysis as self-governed administration was be prepared for realization of personal task in environmental protection. It call attention on local community - important potential for economic growth of subregion and regions. ...
The aim of optimizing the allocation procedure of parcels to farms is to minimize distances between the lands and the farm buildings. Parcels allocated to farms using an optimized process of allocation are not clearly (unambiguously) determined. The allocation is of a highly random character, and, thus, adequate corrections should be applied. In the paper, three corrections are presented, which make it possible to obtain an optimal solution. The corrections deal with the unnecessary dislocation of parcels within farms, aim at reducing the number of parcels, and eliminate excessive increases in distances between the cultivated lands and the farm buildings. The corrections developed are exemplified by the case of a village of Wojków. In this village, upon the implemented corrections, the farms concerned still possess, to the highest possible extent, all the parcels they had prior to the optimization applied. Moreover, those farms consist of the fewest number of parcels and do not show unnecessary increase in the distances between their homestead areas and their lands. The corrected allotment procedures of parcels to farms could be usefully applied while determining a layout of parcels within farms in the blocks selected for the purpose of consolidating them, and, also, when the ...
The author of this article performs a complex analysis of the tourist development in the Pińczów powiat. This analysis was done on the basis of “The project of the tourist development in the świętokrzyskie voivodship”prepared by the presidential office. The current tendencies in the world-wide tourism have been taken into consideration while discussing this problem. The place and role of tourism both in the state policy and regional policy have been shown in the state and regional documents. The author stresses the natural, historical and cultural potential of the Pińczów powiat. Due to the wealth of historical and cultural artifacts and diversified natural environment, agrotourism should be preferred in the Pińczów powiat owing to a high percentage of the areas protected by law and tendencies in the current tourism. The local and province authorities were obliged to improve and invest in agrotourist infrastructure also using the Europen Union funds. In the period of political transformation Polish agriculture was very neglected. Divided farms in connecting with low quality of soil conducts to serious difficulty in effective farming. This situation seriously determined state agriculture politic. Main items of state to head towards structural changes of country areas are first of all actions ...
The subject of the article is the structure of infrastructural facilities in the rural areas of the śląskie province. The infrastructure is composed of many elements which are facilities of the area technical infrastructure, however due to the confined space, the article focuses only on four selected elements of the infrastructure , i.e. on water supply system, sewer system, gas grid and road network. The paper aims at presenting the typology of infrastructure in rural areas of the śląskie province. The analysis was conducted on the scale of communes. The article comprises exclusively the ninety six rural communes in the province (ruralurban communes were not considered because of unavailability of data on their exclusively rural part). The level of the selected four elements of the infrastructure was assessed on the basis of the statistical data as of the end of 2004 and 2005. The studies were conducted using taxonomic method of structure analysis, i.e. Ward’s method and center of gravity method. These methods allow for grouping the analyzed objects by different means in order to confront the correctness of the realized typologization. Owing to the applied methods and basing on their similarities concerning the structure of infrastructural facilities, groups of ...
The article presents evaluation of sewage treatment plant in Wadowice operation on the basis of pollutants’ reduction in the period from January 2003 to December 2005. Additional aim was analysing amount of inflowing sewage in the research period. Evaluation of operation capacity was based on reduction size of 5 chosen pollutants’ indexes: BOD5, COD, total suspended solids, general nitrogen and general phosphorus. Values of above mentioned pollutants’ indexes in treated sewage were compared to values from water-law permission given by Wadowice Starost for Wadowice Waterworks and Sewerage Utility Sp. z o. o. from 28.03.2006. Results of analyses of treated sewage composition show, that mean values of BOD5, COD, total suspended solids, general nitrogen and general phosphorus are lower than the admissible values from water-law permission. In the case of BOD5 mean value on the outflow (14,0 mgO2·dm-3) is almost 7% lower than the admissible value (15 mgO2·dm-3), COD (mean value 89,15 mgO2·dm-3) – 28,7% lower than the admissible value (125 mgO2·dm-3), total suspended solids (mean value 27,27 mg·dm-3) – 22,1% lower than the admissible value (35 mg·dm-3), general nitrogen (mean value 22,17 mgNgen·dm-3) – 26,1% lower than the admissible value (30 mgNgen·dm-3) and general phosphorus (mean value 1,26 mgPgen·dm-3) – ...
In the local spatial development plan for Wiśniowa district covering the area of Węglówka village there have been formed areas with the possible existence of landslides and screes. The aim of the article is the analysis of the two out of nine distinguished landslide areas paying special attention to the legitimacy of their formation and possible dangers resulting from the settlement of these areas. Among geomorphological processes, landslides constitute the most negative process from the point of view of the economic activity of people living in the area. The range of this problem is so wide that the classical methods of field observations are no longer sufficient. Therefore, besides the traditional methods, such as geological field studies, there have been applied also more considerably modern methods in the article such as: – tachometric measurement of the lie of the land carried out with the use of Leica TCRA 1203 total station, applied for collecting field points; – interpolation made with the use of the programs such as CorelDraw, Micromap and Surfem, applied for the creation of elevation models for landslide areas; – GPS technique used in geological field studies; – vector analysis, applied for the calculation of gradients resultant vectors; ...
The study constitutes the attempt of answer what kind of state of knowledge from the scope of sustainable development of rural areas conception is represented by students of three years Agritourism Specialization at Agriculture and Economics Faculty of Agricultural University in Cracow. The aim of conducted questionnaire researches was to determine the role of agritourism in this conception. The respondents seemed to be aware of essential role which sustainable development of rural areas conception plays. They mainly indicated these elements which are connected with environment preservation, for example by common neighborly cooperation with local autonomy, institutions and ecological organizations and economical management of natural resources – all in all 60 answers. In the part of questionnaire related to issues connected with agritourism – examined students seemed to discern the role of agritourism in the conception of sustainable development of rural areas. They mainly indicated to landscape integrity, culture values and to the development of infrastructure supporting ecological tourism patterns. In the theoretical part of the work whereas, aspects connected with sustainable development of rural areas were included. Sustainable development was characterized and its most important features were detailed. In the field of such understood development there is a place for ...
The problem of reducing the negative impact of rainfall sewage on ground and water environment has been the subject of research and scientific papers for many years. It becomes more and more frequently an inherent part of planning and projects of sewer systems in the anthropologically transformed areas. Non-point sources of pollution are one of the main causes of water quality degradation. Traffic and washing out the sediments deposited in sewer pipes have the most serious influence on pollutant contents in rainfall runoffs. Therefore, characterization of pollutants in rainfall sewage is necessary for preparing plans of water management in urbanized catchments. The article aims at an assessment of the sedimentation process effect on reduction of pollutants from rainfall sewage. Sewage samples for analyses were collected from the roadside ditches at Pułłanki street in Kraków-Bieżanów in April 2003 and February 2004 during surface runoff observations. After 120 minutes of sedimentation, the following pollution indices were determined in the collected raw sewage samples: BOD5, CODCr and total suspended solids, sporadically phosphates, whereas after 15, 30 and 60 minutes of sedimentation only total suspended solids and CODCr were assessed. The analyses revealed the usefulness of sedimentation process for pollutant reduction from rainfall sewage. ...
In recent years researchers have focused increasingly on climatic changes taking place in nature (increasing air temperature, decreasing precipitation totals). These imply changes in components of water balances and in practice changes in water relations both on the global and local scale. At present site overdrying is considered to be the biggest threat [Pierzgalski 2007]. The aim of the study was to present water relations found in forest swampy areas in a forest district (the Marianka Forest District) of the Siemianice Forest Experimental Station in hydrological years of 2005 and 2006. Investigations showed that analyzed catchments, despite being located in swampy areas, are characterized by periods of water depletion in ditches. In analyzed watercourses runoff was recorded from mid-November 2004 to the beginning of June 2005, while in the next hydrological year it was again from mid- November, but this time longer - to mid-June 2006. In relation to ground water of the catchment area a predictable relationship was observed of the water table level on the location of observation wells. Wells located in the top sections of the catchment had a water table the deepest below the ground level, while wells in valleys had water tables at the most ...
The article presents effectiveness of sewage pollutants’ reduction in Sewage Treatment Plant „KUJAWY”. Treatment plant “KUJAWY” is meant to neutralise living sewage from Nowa Huta quarter for Krakow city. Capacity of the treatment plant is 80 000 m3*d-1. The research was carried out in the period from 01.04.2006 to 31.03.2007. Results’ analysis was performed on the basis of raw and treated sewage concentration. Three pollutants’ indexes from the basic group were analysed: BOD5, CODCr and total suspended solids and two indexes from the eutrophic group: general nitrogen and general phosphorus. Basing on the results’ analysis, mean effectiveness of BOD5 reduction was defined on the level of 98,5%, CODCr – 96,0%, total suspended solids– 98,2%, general nitrogen– 73,7% and general phosphorus – 91,4%. ...
The paper endeavours to present different conditionings of the process of development of rural areas in Poland during the period between the wars, i.e. 1918–1939. The author shows the ethnic population structure, as well as the socio-economic factors in ten individual provinces which have their equivalents on the map of contemporary Poland. The provinces of Poland which currently form the integral parts of such countries as Lithuania, Byelorussia or the Ukraine have not been taken into consideration. The differentiation within the analysed rural area (at the level of provinces) with regard to: the technical and social infrastructure, the level of ruralisation and agrarian structure, as well as the source of income has been presented. Additionally, the ethnic conditionings of such territorial layout resulting in diversity and even the disparities of development of infrastructure in Poland between the First and the Second World Wars have been pointed out. The carried out research confirms the higher level of socio-economic development of the western provinces of Poland between the wars, in comparison with other provinces, especially in terms of infrastructure. This results from the people’s mentality based mainly on the higher level of discipline and good organisation inherited from the German neighbourhood. Concluding, ...
The adverse effect of roads on the environment is observed both during their construction and use. Increasing areas of farmland and forestland are subjected to transformations disadvantageous for animals. It is connected with the loss of natural habitats, changes in water relations and fragmentation of forest complexes. The possibility of free migration of representatives of a given species is the basis for the sustainable functioning of a population. In order to provide ecological communication of an area divided by a road or railway more and more often crossings for animals are being build over or under this road or line. The aim of the investigations was to determine the acceptance level by migrating game of two overpasses built over communication routes: a road and a railway line. Investigations were conducted on a crossing for animals over trunk road no. 5 in the Wielkopolski National Park and on the two newly constructed crossings over a modernized railway line E 20 at the Rzepin – Kunowice section. The effectiveness of crossings over the railway line was assessed by tracking. The crossing over the road was monitored using a specially designed filming unit. Analyses of the operating crossings for animals over railway line ...
The paper presents results of analyses concerning influence of water/ wastewater objects and infrastructure on the landscape. Foundations for the carried out research were on one hand formally-legal and technical requirements regarding location of water/wastewater infrastructure objects, and on the other hand – valuation of their influence on the landscape. In order to prove this argument, that such influence exists, review of systems of rural water/wastewater infrastructure was made, especially on the area of South Poland, using photographic documentation collected in the Department, and also performing additional local view in order to complete it. The paper also shows examples of objects’ location with positive or negative influence on the landscape. Beneficial influence on the landscape was found in the case of surface waters’ intakes and located reservoirs of raw water in their neighbourhood. In the case of supply – equalising reservoirs, pressure on the landscape is dependent on their sizes and the applied solution (water towers or water reservoirs). The most unfavourable influence on the landscape have sewage treatment plants situated in exposed places. The research showed, that while choosing location of water/wastewater infrastructure objects on the areas of high touristic and landscape qualities, and also in the neighbourhood of ...
In the paper, problems of measuring of water usage in the aspect of possibilities of running water loss limitation were exposed. It has been proved that badly selected or of outdated construction water-meter, may influence the value of real and virtual water loss. Introduction of measurement of water usage’s amount has two very important aspects. First: by limitation of water wastage, it causes rationalisation of its usage, and second: it enables accounting amount of water used by locators by walking away from the ineffective and sometimes unfair lump payment collection. Moreover, in the paper short characteristic of water-meters occurring on the market was shown, regarding their division, basic parameters and metrological classes. The most important problems of water-meters’ usage in household architecture were discussed. It has been ascertained, that the causes of water losses, apart from the physical water wastage because of leakages, are measurement errors and water stealing, which directly or indirectly are results of applied mensuration equipment. Examples of interference with installation and water-meters were quoted and possibilities of their limitations were shown. Practical advice was given, which will help to avoid problems with the correct measurement of water usage’s amount. At the end, new trends in mensuration ...
Organic sewage of the potato industry is being purified in soil filters – in the form of filter fields established on permeable soils. In seventies of the 20th century they were making an attempt at adopting the conception of agricultural using organic sewage for forest conditions. The forest sewage treatment plant for the Potato Industry Plant in Iława was started up in 1984. For distributing sewers a rain gun was put on with rotational sprinklers. Area of irrigated object covers 216 hectares of pine tree stands in the Iława Forest District (from 2001 the sewage treatment plant was limited to 175 ha). In 1984 a net of 30 piezometers was put on, from what 16 they located on the area of the sewage treatment plant, and 14 outside its borders. These piezometers served mainly for observation of the level of groundwater. A few times a year from some piezometers testers of water were being taken for quality examinations. The aim of the following paper was an assessment of changes of the groundwater quality near the forest sewage treatment plant in Iława, occurring under distribute sewers from the potato industry in 2006–2007 years. A physicochemical composition of testers of water was ...
Over a few past decades, some sections of the fifth-order, mountain Czarny Dunajec River, southern Poland, have been considerably modified by channelization or channel incision induced by gravel extraction. As a result, the contemporary river represents a variety of morphologies ranging from single-thread, incised or regulated channel to unmanaged, multi-thread channel. For twelve crosssections with 1 to 4 flow threads, hydromorphological river quality was assessed by four surveyors from the fields of fluvial geomorphology, river engineering and hydrobiology and compared with the abundance and diversity of fish fauna determined by electrofishing. Moreover, the variation in depth, velocity and bed material size was determined for each cross-section on the basis of measurements made at 1 m intervals. Average values of hydromorphological quality for the surveyed cross-sections ranged between 1.08 and 3.96, with the cross-sections with heavily island-braided morphology classified as representing high status (reference) conditions and those located in channelized river sections falling into Class 4. The increase in the number of low-flow channels within a cross-section was associated with increasing variation in depth, velocity and bed material size. Single-thread cross-sections hosted only 2 fish species and 13 specimens caught on average, whereas 3-4 species and 82 specimens on average were ...
In article was presented problems of sustainable tourism, which it answers the conception of sustainable development. The work focuses on theoretical analysis of sustainable tourism, which it is often treated as tool realization of sustainable development, or also as tool development of same tourism. The article is an attempt to state the basic rules of the sustainable tourism on the so-called rural health resort areas. The work shows what kind of tourism can be developed on the analised rural areas, at the same time being in harmony with the concept of the sustainable tourism. In the article, it has been done: the analysis of the national and foreign literature from the domain of the concept of the sustainable tourism, including rural areas, and the observation of the chosen indicators of the sustainable development of health resorts villages. The concept of the sustainable development arose in the 1970s and it was an expression of the critical reaction to the growing interference in natural and social and cultural resources. The concept of the sustainable development is not opposite to the possibilities of economic growth, on condition that the pace of the reproduction of the environmental resources is not slower than the pace ...
Implementation of new provisions concerning road inventory imposes an obligation on Communal Units of Local Self-Government to create and keep Road Books. The regulations state the new scope and principles of keeping inventories of public roads and bridges. They change fundamentally the scope and degree of precision concerning description of data necessary for a road inventory. The information pertains to among others: road safety barriers and road acoustic screens, bus stop bays, exist and roadside objects, etc. Due to the required preciseness of detail of Road Books, one of the most labour consuming but most important stages in the process of creating, keeping and practical application of the inventory is the stage of collecting data on road technical parameters. The work presents the method of collecting and archivization of data on technical parameters of a road section using GPS technology, GIS and SIP software. The developed method allows for simple and fast acquisition, using MapSource programme functions, of necessary spatial information collected using GPS appliance and then process it to the required tabular format. The paper contains precise data of a road book creating and addresses some issues which have been omitted in the interpretation of the law. Irrespective of ...
