The paper outlines problems of rural areas shaping in the EU against the background of permanent and sustainable development concept. The principles and several steps of common agricultural policy, structural and regional policies have been characterized. It has been stated that these policies are strictly bound with each other and they are subject to evolution. Agricultural policy bases on the price – income policy and structural policy stimulation, structural policy concerns the influence on production factors assisting changes in rural areas, and regional policy stimulates reorganization of agriculture, multifunctional development of rural areas and diminishing of negative differences between regions. The aim of these activities is the creation of value and economically sustainable position of rural areas, especially as an environment for living, working, recreation in natural conditions, as well as positive development of agricultural structures. In the last decades the UE gained intrinsic progress in the LFA reduction – which especially concerns the regions of Ireland and Portugal. Sustainable shaping of environment and rural land management is being implemented by the system of spatial planning, in the range of agricultural land management, village renewal and ecological – landscape planning. The concept of sustainable and permanent development, which finds its ...
A concept of multifunctional rural development cannot be identified exclusively with creating new jobs. Multifunctional character is a wider notion including among others local development, entrepreneurship, long-term planning, diversification of agriculture and improvement of demographic resources. Problems of multifunctional rural development must be therefore treated as a complex issue. The work presents results of research on diversification of multifunctional rural development in the świętokrzyskie province conducted in 97 communes.The level of multifunctional development of the studied objects was presented as a synthetic index of development established by Hellwig, computed on the basis of 15 variables characterizing multifunctional character. The value of computed synthetic index fell within the range of 0.3055 (Masłów commune) and -0.0155 (Blizyn commune). It must be mentioned that the index has been construed in such a way that it value is between 0 and 1. In some cases, e.g. a considerable difference in development of some objects, its value may assume values less than 0.A classification of the studied communes was also made due to the level of their multifunctional character. The first class of communes with the highest level of multifunctional development includes 10 communes, the second class with medium development level - 36 communes ...
For more efficient realization of the National Plan of Development and the strategy of equalizing regional needs of rural areas and agriculture it is necessary to develop applied research on changes in the infrastructure and multifunctional character of rural areas. It is necessary to update and develop new methodologies and methods of horizontal and vertical comparisons of the studied space objects, i.e. villages, communes or regions (counties) in a selected region (province) or macro region of Poland. A comparative assessment has been suggested with a division into:- characteristics of studied objects (e.g. communes),- their structural development,- multifunctional character of the studied rural area.Proposed characteristics of researched objects (communes) should by based on an assessment of at least 10 factors pertaining to the area (total area, forest, arable area, permanent grasslands and soil quality) and rural dwellers, their households connected and unconnected with farms.A hitherto development of commune technical infrastructure can be determined using 10 factors, the parameters of which may be assessed by percentage numbers (%) in relation to the number of households per commune.Characterizing of commune multifunctional character may be established according to jobs and employment structure or sources of income of the inhabitants. It was suggested to consider 15 sources of ...
Multifunctionality has a wide meaning comprising among other local development, entrepreneurship, long-term planning, diversification of agriculture and improvement of demographic resources. Therefore problems of multifunctional rural development must be treated on a broad basis.The work presented results of research on diversification of multifunctional rural development in the świetokrzyskie province, which covered 97 communes.Level of multifunctional development on the investigated subjects was presented as a synthetic index of development developed by Hellwig, which has been calculated on the basis of 15 variables characterizing multifunctionality. The value of computed synthetic index ranged between 0.3055 (for the Masłów commune) to 0.0155 (for the Bliżyn commune). At this point it should be mentioned that the index has been constructed in such way that its value ranges between 0 and 1. In some cases, e.g. considerable difference in development of some objects, it may assume values below 0.A classification of the researched communes due to their multifunctionality was conducted using Ward method. Diagram of connections created on this basis allowed for identification of four classes of communes. ...
Some results of analyses and forecast studies conducted by IBMER on development of sustainable agricultural production integrated with multifunctional development and protection of rural areas were presented in the paper. Good quality plant and animal production must be intensified on decreasing arable lands (AL) with changing structure of material, energy and production service outlays to make possible leaving the agricultural and rural development to the next generation in a better condition than now. Quantitative and substitute changes in man power expenditure, material and investment outlays and in direct energy carrier expenditure in agriculture and its infrastructure influence not only the level of unit production costs of agricultural raw materials for foodstuff manufacturing, but also affect the progress of rural multifunctionality and the rate of implementation of agro-environmental programmes. Using the methodology of research, updated by the IBMER, on the current state and forecasts concerning cumulated material and energy expenditure computed by the rolling costs method we find that: – unit energy consumption in agricultural production calculated by the number of energy units (EU) per assumed corn unit (CU) decreases systematically and will further decline owing to rationalization of employment and the use of agrochemicals, utilization of durable means and reducing ...
The paper outlines problems of rural areas shaping in the EU against the background of permanent and sustainable development concept. The principles and several steps of common agricultural policy, structural and regional policies have been characterized. It has been stated that these policies are strictly bound with each other and they are subject to evolution. Agricultural policy bases on the price – income policy and structural policy stimulation, structural policy concerns the influence on production factors assisting changes in rural areas, and regional policy stimulates reorganization of agriculture, multifunctional development of rural areas and diminishing of negative differences between regions. The aim of these activities is the creation of value and economically sustainable position of rural areas, especially as an environment for living, working, recreation in natural conditions, as well as positive development of agricultural structures. In the last decades the UE gained intrinsic progress in the LFA reduction – which especially concerns the regions of Ireland and Portugal. Sustainable shaping of environment and rural land management is being implemented by the system of spatial planning, in the range of agricultural land management, village renewal and ecological – landscape planning. The concept of sustainable and permanent development, which finds its ...
The article discusses development of rural technical infrastructure elements with particular regard to water supply infrastructure and sanitation. Addressed were the issues of financing this type of investments and the limit of financial means from the European Union funds utilization for these purposes. Financial means provided by the European Union have been utilized to various degree for financing investments in rural water supply and sanitation infrastructure in various provinces. In 2005 the community means constituted in Poland 20.7% of the total expenditure on financing this type of investments. The greatest share was registered in the świętokrzyskie (37.6%), lubuskie (36.5%) and warmińsko-mazurskie (35.5%) provinces, whereas the lowest in the mazowieckie and opolskie provinces (10% in each) and in the pomorskie (11.1%). Considering rural water supply systems in 2005, podlaskie province proved the most active, lubuskie province invested most in the collective sewer systems, whereas the podkarpackie province in collective sewage treatment plants. The share of the European Union funds in the expenditure on household sewage treatment plants and municipal landfill sites remains on a marginal level. The European Union Programmes aiming at supporting technical infrastructure development in rural areas, to a great extent responded to these areas needs concerning investment outlays ...
The Province of Małopolska is an exceptional region in many respects. It is also very important for the proper functioning of both the economic and social life, and the natural environment in Poland. Upon the integration of Poland into the European Union, a unique chance appeared for the people in Poland living in rural regions to relatively quickly improve their economic situation. But first of all, an opportunity materialized to regulate and control processes associated with water circulation and water erosion, as well as with the necessity to protect water resources and natural biocenoses, which were disturbed and deteriorated by the past too intense development of agriculture in this region. Owing to the present EU agricultural policy, it is now possible for Poland to receive considerable financial means from the EU funds. The condition is that farmers in this region have to introduce comprehensive agro-technical measures and facilities along with initiating large-scale agro-environmental operations, and to expansively perform them. In many areas of the region, the agricultural production of agricultural farms should be linked with the protective and conservatory actions. Also, in the near future, the pure production agriculture in the region should be transformed into multifunctional agriculture. Agriculture, which ...
The article presents the state of selected elements of municipal infrastructure in rural areas in Poland as per provinces. The level of infrastructure in individual provinces was described using five elements: house water connections, house sewers of combined sewer system, individual rural sewage treatment plants, landfill sites and water treatment plants. The above mentioned analysis is based on comparable parameters, i.e. reduced to a “common denominator”, such as the number of house water connections, house sewers of combined sewer system and the number of rural individual treatment plants were converted to 1000 houses in the individual area, whereas landfill sites and water treatment plants were converted to 100 thousand inhabitants of the province. The evaluation of municipal infrastructure in rural areas in individual provinces used data provided by the Main Statistical Office as of the end of 2005. The paper attempts to compare individual provinces with respect to their municipal infrastructure. Considering house water connections number, the situation was best in the opolskie and dolnośląskie provinces and the worst in the malopolskie and podkarpackie. If combined sewerage of the whole area is taken into consideration, the greatest number of water house connections was registered in the pomorskie and zachodniopomorskie provinces ...
The paper presents the results of studies conducted in 2005 on the opinions of inhabitants from the selected communes of the świętokrzyskie province on factors determining multifunctional rural development. The studies, conducted using directed interviews covered a total of 493 respondents, who were classified into three groups differentiated as to their ages, level of education and social status. The results of studies confirm the suppositions that preferences of individual respondent groups concerning the factors of multifunctional rural development are diversified. ...
The current situation and predicted socio-economic, technological and ecological changes, which under the influence of scientific progress, implemented Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and globalied food markets will happen in Polish agriculture and its infrastructure by 2030 are presented in the paper. Owing to the progressive integration with the economy and markets of the European Union (EU), further intensified polarization processes and modernisation of farms is perceived accompanied by restructuring of agriculture, agri-food processing industries, production services, rural supply chains and the other infrastructure in rural areas. The future model of agriculture and agrotechnology is shaping, which is characterized by arable area (AL) diminishing to 12M ha, a decreasing number of family commercial farms and smaller agricultural holdings to 400 thousand, diminishing livestock population and number of farms specializing in commercial production of milk, meat, eggs but also sugar beets, potatoes, vegetable and fruit. Crop yield and animal productivity will increase, so despite diminishing AL and livestock population, both the global production and final output of Polish agriculture will be growing annually by between 0.5 and 1.0%. Quantitative and qualitative increase in plant and livestock production will be taking place accompanied by farms and agricultural enterprises switching to the system of ...
Management transformations which started at the turn of the eighties and the nineties of the 20th century in Poland have thoroughly changed socioeconomic conditions of the development of the country and its regions. The transformation of state controlled management system required adjustment of various socioeconomic and spatial structures to the new rules of market economy. This process, being based on transformation of the previous structures created in the centrallysteered management system and on the development of the new structures, is being observed in many places in Poland, also in rural areas in Świętokrzyskie Voivodship. The space is characterized by great diversity resulting from natural, economic and cultural conditions, and, consequently, individual regions differ by their respective flexibility of adopting new management rules. Changes in the structure of activity on the farms in rural areas are of great importance in the transformation. The agriculture sector, which was dominant in rural areas in the central economy has changed since the nineties of the 20th century. The sources used in this work can be divided into two groups considering their accessibility: the published and unpublished sources. The paper deals with geographical and agricultural aspects of the analysis of spatial differentiation of the non-agriculture ...
The subject of the article is the structure of infrastructural facilities in the rural areas of the śląskie province. The infrastructure is composed of many elements which are facilities of the area technical infrastructure, however due to the confined space, the article focuses only on four selected elements of the infrastructure , i.e. on water supply system, sewer system, gas grid and road network. The paper aims at presenting the typology of infrastructure in rural areas of the śląskie province. The analysis was conducted on the scale of communes. The article comprises exclusively the ninety six rural communes in the province (ruralurban communes were not considered because of unavailability of data on their exclusively rural part). The level of the selected four elements of the infrastructure was assessed on the basis of the statistical data as of the end of 2004 and 2005. The studies were conducted using taxonomic method of structure analysis, i.e. Ward’s method and center of gravity method. These methods allow for grouping the analyzed objects by different means in order to confront the correctness of the realized typologization. Owing to the applied methods and basing on their similarities concerning the structure of infrastructural facilities, groups of ...
The study constitutes the attempt of answer what kind of state of knowledge from the scope of sustainable development of rural areas conception is represented by students of three years Agritourism Specialization at Agriculture and Economics Faculty of Agricultural University in Cracow. The aim of conducted questionnaire researches was to determine the role of agritourism in this conception. The respondents seemed to be aware of essential role which sustainable development of rural areas conception plays. They mainly indicated these elements which are connected with environment preservation, for example by common neighborly cooperation with local autonomy, institutions and ecological organizations and economical management of natural resources – all in all 60 answers. In the part of questionnaire related to issues connected with agritourism – examined students seemed to discern the role of agritourism in the conception of sustainable development of rural areas. They mainly indicated to landscape integrity, culture values and to the development of infrastructure supporting ecological tourism patterns. In the theoretical part of the work whereas, aspects connected with sustainable development of rural areas were included. Sustainable development was characterized and its most important features were detailed. In the field of such understood development there is a place for ...
The paper endeavours to present different conditionings of the process of development of rural areas in Poland during the period between the wars, i.e. 1918–1939. The author shows the ethnic population structure, as well as the socio-economic factors in ten individual provinces which have their equivalents on the map of contemporary Poland. The provinces of Poland which currently form the integral parts of such countries as Lithuania, Byelorussia or the Ukraine have not been taken into consideration. The differentiation within the analysed rural area (at the level of provinces) with regard to: the technical and social infrastructure, the level of ruralisation and agrarian structure, as well as the source of income has been presented. Additionally, the ethnic conditionings of such territorial layout resulting in diversity and even the disparities of development of infrastructure in Poland between the First and the Second World Wars have been pointed out. The carried out research confirms the higher level of socio-economic development of the western provinces of Poland between the wars, in comparison with other provinces, especially in terms of infrastructure. This results from the people’s mentality based mainly on the higher level of discipline and good organisation inherited from the German neighbourhood. Concluding, ...
In the period of progressing process of national economy restructuring and dynamic development of private property the particularly important problem is the changes of individual economic entities behaviour. This kind of entities as the agricultural farms requires to take empiric diagnostic tests on which basis the development aims will be assumed, the control instruments and strategy methods leading for realization or assumed aims will be selected. The paper presents the essence, justification and purposefulness of the multifunctional development in rural areas of the świętokrzyskie voivodship. It points out benefits and emphasizes the problem complexity, indispensable means and the change of the rural areas function. The present function of the agricultural materials production has to be replaced by the population initiative and enterprise in service performance and organization, craft production and agrotourism. The article presents an analysis of the development of non-agricultural activities in private farming on the local scale. The analysis was designed to identify the main factors stimulating non-agricultural economic activities. The analysis has indicated that the concentration of non-agricultural activities depend on the size of the spatial system. Empirical research showed that non-agricultural activity in private farming influences the profitability of private farming and the income situation of ...
The investigations were undertaken because of an important role which necessary elements of technical infrastructure play in rural areas, conditioning a development of each economic activity, including providing services for tourists. The article presents the selected elements of municipal infrastructure in rural communes (house cross connections to sewer and water supply systems).The investigations covered rural communes of the malopolskie province, which were analyzed with respect to a tourist function which they may fulfill, estimated using Schneider and Defert indicators. An attempt was made to establish a relationship between the state of selected elements of technical infrastructure and the level of tourist traffic. The relationship may determine a given region, village attractiveness or unattractiveness therefore decide about the chances or barriers to its further development. The data used in the paper come from The Main Statistical Office Regional Data Bank. A survey of water supply systems showed that not all communes had such cross connections. The highest number of cross connections per 100 houses were registered in the communes of Biały Dunajec, Poronin and Kościelisko. On the other hand the communes of Lubień, Ochotnica Dolna, Rzepiennik Stryżewski, Tokarnia and Trzciana did not have a single cross connection to water supply system. ...
Rural areas are of great importance both for the natural environment and for economic life in Poland. Increasingly greater importance is assigned to their non-agricultural functions, such as: residential function, water management, regeneration of people’s strength and health, conservation of the natural environment, forestry, etc. The necessity for reconstruction of farming structures, regulation of processes related to the circulation of water and water erosion, and the need to protect water resources and natural biocenoses, will require formulation of a new usage model in those areas, and introduction of thorough changes in the area of agricultural management. Poland’s accession to the European Union in 2004 has allowed for taking long-term, very costly but necessary actions implementing the most important general social objectives, such as flood prevention and regulation of water relations, protection of the resources and valours of the natural environment and its partial renaturalization, shaping of the required climatic and landscape advantages of the rural areas, extension of the agricultural function of farms (apart from manufacturing activities) with ecological activities (related to conservation and protection), as well as conservation of cultural and ethnographic properties of the rural areas. Due to organizational reasons and their pro-social nature, such activities should be ...
Malopolska region is the region specific in many respects, it has crucial importance for the proper functioning of both economy and social life but also natural environment of Poland. Poland’s integration into the European Union provided a major and unique chance for relatively fast improvement of economic situation of rural dwellers and primarily for regulating processes associated with water cycle and water erosion, and the necessity to protect water resources and natural biocenoses which have been disturbed or degraded in result of too intensive development of agriculture in these areas in the past. EU agricultural policy allocates sufficient means from the Community funds to these aims but only if a number of complex activities to improve agricultural facilities and agrienvironmental measures are implemented by the farmers of the region. In many parts of the Malopolska farm production should be connected with protective and conservative measures. Agriculture in the province, so far focused only on production, should change into multifunctional one in the nearest future. The authors think that because of specific landscape, therapeutic, recreational and cultural values of mountain and upland areas of Malopolska and their importance for national economy and flood-protection of the country, three provinces (Malopolska, Podkarpacie and ...
Management transformations which started at the turn of the eighties and nineties of the 20th century in Poland have thoroughly changed socio-economic conditions of the development of the country and its regions. The transformation of state-controlled management system required adjustment of various socioeconomic and spatial structures to the new rules of market economy. This process, being based on transformation of the previous structures created in the centrallysteered management system and on the development of new structures, is being observed in many places in Poland, also in rural areas in the Świętokrzyskie Province. One of the most popular forms of development of rural areas is agritourism at present. The study attempts to assess the influence of geographical environment on agritourism development potential in the Świętokrzyskie Province. The analysis of elements of natural environment and tourist amenities makes it possible to evaluate how attractive rural areas are from the standpoint of agritourism development. The study gives numerical attractiveness indicators to show how rural areas are diversified in their likelihood of success for agritourism business ...
This study outlines the diversification of social and economic development in selected municipalities of Konecki Poviat of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. It is based on statistical data contained in available statistical sources published by the Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS). Social and economic development has been assessed in connection with characteristics of population and economy. The period of transformation triggered numerous phenomena facilitating development of rural areas; however, it also introduced negative social and economic processes. The analysis emphasized the existence of numerous alarming demographic and social phenomena, which are the strongest on the outskirts of the Konecki Poviat. The population has dropped, partially due to declining birth rate. Moreover, in the analyzed period of time the outflow of population has decreased, presumably due to slumping urban labour market. Furthermore, in the area of this study ageing of population has been discovered as a result of decreased fertility and longer life expectancy. Social and economic transformations have considerable impact on changes in the labour market. With decreased industrial employment, the rate of unemployment has risen. Within all unemployed the most numerous group is composed of people at the age of 25-34. Unfavourable unemployment structure is preserved due to educational barriers for ...
Presented were the results of prognostic studies conducted by the Author on the necessary development of agricultural infrastructure against the back-ground of the future model of agriculture and its services until 2030. The level of agricultural infrastructure must be integrated with the level of rural infrastructure which is connected with the infrastructure of the whole country. The infrastructure should meet the requirements resulting from the current scientific progress and the future needs of farmer and rural populations. The development of agricultural in-frastructure will bring measurable results in the spheres of production, energy, economics, ecology, as well as social effects. Infrastructural investments in water economy of Poland, in rural areas and in agriculture were considered the most difficult for realization but at the same time the most needed ones. Investments in the construction of sewerage and sew-age disposal systems in the country, outlays on road and electricity lines and in-vestments in commodity turnover, services, advisory and informatization have been considered in the next place. Modernization and development of internal infrastructure of agricultural commodity farms are becoming increasingly important. A major part of necessary outlays on internal infrastructure and the devel-opment of local infrastructure will originate from payments, donations and credits from ...
The paper aims at an identification, analysis and assessment of selected tourist development elements in rural areas in Poland according to individual regions. Due to their tourist amenities, for numerous tourists rural areas are a de-sirable place of leisure. Some people prefer hotels, motels or pension houses for accommodation, whereas the others use agrotourist farms. In pursuance of the act on tourist services, hotel facilities are objects which meet the requirements con-cerning their size and equipment, qualifications of the personnel and the scope of services provided as stated for the kind and category to which the object was clas-sified, these facilities must also meet the sanitary, fire and other requirements determined by separate regulations. Localization of sleeping facilities throughout rural areas in Poland is di-versified. In order to ensure the comparability of the obtained results, the absolute data concerning the number of sleeping facilities were presented as an indicator expressing the number of objects per the area of 1 km2. The most important sleeping facilities are hotels. The largest numbers of these are situated in the malopolskie and śląskie provinces, whereas the least number of hotels were registered in the lubelskie and podlaskie provinces. Simi-larly, the most numerous ...
In the end of the 80s, processes of change to market economy started in Po-land. Market methods which have been introduced have turned out particularly difficult in agricultural activity. In those years, Polish agriculture was one of the most backward systems of national economy. The article is devoted to possibility of development of alternative functions in rural areas of the świętokrzyskie voivodship The last ten-year period brought a strengthening of the agricultural function especially in central and eastern Poland, while the west and parts of the south witnessed an increase in the signifi-cance of non-agricultural functions. The greatest development of non-agricultural economic activity has been observed in city hinterland areas and has first and foremost involved the services sector and trade. The analysis which was made in this article was designed to identify the main social and economic factors stimulating non-agricultural economic activities in the świętokrzyskie voivodship. The analysis has indicated that the concentration of non-agricultural activities depends on the size of the spatial system. Empirical research showed that non-agricultural activity in private farming influences the profitability of private farming and the income situation of communes. Non-agricultural activities carried out in rural areas are thought to be ...
The paper presents the results of research concerning the relationship be-tween the value of entrepreneurship indicator and the distance of spatial units from the economic centres. The entrepreneurship indicator was determined by stating a number of economic entities registered in the REGON system per 10 thous. of people of working age. The distances of spatial units from the eco-nomic units were expressed as the shortest road distances. A statistically signifi-cant dependency was found between the value of entrepreneurship indicator and the distance from the economic centre. An increase in the distance by 1km causes a decrease in the number of economic entities by 47 per 10 thous. of people. ...
Described were IBMER (Institute for Buildings Mechanization and Electrificationof Agriculture (IBMER)) activities aimed at the development and verificationof research procedures used for the assessment of commercial family farmactivities and for evaluation of progress in their technological and ecological modernization.Current assessment of agricultural farm activities has been conducted usingan appropriate IBMER procedure [Wójcicki 2008], which comprises tables forparametric (numerical) description of commercial farm equipment and activitiesin 2008.Development family farm is modernized on the basis of the project of itsorganization and mechanization in the nearest 5-7 years (e.g. until 2015). Suchproject may be developed using new IBMER technological and balance sheet procedure(methods), which has been currently (2009) elaborated and verified.A comparison of the recent activities with the accepted organizational projectallows to determine the level of progress in the sphere of technical and ecologicalmodernization of the analysed farm and its infrastructure.Both research procedures contain a number of common methodical bases,the part of which was synthetically compiled in tables concerning the assessmentof modernization of a sample farm with farm area 40 ha AL, specializing in potato,milk and beef cattle production. ...
Transformation of Polish economy (started at the turn of the eighties and nineties of the 20th century) has changed many socio-economic conditions of the development of all regions in Poland. The various processes which were based on transformation of the previous structures created in the centrally-steered management system and on the development of new structures, are observed in many places in Poland. One of the most popular forms of development of rural areas is agrotourism at present times.An analysis of the agrotourist development in Poland is performed in the paper. The current tendencies in the world-wide tourism have been taken into consideration The place and role of tourism both in the state policy and regional pol-icy have been shown in the state and regional documents.In the Świętokrzyskie voivodship a considerable development of agrotourist farms, with that of cooperating institutions, like agrotourist associations, consultative teams and agrotourist chambers is recently observed. The voivodship is very attractive due to its nature, landscape and monuments of culture. Basic natural resources of this region are forests. The agrotourism is a very important function of this area. First agrotourist farms were organized in 1993. Most of them are small and are not profitable, thus most ...
Non-agricultural activities carried out in rural areas are thought to be indispensable for their economic development. They are especially important to those farms that are situated in areas with unfavourable farming conditions. The article presents an analysis of the development of non-agricultural activities in private farming. The analysis was designed to identify the main factors stimulating non-agricultural economic activities. Empirical research sho-wed that non-agricultural activity in private farming influences the profitability of private farming and the income situation of communes. The greatest development of non-agricultural economic activity has been observed in city hinterland areas and has first and foremost involved the services sector and trade. In this research the main possible directions of development of non-agricultural activity were shown. ...
The research presented shows the conditions of agricultural production in the rural areas of Lower Silesia seen from the angle of chosen features character-istic for the functioning of agriculture and arable farming. The research covered 133 rural and rural-urban districts in dolnoslaskie voivodeship. To achieve the goal intended for this research the following features were used: soil, size struc-ture of farms, population which has their own source of income from their farms of 100 ha of farmlands, the tax on agricultural activities. The research has con-firmed a great influence of usefulness of fertile soil on the farming situation in the region. A departure from this rule is observed in the area of influence of Wroclaw agglomeration, where, despite the high quality of farmlands the share of popula-tion which is supported by farming (a plot of farmland) expressed in 100ha is relatively low. ...
The goal of the article is an assessment of changes in spatial management of the rural areas in the Śląskie Voivodeship (Upper Silesia Region). The assess-ment covered both the level of infrastructural organization in general and its indi-vidual components, however the research specially focused on water supply and sewerage system, gas grid and road network. Analyzed were all rural communes of the Śląskie Voivodeship in the years 2004-2008.Conducted analysis revealed significant changes both in the level and structure of the analysed phenomenon. An average level of infrastructural organi-zation was growing during the whole analysed period. The level of individual components of infrastructure development in the area was also growing, however the rate of density indicator growth computed for each of them was different.From year to year the structure of infrastructure development was under-going increasingly smaller transformations but the exception was the final ana-lyzed year 2008. The most serious changes in the structure of the investigated area were observed regarding the sewerage system, lesser changes were evident for wa-ter supply system and the least concerned gas grid.In conclusion it should be said that despite the increase in average level of infrastructure development in rural communes of the Śląskie Voivodeship in 2004-2008, ...
Diversification of rural areas usage in the Warmia and Mazury has an im-pact on different levels of infrastructural development in its individual parts. This difference is a directly affects the quality of living conditions and opportunities for tourism activities. The causes of varying levels of infrastructural development are: the location is a lot of the bigger cities, state border, the promotion of tourist products and tourist development in rural areas.The aim of this paper is to present the results of studies on the effects of tourism activities on sustainable rural development and promotion of ecological habits among rural residents. The paper describes the risks associated with tour-ism activity in rural areas and features of sustainable tourism. ...
Rural areas in Poland constitute a special territory with respect to physico-geographical, economic and social aspects. In order that rural areas and an individual commune may use tourism as a driving force for local social-economic development, in the first place there must be conditions favourable for practising various forms of tourism (bases for start-ing and then intensifying the tourist movement are necessary prerequisites), sec-ondly opportunities must be opened up for creating various enterprises connected with tourism and providing services for tourists, and capable of meeting increased needs of local communities. Conditions (factors) determining rural communes predisposition for under-taking and realisation of development through tourism may be either of external or internal character. Increasing at present tourist demand animated situation in market of tour-ist servieces in Poland. Estimating the tourist sector in the świętokrzyskie voivod-ship in last years, it may be said that this voivodship became very attractive to dif-ferent investments in tourist sector especially in accommodation base. Many different factors had intensive influence into it. These are mainly: creating of Targi Kielce, coming into being many new attractiveness and tourist products and intensive promotion of the świętokrzyskie voivodship also in Poland and abroad.
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Rural areas are characterized by considerable diversity in terms of natural conditions and socio-economic indicators. Very great influence on their current functional and spatial structure also had systemic transformation and now Polish membership in the European Union. This article is an attempt to show the status and trends in the development of rural non-agricultural activities of the Warmia and Mazury in the period between 2000 and 2009. The analysis of non-agricultural business development indicates that the economic potential of rural areas the voivodship is concentrated in the highest degree in the municipalities adjacent to the major cities of the region Olsztyn and Elblag. High economic potential are characterized by the municipality with strong tourist located in the central and eastern parts of the region and a high proportion of private farms located in its western part. The lowest concentration of economic entities present in the northern province, which are municipalities with low levels of socio-economic development
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Rural development is one of the activities under the EU's common agricul-tural policy. Multi-functional development is a putting on in the rural area non-agricultural activities. Such activities may include, e.g.: rural tourism, processing of agricultural products. In developing plans for rural development, it appears ne-cessary spatial database with data on the distribution of various types of objects and phenomena in the municipality, such as soil quality, model terrain, services and institutions, tourist attractions
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One of the indicators of sustainable development is spatial order, under-stood as a spatial arrangement which includes e.g. natural, social and economic, cultural as well as compositional and aesthetic conditions. Ensuring spatial order in rural areas is difficult due to various forms of elements occurring there. How-ever, the original method for assessing spatial order of rural areas presented in the study allows to assess the spatial order and at the same time provides the possibility of demonstrating which of the elements making up the space under analysis has a negative effect on the land management status. The study also presents a theoretical concept of a GIS database supporting the assessment of the spatial order of rural areas, indicating its source components, which include, e.g. a land and building register and a soil-agricultural map. Additionally, it also shows some examples of spatial analyses, the results of which have been derived in the form of a map assessing the status of spatial order and a tabular-descriptive report supplementing it.
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Article is drawing issues of managing the space in rural areas that are ex-posed to the influence of urban centres. Studies include rural and urban-rural gmians in Łódź Metropolitan Area. Article highlights the important role of local planning in preventing negative effects of urban sprawl. One of the problem is the pressure on rural areas by uncontrolled migration which should enforce the deci-sions of local authorities about creating local plans, allowing for better control of using the space.The starting point for analyses are carried out research commissioned by the Ministry of Infrastructure. Studies lead to the conclusion that the area of local plans is growing in rural areas of ŁMA. Article allows to determine a state of works on new local plans in gminas covered by the surveys.
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The main aim of this article is to assess the degree of development and spa-tial diversity of the technical infrastructure (sanitation) in rural areas of the Ku-jawsko - Pomorskie. Particular attention was paid to the development of infra-structure in protected areas located in the area of natural landscape park and to relationships in the level of development between municipalities located within the parks and being outside protected areas. To analyze the level of infrastructure de-velopment, a number of variables describing the dynamics of the water and sewage networks and water consumption, the amount of generated waste, sanitary housing equipment or local government expenditures for investments in environmental protection was used.
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The individual water intakes are an important source of water supply for human consumption in Polish rural areas. The wells are often not covered by research in range of water suitability for human consumption, therefore, a significant number of rural inhabitants use water of unknown parameters, physico-chemical and biological likely to contain contaminants harmful to humans.The main goal of this research has been determination of changes in concentrations of phosphorus compounds in water from wells located in the village Przeździedza. The research has covered the period from March 2009 until February 2010. The six wells constructed of concrete rings or from a stone has been analyzed. The following parameters has been determined: phosphate. The results of this research indicate that, poorly protected wells are characterized by worse water quality. The results confirm the fact that, poorly protected wells are characterized by a poorer quality of water. However, the average concentration of phosphate in all wells was very low, and each of them corresponded to the obligatory standards in Poland.
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Since the half of the 1990's, the development of rural areas was directed into a multi-functional form. Apart from main agricultural functions, dominating in the central steering period, different forms of non-agriculture activity started to develop in rural areas. In new conceptions of rural areas development, of important meaning was tourism, including agrotourism. The main aim of this paper is an attempt to discuss the role of tourism in multi-functional development of rural areas, especially in the Świętokrzyskie voi-vodship. In the Świętokrzyskie voivodship, a considerable development of agrotourist farms, with that of cooperating institutions, like agrotourist associations, con-sultative teams and agrotourist chambers is recently observed. The agrotourism is very important function of this area. First agrotourist farms were organized in 1993. Most of them are small and are not profitable, thus most of their owners became part-time farmers. The income outside the agriculture can be for them just the agrotourism. At present the Świętokrzyskie voivodship is visited by many tourists from various part of Poland. Agrotourism is a real chance for the Świętokrzyskie voivodship farmers, to ameliorate their difficult economic situation.
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Presented article analyses the rate of development of selected technical in-frastructure elements i.e. water supply lines, sewage disposal systems and gas grids located in rural areas in Poland in the years 2000-2009. In order to ensure the comparativeness of obtained results concerning the analyzed elements of technical infrastructure, absolute data were presented as an indicator expressing the number of water supply lines per 100 houses situated in the analyzed area.The analysis conducted including such indicators as absolute increments, chain indices or average rate of changes, revealed increasing tendency for all an-alyzed elements of technical infrastructure. The most noticeable development characterized water supply lines. Development of the other elements was also noticeable, however at a much slower rate.Increasingly faster development of rural areas owing to new functions which they assume, determines the direction of changes both in the infrastructure and other areas of life in the country.
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There is a widespread and increasing interest in public-private partnership (PPP) in Poland as a mean of implementing public investment projects, resulting from the fact that the funds that are available to local governments, or EU funding, are not sufficient to meet all the investment needs. In the paper a comparative analysis of the size and structure of the public-private partnerships in the EU countries, with a particular focus on the Polish market is presented. Possibilities of investments based on public-private partnerships on rural areas are specified. The paper examines the recent trends in the PPP's market and describes how these changes and development may affect the infrastructural improvement on rural areas.
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Ensuring water supply and sewage management are among the primary tasks of every commune, and they are also the condition for multi-functional de-velopment of rural areas. Positive changes in the area of providing communes with the basic water mains-sewerage infrastructure mean an improvement in the living conditions for the population and for the functioning of companies. For many years intensive work has been going on in Poland, aimed at ensuring a suitable status of the environment, especially in rural areas where still a lot needs to be done in this respect. At the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries numerous water supply and sewerage systems have been built in those areas, as well as many household and collective sewage treatment plants. One of the provinces where the largest number of household sewage treatment systems have been built is the Lublin Province. The technological most frequently applied here include systems based on the use of a septic tank and filtration drainage, systems with a biological bed or active sludge, as well as hybrid systems (biological bed + active sludge). Less popular, on the other hand, are constructed wetland systems, probably because their construction requires plots with ...
A forecast of socio-economic changes in agricultural holdings and sustain-able agriculture until 2030 was presented against the background of necessary energy and ecological changes occurring in rural areas and in the whole Poland.Results of Agricultural Census of 2010 (PSR'10) and initial results of Na-tional Census (GUS) of 2011 were used to determine the trends of changes in rural areas and in agriculture. It was forecasted that by 2030 about 39% of the population of Poland will live in rural areas constituting 33.0% of individual households. Farmer population in agricultural holdings over 1.0 ha AL will con-stitute 13.3% of rural communities and 5.2% of the whole country population. There will be about 530 thousand commodity farms (agricultural enterprises) which will supply to the market almost all commercial output of food raw materials. Introducing sustainable production and new technologies based on modern machinery aggregates will diminish unit labour and energy outlays, simultaneously contributing to an improvement of ecological requirements for soil, water, air, plants animals and human protection in rural areas. Agriculture will reduce methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission to the atmosphere, among oth-ers through increased use of renewable energy sources (RES). A critical and re-served attitude should be adopted ...
In terms of its territory and functions, forestry is related to rural areas and plays a major role, i.e. in agriculture. A significant proportion of low-value land which is currently used as farmland may be allocated to afforestation and, there-fore, its economic value may increase and forest resources may be expanded. This paper presents guidelines for designing an rural-forest boundary and the role of cadastral data in the selection of areas to be afforested. The data in the real estate cadastre allows for inventory control of the primary status of land and its productivity value, i.e. its value class. The record map which serves as the car-tographic basis for forest landscaping also plays an important role in designing the rural - forest boundary. ...
The paper presents analyzes the development of water and sewage infra-structure in the Lublin province in 2000-2010. In addition, based on the results of surveys carried out in 70 selected municipalities province, presents the state of the basic elements of water and sewage infrastructure in 2011. Found a large disparity between the development of water supply and sanitation in rural of Lublin province in the first decade of the twenty-first century. It was noted that in 2011 in selected municipalities of the region (mainly rural) water supply system has benefited 84.8% of the population, and the sewerage system only 18.6%. In the years 2000-2010 in the Lublin province has been gradual progress the construction of sewerage systems, and particularly in the case of collective and sewage treatment plants, which was possible mainly thanks to EU funds acquired by local governments. In the analyzed period, the collective biological waste water treatment plants were the most commonly used, in the case of household objects - infiltration drainage systems. ...
The role of physical activity in the life of modern societies is increasing, therefore it is important to ensure the necessary conditions for implementation of various forms of physical activity, especially in rural areas.The point of article is to identify and to analyze and to evaluate equipment in Polish rural areas in the selected sport base objects in the regions.The spatial scope of research includes rural areas. For the analysis it is carried out by provinces, treating each as a testing facility.Distribution of sports infrastructure facilities in rural areas in each province in Poland is not the same. The highest density was recorded in śląskie, and further in the province podkarpackie i małopolskie. The smallest is the sports facilities in the province of Podlasie.Regular physical activity is one of the basic components of a healthy lifestyle. You can indicate a lot of benefits from it reducing the risk of obesity, heart disease or cancer.In Poland, especially young people show little interest in his health and protection. So we need to strength the attitude of health-conscious, and recreational needs. It is important for local authorities to invest in the permanent development of sports infrastructure in order to promote physical activity in ...
The study presents a scenario of expansion of residential development in the Minsk poviat based on analysis of the local market characteristics of undeveloped land. A spatial analysis model was developed allowing for estimation of the number and value of market transactions in relation to selected location factors positively and negatively affecting (onerous neighbourhood) the value of real estate. Preferences for a given location factors were estimated on the basis of the developed graphic method presenting analysis results. Basing on the preference evaluations, significance of individual factors was determined. The resulting map illustrating the expected expansion of land development in the study area was prepared. The study area covered selected communes of the Mińsk poviat strongly affected by the local urban centre - Mińsk Mazowiecki and the central city - Warsaw, i.e.: Cegłów, Dębe Wielkie, Jakubów, Mińsk Mazowiecki, Siennica, and Stanisławów. In order to meet the objective of the study, the ArcGIS ESRI geographical information system was applied, along with data from the real estate price and value register, database of topographic objects, cadastre information included on the iGeoMap website, and the WMS Geoportal service. ...
The current state of rural area development results from agricultural activity carried out in specific natural, economical and political conditions. Supporting the development of rural areas with EU funds encourages farmers to take a broader interest in undertaking activities aiming at improvement of spatial conditions in which their farms function. The spatial structure of rural areas is to be developed within the so-called "rural surveying" projects, with land consolidation as a top priority. The proper performance of these projects is based on updated, reliable and easily available information about the current state con-cerning soil conditions, the lay of the land, water conditions as well as the owner-ship and usufruct structure. The knowledge of agricultural land and its quality, expressed mainly by the soil quality class, is of fundamental importance in the land management process. ...
Some terms applied in the practice of land management in Poland raise doubts of lexical and legal nature.The paper deals with such words as "rolny", "rolniczy" - both translated into English as "agricultural" and such terms as "grunt rolny", "użytek rolny" - in English "agricultural land", etc.The gist of the article is practically untranslatable into English.In conclusion the author proposes to obey strictly definitions contained in legal documents, which are substantially coherent, though bearing some semantic faults. ...
The agricultural production in Poland carried out on almost 60% of the country. Much of this activity takes place in areas which are protected by law or the ones which display adverse natural conditions for agricultural production. This creates a number of restrictions for agricultural intensification. These limitations have a different character and different degree of "discomfort" for the farmer. Moreover, very often difficulties of various types overlap in a particular area. The purpose of this study was to present the spatial distribution of these limitations by using GIS tools. The most advers conditions for farming management (over 80% of agricultural land of voivodeship is located on areas were agricultural production is difficult) the agriculture meets in podkarpackie, lubelskie and małopolskie voivodeship. The least of the impacted agricultural areas, about 53%, is located in kujawsko-pomorskie voivodeship. ...
The subject of the article is the availability of technical infrastructure equipment in rural areas. Analysed were both the availability of technical infra-structure facilities and the tendencies of development in this area. Spatial analysis covered rural areas in Poland per provinces in the years 2003-2010. The studies comprised the following elements of infrastructure: water-pipe network, sewerage network, gas grid and road network, as well as individual and collective sewage treatment plants. For the sake of the article, which aims at the assessment of the level of technical infrastructure development in rural areas of Poland in spatial and time arrangement, the author applied methods of statistical multidimensional analysis using a construction of synthetic measure.The results of analysis obtained in the work greatly confirm commonly known situation of rural areas in Poland. However, it is worth noticing, that despite the intense investment activities undertaken by local self-governments and noticeable improvement in the technical infrastructure facilities availability, interregional differences are diminishing only slightly. On the basis of the joint assessment, in 2010 the highest level of the technical infrastructure facilities availability in rural areas was noted in the Małopolskie and the lowest in the Lubuskie province. ...
Carpatian Mountains are the region of great significance for proper func-tioning of natural environment and of economic life of Poland as well. Scientific studies carried out and co-ordinated by the Mountain Areas Management Commitee of Polish Academy of Science show clear, that the preference functions of mountain areas should be: water man-agement, health and strength recovery of population, protection of natu-ral environment values, forestry and farming. Necessity of rebuilding of agrarian structures, control of processes related to water circulation and water errosion and the need of protec-tion of water resources and natural biocenosis, possible thanks to finance support of structural funds of the European Union, will require creation of a new land use model on the area under study, and introduction of thor-ough changes in agricultural land management directions. To put these tasks into practice, consolidation of land may be used as an effective tool of rebuilding of spatial structures of rural areas, after introduction of appropriate changes in regulations and procedures. ...
The study aims to analyse the market image of agritourism product and preferences of prospective tourists with respect to leisure time at agritourism farms. The statistical sample was selected from the residents of the city of Kielce. Representatives of four social and professional groups took part in the investigations carried out in 2011. The choice of participants was purposeful as the groups were composed of individuals relatively frequently spending their leisure time at agritourism farms. The investigations indicate that rather than reflecting tourists' personal experience, the image of agritourism product is often created on the basis of prevailing general opinions (e.g. those presented in the media). Though a majority of the interviewees were able to specify their expectations concerning the tourist product, yet it was difficult for them to put forward demands as regards the product character. The investigations seem to confirm the thesis that being interested in agritourism does not necessarily mean taking up an offer of agritourism farms.The development of tourism in many regions of the country relies on creating and promoting brand products. Those are remembered by tourists as unique and capable of generating a lot of benefits. Brand products are meant to make consumers of tourist ...
The spatial structure of rural areas is changed as a result of rural surveying works, such as land consolidation, afforestation, reclamation, improvement and divisions. Execution of those procedures must be based on modern methods for performing specialist studies, concerning, e.g. soil, physiographical, social, economic or ownership conditions, with the use of digital spatial data and methods for their processing. Those analyses will be based on cadastral data concerning the ownership and usage status, and the data quality and completeness will determine the decisions undertaken with regard to implementation of specific procedures in a given area. ...
Rural areas account for a large part of the surface of the Polish. These areas are home to almost 39% of the population. In Poland, rural areas for many reasons often developed much more slowly than urban. They are largely neglected. This situation has improved significantly after the Polish accession to the EU and raising funds for the development of agriculture. These actions caused the rural areas began to grow much faster. Their structure has been corrected. This document presents a comparative analysis showing the changes that have occurred in these areas in Poland, Austria and the Czech Republic. The article also made reflections on the essence of the concept of rural areas. In the paper the method of logical analysis and narrative based on Polish and foreign literature. ...
Increasingly, the attractiveness of rural areas is seen through the prism of the attractiveness of rural tourism and recreation as well as the factors that have a direct and indirect impact on the development of tourism. Kaliningrad District of the Russian Federation due to its location and a number of socio-economic conditions has excellent conditions for the development of tourism, which significantly affect their development in rural areas.Rural areas in the Kaliningrad District is characterized by a diverse and beautiful areas, there are natural ponds and a small fitting-infrastructure. On a different level of development affects usage diversity of rural areas in different parts. This difference directly affects the quality of living conditions and opportunities of agriculture and non-agriculture. The reasons for different levels of infrastructure development are many, but the main ones are the position of the Baltic Sea and the Polish and Lithuania border and promotion of tourism products.The aim of this paper is to analyze the conditions for rural development in the Kaliningrad District, made on the basis of tourism resources and human capital which is the subject of activity in these areas. Analyzed issues concern the natural potential, infrastructure and local entrepreneurship. ...
The general aim of the article is to analyze the predispositions of rural communes to the development of agrotourist in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains Region. The research also concerns the estimation of main predispositions to the development of rural areas in the region. The article shows the different conditions of rural areas development in Świętokrzyskie. It also discusses the distribution of communes in the Świętokrzyskie Mts. Region considering differential potential of their development. The aim of this study is also trying to estimate development predispositions in rural areas of the Świętokrzyskie Mts. Region. Statistical data supplied by WUS in Kielce were used to conduct the statistical analysis. Some diagnostic features were used in the characterization of the differential potential of development in rural areas. The Świętokrzyskie Mts. Region was chosen as an area of research, because this area has special conditions of development in Poland. This study shows a huge disproportion in the predispositions of development in rural areas in the Świętokrzyskie. At the end, the article provides practical recommendations. The problem of the future of agriculture and rural areas in many regions of Poland has not been solved yet. The presented results of the researches show that the researches relating ...
Technical infrastructure plays an important role in the restructuring process of rural areas. Production processes and labor productivity depend on infrastructural arrangement, its condition and properly work of all elements. One of the cause for the rural areas marginalization is the underdeveloped technical infrastructure.In the paper the similar areas with infrastructural quality of Świętokryskie voivodship were separated. Evaluation of these areas due to the environmental quality of the infrastructure was made. In order to carry out the valorization of the technical infrastructure level, multivariate correspondence analysis was applied. ...
In the 21st century, a social and economic development has obtained a new character and a new pace, because new properties of the surroundings have determined the unusual so far increase of the knowledge value. The knowledge becomes the main instrument for carrying out changes. Therefore, it is worth to take care of its proper management not only in the conditions of an enterprise, which carries out its business aims but also in the process of a long-lasting, laborious formation of potential of a particular region or area. The work herein constitutes a presentation of key ideas which accompany the project formation titled "Knowledge management in the process of building competitiveness and innovativeness of rural areas pursuant to the rules of the sustainable development - an empiric verification on the example of the Małopoksie voivodeship". The research problem which has been undertaken is as follows: Do the worked out solutions in relation to the concept of knowledge management may become a stimuli for the development process which takes place on rural areas? ...
The implementation of the Spatial Data Infrastructure Act in 2010 contributed to the dynamic development of spatial services. Public authorities are under obligation to create access to information in registers of spatial resources and services with the involvement of technology platforms that facilitate data search, downloading and browsing (Web Map Services - WMS). The goal of rural development policies is to improve living standards, promote social and economic development and support land management practices in rural areas in accordance with environmental protection regulations. The achievement of those goals requires access to reliable and up-to-date spatial information that can be obtained from national, regional and local WMS applications. This paper describes the applicability of WMS for rural development policy-making, with special emphasis on applications that are already based on cadastral data. ...
This article shows the influence of the European Union funds in stimulating initiatives of the rural communities in the świętokrzyskie voivodship. It also presents ideas and activities of local action groups with a view to implementing the LEADER initiative. This paper highlights their role in the implementation of innovative Programs carried out in the coun¬tryside. The sustainable development of rural areas is not possible without a wide and direct participation of the inhabitants of villages. The human and social capital is thus the foundational of rural development. The ac¬tivities that integrate and stimulate the initiative of rural communities are shown in the paper. They are based on the example of theme villages. In the świętokrzyskie voivodship there is a problem how to increase local community participation in communes or in regional socio-economic life of particular localities. This is the main area of interest on the part of members who are organized in intersectorial cooperation, in local stocks and local development management. The necessary condition for encour¬aging local population involvement in the development of local areas and for better use of their resources is to build social capital in rural areas. At the end, the article provides conclusions and practical recommendations. ...
A large part of polish agriculture requires deep structural changes. This is evidenced by the disintegration of farms, bad condition or lack of technical and institutional infrastructure, high unemployment, migration of the rural population to cities, and aging of local communities. In order to counteract this disturbing situation in rural areas, implementation of rural development programmes is necessary, involving the application of effective tools, namely land consolidation. As a result of land consolidation procedures, the development possibilities of Polish village improves every year. For the process to be successful, however, the initiative and positive attitude of land owners is necessary.The article presents an analysis of the effects of land consolidation in one of the villages of the Podkarpackie Province as perceived by the local community. The identification of the opinions, needs, aspirations, attitudes, and interests of the consolidation participants involved the application of a group interview. The group interview revealed both the satisfaction and disappointment of the inhabitants, as well as lack of trust and understanding of the idea of the consolidation procedure. This may result from among others ineffective informational and educational activities propagating the possibilities of development of the village, agricultural farms, and land consolidation benefits for each ...
Complex land consolidation works are the only instrument which enables in a short time making significant changes in the spatial structure in a large area. Very large needs for those types of work implementation in Poland in connection with the limited pool of funding available for this purpose, indicate the need to develop methods, which in precise way identify areas where implementation of land consolidation works is necessary and where the procedure can give the greatest effects. The presented article introduces the results of the analysis which have to determine the ranking of parts of Dąbrowski administrative district (which is located in the north-eastern part of Małopolska voivodeship) which shows the urgency of land consolidation works. For this purpose, the results which have been the subject of previous studies were used. The previous studies were connected with spatial differentiation of every parts of administrative district features like: land fragmentation, area structure of farms, areas without road access, the average land classification and the intensity of field obstacles presence, which make difficult in the new plots layout design process. Proposed synthetic indicator, which contains five features listed above, may have wide application in land consolidation works programming process in the provincial ...
The soil quality belongs to one of the most important factors which affects the level of possible to obtain crops in agriculture. Because of that, it is an important element in determining profitability of agricultural production in particular area. Knowledge of soil quality spatial differentiation in the areas of administrative parts or municipalities has an influence on the planning process for the development of agricultural areas. This element also provides important information in the programming process of land consolidation works, which action takes place at the level of provincial government. These data are characterized by a very long period of suitability for use, due to the small amount of changes relating to the soil classification inserted into ground and building registration, which mostly have sporadic event.The article presents the results of the analysis which aims to provide differentiation of the average soil classification in particular administrative parts of Dąbrowski district which is located in the north-eastern part of Małopolska voivodeship. The data of the ground and building registration were used as a data source, which were gained for every administrative parts of Dąbrowski district. The results of studies are presented in both tabular and graphical form.
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One of the biggest agriculture problems in the Southern and South-East Poland (although it applies in a smaller scale also the other regions of the country) is an excessive fragmentation of farm grounds, combined with their relatively small surface. A large number of cultivated plots, which are characterized by a small surface and often unfavorable shape, in practice makes it impossible to conduct a profitable agricultural production. The presented article introduces the results of the grounds fragmentation analysis for the Myślenicki administrative district, which is located in the southern part of Małopolska voivodeship. For the research purposes 246 thousand plots had been analysed. This enabled the ranking compilation of all parts of the district, due to the value of the proposed indicator, which apart from plot surface, contains also the farm areas structure and plots belonging to individual registered groups. Identification of the areas with excessively fragmented land structure is one of the elements of land consolidation programming process, for which the provincial government is responsible. The proposed solutions may constitute an important element in enabling the detailed diagnosis of the status of the existing spatial structure in rural areas.
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It is currently expected that rural areas will constitute attractive and interesting places for working, living, leisure and agricultural activities, as well as havens of unique natural, landscape or cultural values. Development of rural areas is to facilitate the improvement of countryside spatial planning. Soil conditions and relief significantly influence rural development policy, including, without limitation, rural management works. The purpose of the research was to develop the desirable functional and spatial structure of the investigated area, taking into consideration its soil conditions and relief. It was assumed that natural conditions determine, in considerable degree, possible directions of multifunctional development of rural areas. The analysis allowed to indicate the possible guidelines for further development of Giedlarowa, as well as the necessary actions that will improve living and agricultural conditions in the village. On the basis of the performed analysis, certain important solutions were suggested in the draft plan of the functional and spatial structure. On the one hand, the traditional agricultural function was preserved, but it was enhanced by organic food and energy crops production. On the other hand, certain areas were designated for construction of buildings and technical infrastructure in order to promote non-agricultural functions, such as forest tourism, ...
The soil quality is one of the factors which to the greatest extent affects the possibility of obtaining high incomes from agricultural production. This factor is independent of the other elements affecting the profitability of agricultural production, such as lots fragmentation, farm areas structure and economic conditions. Soils classification provides information on potential land productivity in analyzed area, which knowledge is essential, inter alia, in land consolidation programming process or spatial planning. The acquisition of soil quality and suitability data is possible on the basis of the agricultural soil maps analysis or based on the data of the ground and building registration. The presented article introduces the results of the analysis of variation in the soils quality and suitability for the Myślenicki administrative district, which is located in the southern part of Małopolska voivodeship. The indicator values defining the average soil classification have been calculated for each of the 71 parts of Myślenicki administrative district. The obtained results may represent a valuable source material, which can be used in many other studies or analysis. The small changeability of the ground and building registration data containing soil classification information, causes that they have high usability. ...
The plots connection to the public roads is an important element determining the capabilities and convenience of use for the plot. It has a particular importance in urban areas and intended for building purposes at the local zoning plan. The lack of connection with the public roads network causes a number of problems, in particular, for a group of plots used for agriculture, which dominants in terms of the percentage and amount of surface area in relation to the general. You can include an increase the costs for cultivation and the necessity of making an arrangement of neighborhood roads or establishing of land easements. The presence of a large part of the land without road access is an essential premise to initiate the land consolidation in some areas. The article presents the spatial differentiation of parts of Nowosądecki administrative district as refers to the value of the indicator determining the intensity of the areas without connection to the road network. The results were obtained by processing a set of graphical and descriptive data about all plots in Nowosądecki administrative district, also combined with the identification of the transport network and analysis of neighborhood plots that making up that ...
Parameters of agricultural transport network is an essential element which determining the costs of agricultural holdings. The proper shape of the road network, suitable density and the quality (in particular the width of the roads and the type of their surface) should provide a quick and efficient transport between home farm and some of the parcels. The analysis of the actual parameters of the road network in large areas is impeded due to the extensive data sets need to be processed in the course of this analysis and also the necessity of verifying the data in the field or by using the methods of aerial and satellite imaging.The article presents a proposal for partially automated methods of identifying the shape of transport network and the calculation of such size as its length or density per unit area, useful for relatively large areas. The calculation process and the results were presented on the example of Dąbrowski administrative district which is located in the north-eastern part of Małopolska voivodeship ...
The purpose of the research was to indicate lands suitable for development on the basis of analysis of soil conditions. It was assumed that in rural areas soil conditions constitute one of the most important factors that influence development and the inevitable city sprawl. Detailed research based on soil-agricultural maps at a scale of 1:5,000 and the base map was effected for the geodetic units of Koprki and Michałówek, Ożarów commune, Western Warsaw poviat. Multi-criteria analysis was performed, on the basis of which the terrains most suitable for development were indicated, taking into consideration land bearing capacity, moisture content, land protection and public transport connections. Similar research for the whole Western Warsaw Poviat was performed afterwards. The analysis was based on data derived from soil-agricultural map at a scale of 1:50,000 and from Topographic Objects Database BDOT 10k. The research showed that due to advantageous location, short distance from Warsaw and good public transport connections arable lands of highest quality and agricultural suitability, protected under the Act on Protection of Forests and Agricultural Lands, are often designated for development. The availability of digital data and GiS tools that facilitate spatial analysis allow to consider various environmental factors that influence the ...
The issue of climate change and as a consequence of these changes in extreme weather events are currently the subject of many studies and actions of governments in dealing with phenomena occurring. Rural areas and production takes place in these areas in Poland depends mainly on natural weather conditions, it causes that the farmers are often large financial losses because of extreme weather. Insurance packages offered by the company are expensive, so farmers use them piecemeal, or not at all. The article about the financial losses that took place in 2010-2014 in the 60 municipalities of the Warmia and Mazur Region. In relation to each municipality collected 20 geo-information describing spatial conditions, environmental and economic (financial losses). By using the method of moving backward regression and correlation analysis were obtained four independent variables affecting the size of the resulting losses. These include: surface on which the loss occurred, the surface of which is used for agriculture - divided on plowed land and meadows and pastures, and the rate of water conditions. Last variable speaks of the capacity of soil to accumulate water, thus is important in times of small amounts of rainwater. The study exacerbate the problems associated with ongoing ...
The process of space development in rural areas is determined among others by urban planning and development of the transportation network and agricultural production, as a consequence leading to a change in the function and value of land. The assessment of the potential of the natural environment permits the determination of the scope of activities ensuring multifunctional and sustainable development of rural areas. The objective of the study was to determine the potential of the natural environment for the purposes of rural development, and particularly the co-existence of the tourist and agricultural functions. The study applied methods of valorisation of the natural environment and agricultural space known from the literature. A modification was introduced aimed at the optimal determination of the environmental potential of the study area. The research was conducted in area Brwilno, commune Stara Biała, district Płocki, province Mazowieckie. The valorisations were performed by means of point bonitation, ascribing points to each of five elements in the assessment of both tourist and agricultural potential. The methods applied so far were modified by emphasising factors the most accurately characterising a given area. Point weights of particular parameters were also changed. According to the performed study, area Brwilno shows tourist ...
Parameters of agricultural transport network are an important element that affects the operating costs of farms. The proper shape of the road network, suitable density and the quality (in particular the width of the roads and the type of their surface) should provide an opportune and efficient transport between home farm and some of the parcels. The article presents an evaluation of the agricultural road network in the village of Wola Idzikowska in the Fajsławice commune, which underwent land consolidation from 2004 to 2006. An inventory of the study area was conducted, and the following were determined: the distances between agricultural land and home farm, the road density index, the road extension index, and requiring different grades of the urgency of hardening roads' surface due to degradation of erosion were indicated. Eexisting agricultural transport network in quantitative terms has rated positively, whereas urgent and very urgent of hardening requires at least 4.45 km of ground roads. ...
The current paper presents the results of evaluation of the influence of selected measures within Rural Development Programme (RDP), such as spatial development, afforestation, land consolidation, water management, village renewal and agri-environmental programmes on rural areas in Poland.The data used in the study cover the years 2004-2015, and were collected from the reports of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Polish Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture (ARMA), Polish Central Statistical Office (CSO), with special consideration given to normative acts concerning the Rural Development Plan 2007-2013 and 2014-2020, and the results of a study on different aspects of rural development conducted at the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute in Puławy (IUNG-PIB). Our study clearly shows that aforementioned measures differ significantly in terms of the level of implementation in Poland. Thus, the spatial development operation, one of the most important activities in relation to the sustainable development of rural areas, has not been introduced in RDP as s separately task. Additionally, the initiatives regarding water retention were also not fully implemented under the RDP 2007-2013 because of the shortage of time. The process of land consolidation has contributed only to very little change in ...
In this paper was analyzed selected components of technical infrastructure functioning in rural areas of the Malopolska, Świętokrzyskie and Podkarpackie Voivodships. The level of equipping rural areas with specified infrastructure elements was evaluated in the form of density and availability of infrastructure components. The work has been specified the rate of change in the analyzed indicators. In each of the provinces was separated 4, homogeneous groups of municipalities due to the level of infrastructure and standard of living. The lack of consistency in the level of the dynamics of the development of infrastructure with the dynamics of the percentage of residents using the equipment was noted. A positive phenomenon is that the development of the sewage system in all three voivodships has a higher average rate than the average rate of the development of the water supply system. This is particularly important due to the significant underdevelopment of the sewage system in relation to the water supply system ...
National and regional strategies and policies on innovation have been prioritized and innovation is now core to most EU funds and strategies. However, regions are not (should not be) alike in terms of innovation and innovation policy. The development strategies based on innovativeness ideas must include specific local conditions. Effective actions and efforts, to create good environment for innovativeness must bring tangible results. The aim of the paper is comparison of innovativeness on different regions types according to territorial typology: rural, intermediate and urban. The research questions are: Does innovativeness depends on regional typology: urban-rural? Do remote, less developed rural areas have also low achievements (poor performance) in this regard? Innovation output is measured using its hard result, which is number of patent application per capita. To examine group differences according to the innovativeness, the Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted. The test statistic showed, that there is no statistically significant difference between patent applications on different regions types. It has been found that the highest variable value in the whole sample has been calculated in rural group, for rural regions in Switzerland. ...
Amphibian survey conducted in 2010-2012 in two mid-field ponds in the village of Stare Czarnowo, in the north-western part of Poland. The aim of the study was to evaluate the species composition and abundance of adult and juvenile amphibians and their breeding sites. It was found that in both ponds dominated brown frogs: especially Rana arvalis and green frogs: Pelophylax esculentus, Pelophylax lessonae. We meet them not only during the mating season, but throughout the study period also in adjacent agricultural fields and coastline. Less numerous in this area occurred: Hyla arboreta and Bombina bombina. The rarest representative of batrachofauna was Pelobates fuscus, which appeared only in one pond in 2012. In both ponds were recorded occurrence of a representative of the tailed amphibians: Lissotriton vulgaris. Numerous occurrence of amphibians in these mid-field ponds is a good sign, because batrachofauna is an excellent bioindicator aquatic environment. ...
Farmlands occupy more than 60% of the area of Poland. However due to the country's economic development and changing social needs it occurs more frequently their exclusion from the agricultural manner of use. According to the strategic assumptions of the rural development, the rural areas should form an attractive place for work, living, leisure and conducting of agricultural or non-agricultural activities. Exclusion of the agricultural land from production means a reduction of resources of land, which is the basic fixed asset in agricultural production; therefore, it is especially important the rational management of land, taking into account the necessity to protect agricultural land.The aim of the research is to analyze the transformation of agricultural lands, which took place over the years in the selected communes of Lower Silesia. Due to the special processes which are taking place in Poland in suburban areas, selected, the communes selected for the analyses are: Wisznia Mała and Kobierzyce directly bordering Wroclaw. The reach, type and direction of the transformations was analyzed on the basis of available statements. The data were used: "Rural areas and agricultural lands in Poland. Results of inquiry analysis - 1988",registration statements from "Rural management plan of Wisznia Mała commune" (2004) ...
Space rural areas are subject to changes, which are conditioned by various factors, both those of an environmental nature, and those being the consequence of human activity.The study analyzed the need for: land reclamation, land consolidation, modernization and construction of roads of agricultural transport, reclamation and development of fallow land for all districts in the commune of Trzebnica (Dolnośląskie Voivodeship). It has been determined, for which villages in the commune there is a need to perform at least three of the selected rural management works. In addition, it has been selected so called depression villages that are such villages which apart from the needs for this type of works are characterized by the dominance of large farms.It has been undertaken an attempt to answer the question of whether the same areas continue to indicate defects in the organization of the agricultural area and what are the reasons for such status.It have been used the data from the interview surveys "Rural areas and agricultural land in Poland"(1988), "Agricultural space management in Trzebnica common" (1995) and „Rural management plan of Trzebnica commune" (2008).Land reclamation needs on the area of Trzebnica common are getting bigger. The necessity to carry out the works in ...
The aim of the study is to analyse and compare the changes in land use in rural areas in the Lubelskie Voivodship at the time of implementation of the Rural Development Plan (RDP) during the period 2004-2006 and 2007-2013. The assessment of changes in land use was made based on aggregate voivodship lists of the land and building register covering the years 2004-2013. In detailed analyses the changes in the register area of particular lands in 20 districts. For the purpose of research presentation QGIS software was used, which allowed to present the changes in land use in the form of a cartogram.The research shows a decrease in the acreage of agricultural land and waste land at the time of implementation of the two programmes, at the expense of, among others, forests, wooded and bushy lands, urban and built-up lands, ecological lands and various land. The effect of financing activities related to the reduction of the human impact on the environment during the period 2007 - 2013 in Lubelskie Voivodship can be observed in the changes of ecological land acreage. It was observed the overall area increase of 22,21%. Ecological lands constitute a very small percentage of the lands in ...
For years the development of rural areas has aimed at multifunctionality, which is approached as a remedy for low development level and the weakness of Polish agriculture. However, the implementation of program assumptions depends on many factors, just like the pace and direction of changes which differentiate the particular areas of Poland. The intensification of changes occurs in the influence zone of large cities, where, to a large extent, non-agricultural economic functions and residential buildings of a specific urban nature appear. The objective of the study is to compare and evaluate changes occurring in the suburban municipalities of Wroclaw, in terms of their multifunctionality. The indicator method was used to compare the values of indices in time and space of nine suburban Wroclaw municipalities. The Central Statistical Office resources represent the data source, the analyses cover the years 1995 - 2015. The research was divided into demographic, spatial and economic aspects. All analysed municipalities are characterized by the significant dynamics of transformations. The similar tendencies of change are observed, however, their range and rate are diversified. The industrial sector is strongly developed in the studied municipalities, and the dynamic growth of all analysed dimensions is characterized by the ongoing processes ...
River monitoring for the status and species composition of ichthyofauna is one of the forms of open water fisheries management. Research conducted on 10 selected for maintenance works of small rivers was to determine the composition and density of native and invasive fish and estimating the European Fish Index (EFI +) to assess the ecological status of designated sites in these rivers located in the Vistula and Oder basin. A total of 1405 fish, belonging to 24 species, were captured. Native species predominated, however, 19% of the fish caught were invasive species. The most common species was roach (Rutilus rutilus), but the most numerous was the gudgeon (Gobio gobio). At the researched stations, the maximum value of the EFI+ amounted to 0.868. After division into classes according to the value of the EFI + index, the majority of investigated sites where fish were found (24 of 28 sites), the EFI + value was between 0.00 to 0.40. This relatively small value indicated a poor condition of fish habitats, which was confirmed by low classes of ecological status at individual sites. Only in the case of the 1st position in the Tywa river and the 3rd position in the Czarna-Cedron ...
The paper aims at demonstrating the importance of tourism meant as an activity and economic activity in the multifunctional development of mountain rural areas. Multifunctional development of mountain rural areas appears as a composition of other, nonfarm functions, connected with agriculture and its environment. Taking over nonfarm functions by rural areas, including tourist function, enables decreasing agrarian unemployment and, furthermore, the emigration of local population. Approximating living standards of rural communities and city dwellers is connected with modernizing and development of technical-economic and social infrastructure, which has a stimulating impact on the development of off-farm activities in rural areas, which in turn positively affects economic development and increases the number of new jobs. Mutlifunctionality of mountain rural areas is therefore necessary not only from the economic perspective but also from the social point of view. ...
The study shows an analysis of renewable energy sources in terms of their use in agritourist farms. The conducted survey aimed at finding out whether it was the respondents' age, farm size or incomes obtained from different sources that had the biggest impact on decisions to invest in ecological energy media. An answer was provided to the question whether implementation of ecological energy systems was followed by significant reduction in agritourist activity costs. The level of interest in such energy media among farmers who do not use them was assessed. The attitude of agritourist service providers toward more effective utilization of natural resources to the advantage of the natural environment was determined ...
