commercial family farms that are necessary for today’s Europe and a globalizing economy. To prevent such a situation, rural development projects and programmes are essential. Integrated rural development initiatives to enhance the quality of life must include improvements to agricultural production, employment, infrastructure, public facilities, housing and protection of natural resources. In order for such integrated rural development initiatives to increase the attractiveness of rural areas, they must be comprehensive, multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral. Land consolidation can be used here as an effective instrument to realize such plans and projects. The aim of this paper is to show the significance of lend consolidation in development of rural areas. The situation in rural areas is getting worse especially in the face of the access of our country to European structures. There is growing inequality between rural and urban areas. Much rural infrastructure has deteriorated considerably. Villages are becoming less attractive places in which to live. Schools and other rural public and cultural facilities are suffering from lack of attention. Rural roads are in poor condition, power and water systems are less reliable, and communication and media infrastructure is inadequate. There is high unemployment, and migration to urban areas is resulting in declining ...
The presented project describes in brief some chosen issues related to using information included in digital maps for the purposes of automation of some elements of land consolidation process. Delibe-rations regarding methods of division of the village area into area elements that can be used for optimization of grounds configuration on the given area were chosen as an example. Description of concept of division into equal value elements was specially emphasised. In order to perform such division, the following ingoing data in a numerical form is necessary: outer boundaries of areas to be divided into area elements, directions of design lines (determining a layout of design plots) for each area and boundaries of existing estimated outlines, ie. areas of equal value defined by participators of land consolidation process. Aforementioned sets, excluding directions of design lines, have to be corrects in topological sense. A consecutive stage is, upon defined ingoing data, creation a set of equal value elements. The set is then used for optimization of deploying plots on a given area from the standpoint of reducing a all-in length of agricultural transport journey. A principle of optimization is based on calculation of results of exchanging equal value elements between respective ...
The article presents general principles of the method of calculations distances of ground from habitations based on a numeric map. Filipowice village in Małopolska district was chosen as an example for presentiation of calculation. The village consists of over 12 thousands land plots and about 500 agricultural holdings. The procedures concerning with shortest route from habitations to plots were discussed in more detail. Access from habitation was described in a form of graph including road's network and drives within the complexes. The route of drive from habitation to plots was defined as the shortest path between graph's knots. The process of determining the distance between a household dwelling and plots that form it comprises the following steps: making a list of necessary initial data to be collected from a digital map and a land cadastre; preparing files required to create a graph of driveways between a given parcel and a particular farm holding site; developing the prepared graph of driveways; and, finally, determining the shortest access driveway to the parcel under consideration. Using specific computer software developed, it is possible to make automatic the majority of time- and labour-consuming works indispensable for determining the possible access driveways to parcels, and ...
This dissertation presents a method of valuation of the effects of land consolidation executed within the area of Wojków village, Mielec discrict where the greatest importance was assigned to comparing the transportation network of selected group of household dwellings before and after execution of agricultural engineering works. The aforementioned village underwent the process of land consolidation in 2002–2005, which enabled for acquiring date in the form of numerical cadastral map in relation to the status both before and after the land consolidation process. The scope of land consolidation covered the area 612 ha, the number of households was 438 (as for the moment of commencement of the process) and the number of land plots was almost 1400 (during consolidation works this number was reduced to 833 land plots). The land consolidation was executed by Geodesy and Agricultural Land Consolidation Office in Cracow. The subject of presentation is the way of acquiring and preparation of input data for designed calculation procedures. Moreover, rule of procedure for valuation as well as algorithms used for determining the shortest route between a household dwelling and plots that form it were also described. Also presented and debriefed were the results of calculation, which for the ...
This paper refers to the question of valuation of changes to spatial structure of agricultural land that takes place as a result of land consolidation activities. Valuation of effects of land consolidation may be takes from different points of view. Valuation presented in this article is in relation to analysis of the effects of changes to transportation network resulted from land consolidation and influence on the said changes on operating of agricultural households. Presented here are proposed methods enabling for determining the accessibility of land plots to transportation network as well as calculation of changes to lengths of access roads between household dwellings and land plots being part of them. The results of calculation are presented based on selected holding in Lipnica Wielka village in Orawa district, where land consolidation process was completed in 2007. ...
The paper shows a trial evaluation of effect of consolidation works exe-cuted in Brzezie village, Kłaj commune. Part of the village was allocated as a re-sult of a number of study elaborations followed by a procedure of reconstruction of spatial structure in connection with construction of Kraków – Tarnów section of the A4 motorway. Works concerning execution of land consolidation project started in 2006 ant took two years to complete. Today, all geodesy works related to the project are completed and elaborated project of land consolidation is currently awaiting an approving administrative decision to be issued. The subject of evaluation were data files concerning land plots and farm holdings before and after execution of land consolidation works. No substantial changes of medium size of land plots were noticed. At the same time, a possibility of implementing a correction to an area being subject of a land consolidation pro-cess was demonstrated, which indicates a need for developing a more accurate method determining boundaries of areas, on which land consolidation procedure need to be executed in connection with construction of linear investments. ...
The paper shows a trial evaluation of effect of consolidation works executed in four villages located in Niepołomice commune. Parts of the villages was allocated as a result of a number of study elaborations followed by a procedure of reconstruction of spatial structurein connection with construction of Kraków - Tarnów section of the A4 motorway.Works concerning execution of land consolidation project started in 2007 and took three years to complete. Today, all geodesy works related to the project are completed and elaborated project of land consolidation is approved adminis-trative decision. The subject of evaluation were data files concerning land plots and farm holdings before and after execution of land consolidation works. No substantial changes of medium size of land plots were noticed. At the same time, a possibility of implementing a correction to an area being subject of a land consolidation process was demonstrated, which indicates a need for developing a more accurate method determining boundaries of areas, on which land consolidation procedure need to be executed in connection with construction of motorways. ...
The article touches upon a question about creating parcels for set value while using the iteration method. The author describes the possibility of achieving a final result, making the beforehand defined amount of iterations. For a majority of cases their amount doesn't surpass 17. It also refers to the universality of this method. A shape of a border that we are looking for and direction of planning aren't important in this method. It also can be used in orthogonal or angular planning.
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Correction of the rural land arrangement which joins shares of farm located within complexes is connected with optimization model based on division complexes with elementary strips. The Aim of correction is joining of dispersed farm shares into compact land plots and, afterwards, creating numerical map with new land arrangement. Efficency of the correction was tested and confirmed with data set that represents Wojków village.Introducing of the correction allows for elimination of every farm shares which area is smaller than 1 ha and creating compact land plots in complexes. The result of computational process is a map of rural land arrangement with minimized distance between plots and farm dwellings.
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Floods bring about great destruction, death and property loss. For many years, there has been a search for efficient methods to prevent this type of disaster as well as to reduce the tragic effects they cause. An important step in this matter was the Floods Directive passed by the European Parliament and the Council in October 2007. In Poland, one of many efforts towards preventing the effects of floods was the Act on Specific Principles Concerning Preparation of Implementa-tion of Flood Protection Projects passed in July 2010. Such projects include, e.g. bypass channels, flood protection polders, impounding reservoirs and flood banks. Acquisition of properties in connection to project implementation can proceed pursuant to the Act, e.g. by land consolidation proceedings. This paper presents a theoretical concept of a flood control study for the purpose of land consolidation works, indicating the main sources of spatial and descriptive data necessary for preparation of this type of study. They include, e.g. the results of studies and analyses concerning characteristics of the consolidation objects and a series of other materials thematically related to flood risk - such as preliminary assessments of flood risk, flood hazard maps or flood risk maps the preparation of which ...
The excessive fragmentation of agricultural lands is one of the major bar-rier of their rational use within large part of Poland. In particular, this problem concerns the southern-eastern regions of the country. Comprehensive tool for im-proving the spatial structure of land in the territories of whole villages is land consolidation process. Yet, its widespread use is limited by high costs and long duration of the procedure.This article presents an attempt of assessment of changes in the spatial structure of land, being the result of land consolidation process accomplished in Lipnica Wielka village. The process started in the eighties of the twentieth century and in practice was completed just in 2010, when new cadastral was implemented and land register information was updated. The land consolidation of Lipnica Wielka village was characterized by a very large area of development and the big number of parcels, which in 1986 was over 49,000. Number of participants in the proceedings exceeded two thousands.As a result of land consolidation, all relevant land structure parameters of the farms were improved. This applies to both a significant reduction in the aver-age number of plots on farms, increasing their areas and elimination of areas that do not ...
The subject of evaluation were data files concerning land plots and farm holdings characterizing land layouts before and after execution of land consolida-tion works.The results show an improvement of spatial structure of the area concerned, in particular in eliminating of plots with no access to public roads and improving their shapes. No substantial changes to an average land plot area nor a decrease of average number of plots belonging to farms were noticed. At the same time, a possibility of implementing a correction to a boundary of area being subject of the land consolidation process was demonstrated, which indicates a need for developing a more accurate method determining boundaries of areas, on which land consolidation procedure necessarily needs to be executed in con-nection with construction of linear investments. The paper shows a preliminary evaluation of the effect of consolidation works executed in Krzeczów village, Rzezawa commune. Works concerning recon-struction of spatial structure of the village in connection with construction of Kraków - Tarnów section of the A4 motorway started in 2009 ant took two years to complete. The elaboration covered a part of a cadastral district of the are 283 ha. Works concerning the land consolidation project ...
The paper shows a preliminary trial evaluation of effect of consolidation works executed in Łętownia village, Jordanów commune, covering the area of 206 ha. Works concerning execution of land consolidation project started in 2006 ant took two years to complete. At the moment, all work associated with the project are complete. Consolidation of land in Łętownia village was the first such action in the Malopolska province, funded by the European Union.The subject of evaluation were data files concerning land plots and farm holdings characterizing land layouts before and after execution of land consolida-tion works.The results show a significant improvement of spatial structure, in particular in reduction of the number of plots belonging to farms and thereby increase its average size. The relatively small improvement was observed in terms of reducing the distance between plots and habitats. A presence of land devoid contact with a public road was virtually eliminated, a phenomenon that affected most of the area in the period before merging.
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Land consolidation is an investment. First phase of investment process is adequate preparatory and planning. Elaboration of paper „guidelines for land consolidation project" is enough according to land consolidation act. The thesis of present paper is following: in case of rural arrangement plan there is for the land consolidation area, we can use selected conclusions when we work out guide-lines for land consolidation project. The thematic range of rural arrangement plan is wider. So we should use existing papers and plans. The result of study is identi-fication of common topics. ...
Land consolidation is a public investment. Being an investment, it should return the invested finances within a defined period of time. As farmer is the final beneficiary of the activity, the register of incomes and expenditures kept by the farmers is necessary to estimate the future profits. Due to the fact that not all far-mers are obliged to register their financial flows, the profitability of land consoli-dation must be based on model solution, which is popular in other EU countries, e.g. in Spain and Lithuania. Analysis of positive and negative financial flows is used to estimate the linear and discount measures of the absolute evaluation of investment profitability. Negative flows are the amounts invested for the preparation and implemen-tation of a land consolidation project. Positive flows are the profits resulting from improvement of the shape of fields used in crop rotation.
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Economic conditions of our country make the land consolidation in Poland is an urgent necessity. Strong competition from EU agriculture imposes on manu-factures obtain ever cheaper products, while better quality. To meet these re-quirements it becomes necessary to organize agricultural space in a rational way so as close as possible to natural habitats. Land consolidation directly transforms the structure of the possession, changing the system of roads, and indirectly affect the use changes, intensification of agricultural production - food and other. Farms, because of poor spatial organization, they lose an average of 20-30% of agricultural income. It is necessary to create effective solutions for conditional very rapid economic and spatial transformation of rural areas, enabling the absorption of EU financial resources and their supporting resources. An excellent means to achieve these objectives is precisely the land consolidation process. This article will present some results the land consolidation procedure on the village of Brzozowy Kat, district Ostroleka, community Czarnia.
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Agricultural lands of the Podkarpackie Province are characterized by big fragmentation, small areas of plots, often about shapeless forms. The system of roads doesn't guarantee the access required for agricultural machines. If we add small habitat plots and ancillary natures established for them to it, we have theimage of the structure of fragmenting lands of the Podkarpackie Province which is serious barrier of the development of agriculture. The purpose of the work is determining the diligence of land consolidation in villages is the district Brzozów. For determining urgency of works a method has been applied unitaryzation. Ananalysis has been carried out on the example of 44 villages of district Brzozów, Podkarpackie Province. ...
The article presents the assessment of changes of the selected spatial pa-rameters of land in the Barczków village, where the land consolidation works were undertaken between October 2008 and November 2011. The village of Barczków, with a surface area of 213 ha, is located in the Szczurowa commune, brzeski dis-trict. Following the completion of planning of the new land layout, it is now possible to compare it with the previous layout. However, the total completion of the whole process of the actual conversion of the spatial structure of the village requires investments connected with construction works of the new elements of transport network and the modernization of the already existing ones, which are being implemented as the post-land consolidation development.The scope of assessment encompassed the data collection of land plots and farms which are indicative of land layouts of the Barczków village before and after land consolidation. The interpretation of the obtained results indicates a significant improvement in the village spatial structure, which is noticeable by eliminating a large group of plots detached from a municipal road. The relatively little, yet positive changes have been observed in the reduction of the registered plots in individual farms. The distance between ...
Agricultural spatial structure in Poland is highly disadvantageous in the extensive area of the country, which especially concerns Southern and South-Eastern Poland. The far-reaching changes of particular parameters of this struc-ture are mostly the result of land consolidation works carried out pursuant to the provisions of the Act on land consolidation and exchange of land dated 26 March 1982. One of the most important premise qualifying a given area for land consol-idation is excessive land fragmentation, the effect of which is a large number of land plots belonging to individual farms which is usually connected with a slight, average surface of such plot. The data used during the analysis of land fragmentation in a given area is usually obtained via examination of the descriptive part of land and building register survey. The above approach may sometimes result in an incorrect description of the real state of farm spatial structure in a given area, as it was demonstrated in the presented article on the Sękowa village, situated in the Sękowa commune, gorlicki district. In this area one can observe significant discrepancies between the land fragmentation shown in data analysis of land register and the real fragmentation, the scale of which was ...
The article presents the assessment of land consolidation works carried out in the area which is part of the Borek village located in the Rzezawa commune, bocheński district. The land consolidation works in this area were conducted in connection with A4 motorway construction works (Kraków-Tarnów). The motor-way cut into the land layout of the village in its southern area. The land consoli-dation works included 246 ha, which accounts for 26% of the whole area of the village. Currently (March, 2012) the base works on geodetic land consolidation plan have been completed, which allowed for carrying out analyses verifying the planned objectives and comparing the land layouts before and after land consoli-dation. However, the real completion of land layout reorganization depends on the completion of investments accompanying the land consolidation plan that includes building new elements of transport network.Before the land consolidation process the area of Borek was characterized by a genuinely disadvantageous spatial structure, including mainly vast, compact areas detached from the agricultural transport road network and the domination of excessively elongated plots of land. For the above-mentioned reasons, among others, a big part of the village, including the area cut by the motorway, has not been used for ...
For some years rural areas in Poland have been undergoing significant structural, spatial and economic changes. Farm concentration is in progress [Hałasiewicz, 2011], the average area of farms has increased by more than ten percent and apart from traditional rural - urban migration also urban - rural mi-gration has appeared [GUS, 2011], which results or may result in spatial conflicts. This work describes the influence of the land consolidation process on mul-tifunctional and sustainable development of rural areas. It has been determined that multifunctional and sustainable development of rural areas requires complex consolidation works with respect to significant territories that will allow to expedite the development of agriculture, as well as of other functions of a given terrain. The research was conducted in Cegłów commune (gmina - first level of local self-government in Poland), miński poviat (powiat - second level of local self-government in Poland), mazowieckie voivodship (województwo - third level of local self-government in Poland). The results of the research indicate that multifunctional, sustainable development of rural areas, where land layout is inconvenient and disadvantageous, is not possible without land consolidation works. Without prior transformation of ownership structure it is difficult to properly shape the space that could enable ...
Occurrence of plot patchwork is one of significant factors having a negative influence on the organization and level of agricultural production. Those plots are located within the area of a village where their owners live but they can be also found beyond it. Grounds located in the external plot patchwork are in the pos-session of villagers as well as of commune and town dwellers. Inhabitants of ad-ministrative, service, industrial or cultural and educational centres are mainly legal heirs of parents who lived in the country or emigrated to cities. However, it is necessary to mention non-resident owners who have bought building lots in the country due to attractive location and prices. Research conducted so far allowed to specify the influence of cultural and administrative as well as industrial and service centers on the size of plots in external patchwork. Research was carried out in 44 villages of Brzozów district located in Podkarpackie voivodship. ...
Floods bring about great destruction, death and property loss. For many years, there has been a search for efficient methods to prevent this type of disaster as well as to reduce the tragic effects they cause. An important step in this matter was the Floods Directive passed by the European Parliament and the Council in October 2007. In Poland, one of many efforts towards preventing the effects of floods was the Act on Specific Principles Concerning Preparation of Implementation of Flood Protection Projects passed in July 2010. Such projects include, e.g. bypass channels, flood protection polders, impounding reservoirs and flood banks. Acquisition of properties in connection to project implementation can proceed pursuant to the Act, e.g. by land consolidation proceedings. This paper presents a theoretical concept of a flood control study for the purpose of land consolidation works, indicating the main sources of spatial and descriptive data necessary for preparation of this type of study. They include, e.g. the results of studies and analyses concerning ...
The main aim of this report is estimation the effectiveness of land consoli-dation projects realized after getting access of Poland to the European Union (year 2004). It contains research results, which were based on a representative sample of 12 objects - villages, where consolidation works were done. They are located in different parts of Poland - proportionally to the amount of achieved works.The estimation of partition layout of investigated farms was based on data from maps and plot registers obtained from the district authorities.The estimation of profit level as consequence of partition layout was made as follows. The investigations cover 300 of farms registered in Polish FADN in Mazowsze and Podlasie region. For plant and mixed plant-animal farms, the plot-to-homestead distance and the profit have been obtained and put into statistical analysis.The effectiveness of land consolidation was estimated basing on the internal refund rate method (IRR), according to rules proposed by Trocki and Grucza.Basing on the results of investigations, it has been ascertained that land consolidation gives the following effects:- Decrease of plots per farm by 48,9%, Increase of area of plot by 95,0 %, reduce of plot-to-homestead distance by 24,6%;- Growth of profit by 12-43,8%, Annual internal refund rate ...
This article presents the results of the general comparison of the adminis-tration responsible for rural furnishing in Poland and Federal Republic of Ger-many. Author discusses the various institutions involved in the process of land consolidation in both countries, their tasks and interrelationships. In the second part of the article author compares the two systems. As a result of the analysis of the law on land exchange and consolidation and the federal law on rural furnishing can be observed significant differences between the competencies and structure of the administration responsible for rural furnishing in both countries.The main difference is the degree of concentration of powers. In Poland we have incomprehensible dispersion of powers between the Marshall of the Voivodeship (regional level), the Starosta (county level) and the Voivode (government representative in the region) and a host of other legal persons, which effectively complicates the implementation of land consolidation. While in the FRG they are concentrated under one authority. ...
The aim of this study is to propose methods for accelerating and simplifying procedures of the preparatory process in highway construction, coupled with the process of land consolidation and exchange. The methods should reduce the cost of preparing the project, and increase the social acceptance of its implementation.The investigations cover two villages crossed by the A4 highway Kraków-Tarnów: Brzezie (Kłaj community) and Zakrzów (Niepołomice community), located in wielicki district.The study was performed in accordance with applicable laws, based on the results of property valuations, project of geodetic plot division, and the report on impact of project on the natural environment. The part of the project was a ques-tionnaire survey of the two investigated villages inhabitants. It concerned the evaluation of work and the way of acquisition the land for the highway.The study proposes the method of parallel proceedings in obtaining land and near-highway areas arrangement. It is possible to perform while conducting the land consolidation work, and organizational and legal proceedings to acquire land for the highway. It creates the opportunity to acquire the land at lower price. The savings could be allocated to cover the costs of land consolidation and subsequent arrangement works. ...
The object of study is an attempt to find the interrelationship between the Sectoral Operational Programme and the furnishing of rural areas. This work was raised on sustainable rural development and information on funding joining work in some of the village in podkarpackie province. The elaboration focuses primarily on the problem to illustrate the impact of the Sectoral Operational Programme for Polish agriculture, taking into account its various activities. Most attention was given to joining and exchange of land. ...
The existence of areas without connection to the road network is one of the significant feature influencing the conducting of rational and profitable agricultural production. The difficulties in this range should include the lack of a direct connection with the network of public roads, low quality of existing roads, causing transport problems, and also impossibility of field access in the event of adverse weather conditions. Identification of areas where the phenomenon of lack of road network connection occurs with a lot of intensity, constitutes an essential element of the process of identifying areas which qualifies to implement the comprehensive land consolidation. High level of that areas indicator testifies of necessity of new road network organizing and associated with them the high financial expenses. The purpose of this article is to present the spatial differentiation of parts of Dąbrowski administrative district by the indicator determining the intensity of the areas without connection to the road network. This article presents the proposal of method for determination this indicator. Moreover it presents the result of the values determination of proposed indicator for one of the most agriculturally used district in Małopolska Province which is Dąbrowski administrative district. The analysis were made for all ...
Excessive fragmentation of farm grounds constitutes one of the biggest ob-stacles for rational and profitable agricultural production. Identification of the areas where this phenomenon occurs with great intensity is an essential element of the identification process of areas which are accepted for the consolidation work.The presented article introduces a proposal with a new approach to the evaluation of lot fragmentation in rural areas by abandoning the use of the average lot area surface in a given area in favour of the indicator which comprises both the area structure of farms and the average lot area in individual specified area groups of individual farms. The proposed indicator precisely identifies the areas which qualify for realization of the consolidation work by the possibility of the differentiating influence of individual farms on the value of the final synthetic indicator. Calculations connected with determination of the proposed indicator have been carried out for 81 registered areas which belong to Dąbrowski administrative district (Małopolska voivodeship). ...
Carpatian Mountains are the region of great significance for proper func-tioning of natural environment and of economic life of Poland as well. Scientific studies carried out and co-ordinated by the Mountain Areas Management Commitee of Polish Academy of Science show clear, that the preference functions of mountain areas should be: water man-agement, health and strength recovery of population, protection of natu-ral environment values, forestry and farming. Necessity of rebuilding of agrarian structures, control of processes related to water circulation and water errosion and the need of protec-tion of water resources and natural biocenosis, possible thanks to finance support of structural funds of the European Union, will require creation of a new land use model on the area under study, and introduction of thor-ough changes in agricultural land management directions. To put these tasks into practice, consolidation of land may be used as an effective tool of rebuilding of spatial structures of rural areas, after introduction of appropriate changes in regulations and procedures. ...
The area structure of individual farms constitutes an essential element in-fluencing both the advisability of consolidation work and probable effects of this work. Identification of the areas where the parameters determining the area structure of farms are advantageous constitutes an essential element of the identi-fication process of the areas which meet requirements to undergo the consolidation work. The article presents a proposal of an indicator which makes it possible to evaluate the area structure of the registered units belonging to 7.1 registration group (individual farms) from the viewpoint of identification of areas which can be qualified as appropriate ones to undergo consolidation work. The need of in-troduction of such an indicator has been pointed out due to the drawbacks in evaluation of the area structure of farms on the basis of the knowledge of only the average surface of a farm in a given area. The indicator is calculated on the basis of the knowledge of the percentage participation of individual area groups of farms and to a greater extent allows for a diagnosis of obtainable results of the consolidation work. The calculations connected with ...
Identification of the areas on which the spatial structure parameters are beneficial from the point of view of the desirability of implementing the land con-solidation work, constitutes an essential element of object determining process which qualifies for this type of activities. The use in the mentioned process data from the documentation of land registration only, can be a source of mistakes in the areas identification on which it is possible to get the satisfactory effect of land consolidation, because largely its depends on village spatial structure and terrain handicap. This elements aren't most possible to identification based on mentioned data set.This article presents the proposal a new approach to the evaluation of the land consolidation requirement on rural areas. It suggests to supplement mostly for this purpose used indicator calculated based on data from the documentation of land registration by the immeasurable indicator defined the intensity of the phenomenon which negatively influences on the possibility of shaping the new plot configuration and getting the satisfactory effect of land consolidation. It is proposed to make this kind of analysis based on current aerial photographs of tested areas. This article presents the results of the values determination of proposed indicator for ...
The purpose of this research is to define a demand for particular rural management works in village Mieczków (municipality of Kostomłoty, średzki dis-trict). The current state of land use, the number of farms as well as and natural conditions in this area has been described. The research has been based on land inventory, data acquired from the local government of średzki district and other sources such as cadastre, strategic and planning works and statistical data. The analysis involved the following works: land consolidation, agricultural drainage, modernization of agricultural transport tracts, land reclamation, afforestation and wayside afforestation. Both the demands for particular and total endeavours have been specified.In area of Mieczków village it is necessary above all to modernize agricul-tural transport tracts and conduct afforestation and wayside afforestation. There is a large total demand for rural management works within this area. Possible sources of financing of these endeavours have also been proposed. ...
Land consolidation proceeding is a many stage of proceedings and long-lasting. Achievement the intended purpose is conditional largely timeliness of source materials, including maps of land classification. Effective from November 2012 a new regulation on the classification of land, clearly indicates necessity to update the soil science classification of land in the process of land consolidation. This article points out the similarities and differences in both proceedings, also points to the risks that may cause delays in the land consolidation. In addition, the authors emphasize the impact of land use classification to determine proper esteem of land and other positive aspects of the classification of land for various levels of local government: the local government, communities, and for citizens. ...
Land consolidation is a complex process requiring the consideration of rich resources of data on the land under consolidation, preferences of participants of the consolidation regarding arrangement of newly projected parcels, performance of a number of spatial analyses, and taking decisions concerning optimal design solutions among many potential scenarios. Such a multi-aspect process requires the development of tools in the environment being able to face these criteria. Such an environment is currently constituted by Geographical Information Systems. The technological advantages of those systems in the process of transformation of rural areas are appreciated in a number of countries. This is exemplified by numerous international publications on the subject. In Poland, however, the systems are not fully exploited in the execution of particular stages of the land consolidation process. This article presents an example application of spatial analysis in the spatial management of rural areas. It assesses the risk of water erosion of a loess area in the northern part of the Harta village (Podkarpackie Voivodeship) based on basic criteria, namely water conditions, land use, and land relief, with the application of ArcGIS ESRI software. The source data (the registration database, ortophotomap, and soil-agricultural map at a scale of 1:5000) were ...
This article presents the analysis on the direction and range of changes in rural areas utilization. It suggests actions to minimize the decrease in agricultural and arable land on better soils.The investigations was conducted on three levels:- National level. Basing on 1990, 2000 i 2006 CORINE Land Cover data, and GUS data from the last 40 years.- Regional level. Basing on the data from podlaskie and warmińsko-mazurskie voivodeships.- Community level. Basing on the data from 3 communities located in małopolskie, lubuskie and lubelskie voivodeships.The results of investigations allow to draw the following conclusions:- Due to CORINE Land Cover data, the annual changes of ground utilization in Poland covers about 25 thousands of ha (0,08-0,1% of total area).- It was found, that in the last 40 years, the rate of transforming agricultural ground into non-agricultural ones is decreasing, but the coefficient of good and very good grounds (I to III class) is growing.- The total agricultural area was shrinking in all investigated communities, supplying building areas, communication areas, forests and waters. The coefficient of transformation (in 30-years period) varies from about 3% of total area - for pure agricultural communities, to about 9% - for industrial ones or those ...
A large part of polish agriculture requires deep structural changes. This is evidenced by the disintegration of farms, bad condition or lack of technical and institutional infrastructure, high unemployment, migration of the rural population to cities, and aging of local communities. In order to counteract this disturbing situation in rural areas, implementation of rural development programmes is necessary, involving the application of effective tools, namely land consolidation. As a result of land consolidation procedures, the development possibilities of Polish village improves every year. For the process to be successful, however, the initiative and positive attitude of land owners is necessary.The article presents an analysis of the effects of land consolidation in one of the villages of the Podkarpackie Province as perceived by the local community. The identification of the opinions, needs, aspirations, attitudes, and interests of the consolidation participants involved the application of a group interview. The group interview revealed both the satisfaction and disappointment of the inhabitants, as well as lack of trust and understanding of the idea of the consolidation procedure. This may result from among others ineffective informational and educational activities propagating the possibilities of development of the village, agricultural farms, and land consolidation benefits for each ...
The paper concerns the issues related to rural landscape. The problem of recreational development of rural areas was discussed. The range of present and future changes of spatial, social, economic and ownership structure of rural areas will influence the landscape. One of the current tasks will be to find balance between protecting the natural and cultural landscape components, maintaining property rights of farmers and preserving tourists' interest. The paper presents studies of contemporary approaches to landscape understood as a public good. In this context public access to landscape has been presented. Public access to landscape should be considered in spatial management processes of rural areas. The proposition presented in the paper relates to two landscape categories: "inner landscape" and "outer landscape". An outer landscape is understood as a landscape seen by the observer (e.g panoramas, views) while an inner landscape are places where the observer can observe the landscape. Lack of the public access to view spots, view roads and view platforms disturbs landscape accessibility for landscape users. Rural landscape possesses high value for contemporary man. It constitutes a social reality that is very rich, Public access to landscape includes spatial planning and law regulations providing the right of way ...
Complex land consolidation works are the only instrument which enables in a short time making significant changes in the spatial structure in a large area. Very large needs for those types of work implementation in Poland in connection with the limited pool of funding available for this purpose, indicate the need to develop methods, which in precise way identify areas where implementation of land consolidation works is necessary and where the procedure can give the greatest effects. The presented article introduces the results of the analysis which have to determine the ranking of parts of Dąbrowski administrative district (which is located in the north-eastern part of Małopolska voivodeship) which shows the urgency of land consolidation works. For this purpose, the results which have been the subject of previous studies were used. The previous studies were connected with spatial differentiation of every parts of administrative district features like: land fragmentation, area structure of farms, areas without road access, the average land classification and the intensity of field obstacles presence, which make difficult in the new plots layout design process. Proposed synthetic indicator, which contains five features listed above, may have wide application in land consolidation works programming process in the provincial ...
The soil quality belongs to one of the most important factors which affects the level of possible to obtain crops in agriculture. Because of that, it is an important element in determining profitability of agricultural production in particular area. Knowledge of soil quality spatial differentiation in the areas of administrative parts or municipalities has an influence on the planning process for the development of agricultural areas. This element also provides important information in the programming process of land consolidation works, which action takes place at the level of provincial government. These data are characterized by a very long period of suitability for use, due to the small amount of changes relating to the soil classification inserted into ground and building registration, which mostly have sporadic event.The article presents the results of the analysis which aims to provide differentiation of the average soil classification in particular administrative parts of Dąbrowski district which is located in the north-eastern part of Małopolska voivodeship. The data of the ground and building registration were used as a data source, which were gained for every administrative parts of Dąbrowski district. The results of studies are presented in both tabular and graphical form.
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One of the biggest agriculture problems in the Southern and South-East Poland (although it applies in a smaller scale also the other regions of the country) is an excessive fragmentation of farm grounds, combined with their relatively small surface. A large number of cultivated plots, which are characterized by a small surface and often unfavorable shape, in practice makes it impossible to conduct a profitable agricultural production. The presented article introduces the results of the grounds fragmentation analysis for the Myślenicki administrative district, which is located in the southern part of Małopolska voivodeship. For the research purposes 246 thousand plots had been analysed. This enabled the ranking compilation of all parts of the district, due to the value of the proposed indicator, which apart from plot surface, contains also the farm areas structure and plots belonging to individual registered groups. Identification of the areas with excessively fragmented land structure is one of the elements of land consolidation programming process, for which the provincial government is responsible. The proposed solutions may constitute an important element in enabling the detailed diagnosis of the status of the existing spatial structure in rural areas.
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The soil quality is one of the factors which to the greatest extent affects the possibility of obtaining high incomes from agricultural production. This factor is independent of the other elements affecting the profitability of agricultural production, such as lots fragmentation, farm areas structure and economic conditions. Soils classification provides information on potential land productivity in analyzed area, which knowledge is essential, inter alia, in land consolidation programming process or spatial planning. The acquisition of soil quality and suitability data is possible on the basis of the agricultural soil maps analysis or based on the data of the ground and building registration. The presented article introduces the results of the analysis of variation in the soils quality and suitability for the Myślenicki administrative district, which is located in the southern part of Małopolska voivodeship. The indicator values defining the average soil classification have been calculated for each of the 71 parts of Myślenicki administrative district. The obtained results may represent a valuable source material, which can be used in many other studies or analysis. The small changeability of the ground and building registration data containing soil classification information, causes that they have high usability. ...
The plots connection to the public roads is an important element determining the capabilities and convenience of use for the plot. It has a particular importance in urban areas and intended for building purposes at the local zoning plan. The lack of connection with the public roads network causes a number of problems, in particular, for a group of plots used for agriculture, which dominants in terms of the percentage and amount of surface area in relation to the general. You can include an increase the costs for cultivation and the necessity of making an arrangement of neighborhood roads or establishing of land easements. The presence of a large part of the land without road access is an essential premise to initiate the land consolidation in some areas. The article presents the spatial differentiation of parts of Nowosądecki administrative district as refers to the value of the indicator determining the intensity of the areas without connection to the road network. The results were obtained by processing a set of graphical and descriptive data about all plots in Nowosądecki administrative district, also combined with the identification of the transport network and analysis of neighborhood plots that making up that ...
Parameters of agricultural transport network is an essential element which determining the costs of agricultural holdings. The proper shape of the road network, suitable density and the quality (in particular the width of the roads and the type of their surface) should provide a quick and efficient transport between home farm and some of the parcels. The analysis of the actual parameters of the road network in large areas is impeded due to the extensive data sets need to be processed in the course of this analysis and also the necessity of verifying the data in the field or by using the methods of aerial and satellite imaging.The article presents a proposal for partially automated methods of identifying the shape of transport network and the calculation of such size as its length or density per unit area, useful for relatively large areas. The calculation process and the results were presented on the example of Dąbrowski administrative district which is located in the north-eastern part of Małopolska voivodeship ...
The object of study is the issue of the land consolidation process influence on optimization the forest management . Analysis were done on the land consolidation carried out in the area of predominantly of forest land. The problem of investigation was the ,,Wólka Nurzecka" object, which are comprises by the land of the four adjacent municipalities: Nurzec Stacja, Milejczyce, Czeremcha i Mielnik, located in the podlaskie voivodeship, in siemiatycki and hajnowski districts. These areas are characterized by average of more than 50% of forest cover. The article were showed the spatial structure of the land before and after the land consolidation and exchange of agricultural estates process. The main focus are the area which are in the possession of the individual farms. Obtained results shows a significant improvement in fragmentation of holdings on the the surveyed area. The land consolidation process allowed for the creation of favourable conditions for the optimal forest management. The arrangement of the land with different right of property was ordered, the fragmentation of the parcels are reduced, the location of parcels were brought closer to the actual domicile of participants in land consolidation process , and road infrastructure were improved. ...
The current study presents status and the need for improvement of the land distribution of family agricultural holdings in Poland. The assessment of the distribution of farm lands in the area between 1 and 300 ha has been made according to the 2013 data and provided by the Polish Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture (ARMA). Our analysis included totally app. 750,000 of family agricultural holdings. The evaluation of land consolidation was based on the two regional criteria proposed by the Regional Offices of Geodesy and Agricultural Areas, i.e. the plot size and the number of plots within individual family farms.The family agricultural holdings, that are included to the Polish system of agricultural support, have an average land area of around 16.0 ha, and this refers to around 6 cadastral plots with an average acreage of app. 3.0 ha. The need of land consolidation was estimated to be at the level of app. 7.1 million ha (this corresponds to 69.14% of total agricultural area land in Poland). The problem occurs in the entire country, but the worst situation is in the southern, south-eastern and central Poland. The implementation of the land consolidation and farmland exchange procedures within the Programme ...
This article presents the results of the overall analysis of the administration structures responsible for furnishing and agricultural works in Federal Republic of Germany in Thuringia as an example. Author examines the various institutions involved in process of rural furnishing, they interactions and connections with emphasis on the role of Offices of Rural Development and Furnishing and Associations. ...
The process of land consolidation is very complicated, time-consuming and labor-intensive partially due to the size of the area covered by this process. This is usually covered by a few hundred hectare area, one or several villages included. Effective organization of a new structure for such a large area must be supported by specialized tools. Therefore, the article presents examples of the use of GIS (Geographical Information Systems) tools in the land consolidation and exchange process. These tools can be helpful in designing an overall consolidation plan, especially for the creation of thematic maps. Also in the preparation of a comparative estimate of land, where GIS analysis (the overlay tools) can be used as well. What is more, the data aggregation tools allow to merge plots of the registry unit. This can be helpful in showing the consolidation design to participants. GIS software enables also three-dimensional visualization of data, which can be used in presentation the consolidation design as well. ...
The aim of this paper was to analyze the extent of checkerboard land in order to determine the priority ranking of areas intended for land consolidation works, in the municipality Sławno, in the Lodz region. A prerequisite to qualify the village for land consolidation, according to the Law of 26 March 1982 year by merging and exchange of land (Dz. U. z 2003r. Nr 178 pos. 1749 as amended), Is to collect more than 50% of signatures owners. On the other hand guiding principle for the qualification of the village to merge, within the framework of the program, the highest percentage of owners of acceding to this step. A common hurdle while collecting signatures from landowners, is that some of them live outside the village analyzed (land of non-resident owners plots).For picking areas for land consolidation works in the villages of the municipality Sławno, due to the size checkerboard land determined and calculated 9 factors characterizing each village. These factors were: x1 -% of land farms, X2 -% number of plots in the private sector, x3 - the number of inhabitants, x4 - the number of non-resident owners plots, x5 - the number of plots of non-resident owners plots, x6 ...
Occurence of plot patchwork is a phenomenon which has negative influence at the agricultural production level. Southern and south-eastern area of Poland is characterized by a rather high fragmentation and presence a lot of factors which adversely influence the cultivation of agricultural land. In the article was analyzed the spatial structure of land in 29 villages of the Cyców commune, located in district of Łęczna, Lubelskie Voivodship. The authors use the method of zero unitarisation for the purposes of determining the order of undertaking consolidation works and exchange of land in the area of research. The basis for calculation is the database of 10 factors (x1- x10) accepted for three groups of issues. In studies focused on the land of natural persons divided into out-of-village owners and locals owners from Cyców commune. Essential changes in the agricultural space are possible to achieve only by consolidation and exchange of land. However, these activities could not be made at one time in all areas because of limited financial resources. There is therefore a need to determine the areas which first need consolidation and exchange of land. In the paper has been tried to determine which villages of the analyzed commune should be ...
The modern trend of cadaster development in Poland is to create the Integrated Properties Information System (IPIS), a system for communicate with each included public registers. The basis of this system is the land and buildings register, which for the proper functioning needs to meet the conditions laid down in the law of geodetic and cartographic and also needs to provide reference data to other systems. Currently, the basic geodetic procedures - regulations having a direct impact on improving the quality of cadastral data in a comprehensive way is the modernization of the cadaster and land consolidation. The two above-mentioned geodetic procedures - regulations are decidedly different, they share only a common effect which is modernized cadaster, which is the operating condition of IPIS. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the superiority of cadastral effects of land consolidation on the effects of cadaster modernization, and to prove that the introduction of new cadastral administrative procedures named the "cadastral land consolidation" may be an alternative to the process of cadaster modernization towards to create a full value cadaster in Poland, especially in regard to rural communities. The scope of research, as a case study includes the Sękowa village in ...
Parameters of agricultural transport network are an important element that affects the operating costs of farms. The proper shape of the road network, suitable density and the quality (in particular the width of the roads and the type of their surface) should provide an opportune and efficient transport between home farm and some of the parcels. The article presents an evaluation of the agricultural road network in the village of Wola Idzikowska in the Fajsławice commune, which underwent land consolidation from 2004 to 2006. An inventory of the study area was conducted, and the following were determined: the distances between agricultural land and home farm, the road density index, the road extension index, and requiring different grades of the urgency of hardening roads' surface due to degradation of erosion were indicated. Eexisting agricultural transport network in quantitative terms has rated positively, whereas urgent and very urgent of hardening requires at least 4.45 km of ground roads. ...
Land consolidation plays an important role in rural areas management by stimulating the areas to develop and contributing in particular to the creation of favourable conditions for agriculture. Land consolidation process enables to form a new state of ownership and is crucial for the improvement of area structure of Polish agricultural holdings. Efficient rural areas management necessitates reliable information about property boundaries. Determination of property rights requires a precise space delineation of those rights by establishing the position of parcel boundaries, which determines future land utilization and possible directions of property development. Clear, unequivocal and reliable establishment of boundaries determines the feasibility of future investments, particularly in the field of technical and social infrastructure. The paper presents technological and legal aspects of the performance of geodetic works concerning the establishment of the position of boundary points in the proceedings of land consolidation. In the study there were examined existing legislation and technical regulations relating to the process of land consolidation. The records were examined in terms of land demarcation procedure, led particularly by district governor, in relations to the outer boundaries of land consolidation area and in terms of establishment, indication and marking on the ground of newly planned ...
Over the recent years, rural space has been a subject to continuous changes, both at the structural and qualitative level. The way Polish rural areas look today results from long-lasting changes determined not only by historical, but also social or economic factors. The areas currently face a number of problems, including unfavourable ownership structure.The purpose of the study was the analysis of the spatial structure of agricultural parcels, and the assessment of its effect on the possibilities of development of selected study areas. Spatial analyses were performed, providing the basis for the determination of the urgency of conducting arrangement-agricultural works with the most considerable impact on the development of the areas. Two rural areas were selected for the study: Jabłonów in Brzeźnica commune, Żagański County, Lubuskie Voivodship, and Gardzienice Pierwsze in Piaski commune, Świdnicki County, Lubelskie Voivodship. The areas, like the voivodships in which they are located, are distinguished by a completely different agrarian structure. According to data of the Central Statistical Office, in Lubelskie Voivodship farms reach an average size of 7.57 ha, and in Lubuskie Voivodship - 20.75 ha. Study areas selected this way permitted the presentation of various problems resulting from the ownership structure of land, and ...
The article raised the subject of the analysis of land consolidation works in the years 1945-2013. The authors present in selected time intervals, the results of Land consolidation in the Leżajsk District (in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship). The study area is located on the territory of the lands historically belonging to the Austrian partition, under the influence of the principles of Austrian cadastre. These problems are described in the compilation with the changes in the law on setting up, maintaining and modernizing the Land and Buildings Registry (EGiB) in postwar Poland. The works of land consolidation are important in the process of creation of the real estate cadastre. Under current regulations the role of cadastre of real estate in Poland plays EGiB. This cadastre however has several flaws, and as a cadastral system of European standards, should constitute the backbone of a functioning real estate management and be the basis for legal, fiscal and planning actions of the state. In each of these aspects of the real estate economy important role play the configuration of borders, optimization of the shape and surface of the land and regulated legal status of the land. In the opinion of the authors land consolidation ...
The current paper presents the results of evaluation of the influence of selected measures within Rural Development Programme (RDP), such as spatial development, afforestation, land consolidation, water management, village renewal and agri-environmental programmes on rural areas in Poland.The data used in the study cover the years 2004-2015, and were collected from the reports of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Polish Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture (ARMA), Polish Central Statistical Office (CSO), with special consideration given to normative acts concerning the Rural Development Plan 2007-2013 and 2014-2020, and the results of a study on different aspects of rural development conducted at the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute in Puławy (IUNG-PIB). Our study clearly shows that aforementioned measures differ significantly in terms of the level of implementation in Poland. Thus, the spatial development operation, one of the most important activities in relation to the sustainable development of rural areas, has not been introduced in RDP as s separately task. Additionally, the initiatives regarding water retention were also not fully implemented under the RDP 2007-2013 because of the shortage of time. The process of land consolidation has contributed only to very little change in ...
The article presents the size of the land being in checkerboard of land in the villages of the municipality Sławno, located in central Poland, Lodz province. The analysis included the surface, the number of parcels and the number of owners. The study was performed by checkerboard array capable of identifying the prevalence of land by non-residents and local residents. Such an approach allows the determination of the exchange of land between them and their liquidation in the process of land consolidation works. The genesis of the phenomenon checkerboard of land is closely linked to historical facts. As a result of the acquisition method of recording the factual and legal land from invaders countries, in the late nineteenth century, in the cadastre Polish notes to this day many inaccuracies. Some of them are the result of differences in the definitions of cadastral objects under Austrian rule, Prussian and Russian and specific rights of inheritance of land. Polish territory is variation in the severity and the shape and dimensions of the checkerboard land. So we can say that examined the phenomenon is local which determines the aforementioned geographical and historical factors. ...
Space rural areas are subject to changes, which are conditioned by various factors, both those of an environmental nature, and those being the consequence of human activity.The study analyzed the need for: land reclamation, land consolidation, modernization and construction of roads of agricultural transport, reclamation and development of fallow land for all districts in the commune of Trzebnica (Dolnośląskie Voivodeship). It has been determined, for which villages in the commune there is a need to perform at least three of the selected rural management works. In addition, it has been selected so called depression villages that are such villages which apart from the needs for this type of works are characterized by the dominance of large farms.It has been undertaken an attempt to answer the question of whether the same areas continue to indicate defects in the organization of the agricultural area and what are the reasons for such status.It have been used the data from the interview surveys "Rural areas and agricultural land in Poland"(1988), "Agricultural space management in Trzebnica common" (1995) and „Rural management plan of Trzebnica commune" (2008).Land reclamation needs on the area of Trzebnica common are getting bigger. The necessity to carry out the works in ...
Land consolidations are the only agricultural management procedures which allow for positive changes in land spatial structure in a large area in a short time. Very large needs for implementation of this kind of works in Poland, in conjunction with a limited amount of funds available for this purpose, indicates the need to develop methods which in a precise way can identify areas where the implementation of land consolidation works is necessary and where this procedure can give the best results. The task of coordinating and programming agricultural management works belongs to the regional governments.Within this task, the Marshal Office of Malopolska Region commissioned the authors of this article prepares an expertise called: "Analysis of the spatial structure of the rural areas of Malopolska province in order to identifying the areas eligible to implement the land consolidation work". The aim of this study was to present for an individual registration precincts of Malopolska province, relevant information in the process of programming and preparation the agricultural management works. The results of analyzes which were made in the expertise have been published on the portal of the Spatial Infrastructure Information of Malopolska (miip.geomalopolska.pl).The aim of this paper is to present ...
The vulnerability of soil by wind erosion using the wind erosion equation (WEQ) in geographic information systems (GIS) was demonstrated on the cadastral area of Přísnotice, southeast of the Czech Republic. Raster layers were created for input factors of WEQ and potential soil loss by wind was calculated using the Raster Calculator. Subsequently, map outputs showing the potential vulnerability of soil to wind erosion were made. In the first variant, where the protective effect of the barriers was not taken into account, the wind erosion intensity reached 47.6 t.ha-1.year-1. In the second variant, where the protective effect of the barrier was assumed, the loss of soil was lower, the maximum value was 4.7 t.ha-1.year-1. The soil loss limit was exceeded, even in a situation where a relatively high protective barrier effect has been proposed. The advantage of determining of wind erosion vulnerability using ArcGIS is that it is possible to identify particular parts of soil blocks from the map outputs, which are the most vulnerable. Similarly, it is possible to design a windbreak network and simulate its protective effect using ArcGIS. ...
