Zeszyt: 2018, vol. 15 / I / 1
The aim of the study was to evaluate the bactericidal properties of silver nanoparticles against bacteria Escherichia coli. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was made of E. coli to commonly used antibiotics. In the study were used 51 strains isolated from municipal waste. Applied growing concentrations of nanosilver were used: 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 and 125 ppm. The positive control was an antibiotic - ampicillin, negative control - a distilled water. Drug-resistance analysis was performed by disc-diffusion method. Along with the increase in the concentration of silver nanoparticles their antibacterial properties is also growing. The smallest concentration that inhibited growth of some isolates was 5 ppm, while the most effective concentration was 125 ppm. Analysis of drug resistance showed that the antibiotic inhibits growth of a large number of E. coli strains was amikacin. In addition, 22% of all isolates analyzed were drug-resistant. Nanosilver has a high bactericidal potential and may be helpful in solving the problem of drug resistance. However, it is reasonable to conduct further studies on the effects of toxicity of nanoparticles on the environment and higher organisms. ...
The article presents the legal constraints for limiting carbon dioxide emissions in Poland. It has been shown that, despite unstable and unfavorable financial policies, investing in the construction of local biogas plants and converting them into electricity is justified. The technological processes in such installations have been described. The article presents a flowchart of the technological process of processing manure, bovine manure and maize for biogas. It has been shown that a herd of about 1000 cows provides enough waste that this enables the bio-power plant of 500 kW. Tabular data lists data for such installations and for installations with twice the power. The basic criteria for selecting the number of generating sets, the type of mechanical drive (motor) for the generating set and the generator itself, are given, so that the power sources can work both on the grid and in the island system (isolated). It was indicated the possibility of comprehensive development of all heat generated in the biogas plant. ...
The study is focused on the tourist offer of three selected, most popular Czech spas, i.e. Karlovy Vary, (Karlsbad), Mariánské Lázně, (Marienbad) and Františkovy Lázně, (Franzensbad), also referred to as the French Riviera of Central Europe. In the context of communication system they are located in close vicinity to each other and not far from the German border. Their tourist offer is abundant and diversified. Everyone can find there something for him/herself, both a bather and a broadly approached tourist, in each season of the year, having various financial resources at the disposal, primarily due to a well-developed multi-functionality of these spa resorts. The conducted analyses allowed learning more about the studied locations, comparing them and drawing adequate conclusions. It should be added that all three places are applying to be included on the UNESCO World Heritage List (as having the most valuable places and objects on the global scale). It is worth emphasizing that they are the oldest and probably the most frequently visited resorts in Central Europe (their therapeutic waters have been used since Roman times, i.e. for over 2000 years, which is confirmed by numerous Roman and Celtic coins found near spa water springs). The carried out ...
Duszniki-Zdrój is a city located in the western part of the Kotlina Kłodzka, near the Czech border. The national road no. 8, which runs through the city, provides convenient communication with the region. The most important factors are: proximity of larger towns such as Kłodzko, Wałbrzych or Wroclaw and other health resorts such as Kudowa-Zdrój, Polanica-Zdroj, Lądek-Zdrój and the existence of dynamically developing winter sports centre Zieleniec which is located within the administrative boundaries of the city. All these factors generate a large number of tourists. Duszniki-Zdrój is an attractive town with the status of a health resort. Currently it is a multifunctional tourist centre rather than a single-function spa resort. The article presents a research thesis: "Is the further spatial development of this spa town possible and advisable?". The main purpose of this research was to evaluate the developmental spatial capabilities of this town. A detailed inventory specifying how land is used has been carried out. In order to better understand the local conditions, the general division into urban units was made. Urban, multi-family, recreational and mixed housing complex, single family housing, agricultural and forestry complex were marked out. An analysis covering the most important elements affecting the ...
The paper describes the influence of the distribution - the arrangement of fields in relation to the economic center on the distance and the expenditure incurred in internal transport. The analysis was done for three variants W0 - current layout, W1 - approximation of fields to center by 50%, W2 - arrangement of all fields around the farm. The distance traveled was W0 - 1.11 km, W1 - 0.51 km (54.05% less to W0), W2 - 0.09 km (91.89% less to W0 and 82.23% less to W1. Analysis of the influence of the spread allows us to conclude that, with average journey time in variant 0 (4.0 h) in variant 2, the journey time decreased on average to 0.31 h, ie 12.9 times lower. On the other hand, the average fuel costs for the tested farms in PLN * ha-1 were as follows: W0 - PLN 120.27, W1 - PLN 65.25 (45.74% less than W0), W2-9.31 (992, by 25% less to W0 and 85.73% less on W1). At the same time, the direction of production and the intensity of production at the same time have a significant impact on the incurred expenditures . ...
In September 2015, the spatial planning legislation in Poland changed significantly as a result of the entry into force of the new law called "Landscape Act". It is related especially to the need to prepare once every 20 years a landscape audit at regional level. Landscape audit will be a document influencing on the study of spatial planning conditions and directions, local spatial development plans and protection plans for different forms of nature protection. It is supposed to be a response to the progressive degradation of the Polish landscape, as well as the way of implementing the provisions of the European Landscape Convention into Polish law, almost 12 years after its ratification. One of the possible ways of implementing the provisions of this document, apart from the identification of landscape types, is also taking notes of their changes over time and analyzing the forces and pressures transforming them.This article evaluates the way of implementation of the European Landscape Convention in this field by analyzing the proposed content of the landscape audit. A method of assessing landscape change index has also been proposed as a way of recording the level of changes that have occurred in the landscape and ...
In recent years there has been a growing tendency to transform rural settlements into holiday/second homes. The second home is a settlement located in the rural area. Its primary function is to provide recreational space for the house owners and their family (Kowalczyk 1994). This trend results from the transformation of countryside, especially where natural resources are no longer used for agricultural purposes, but for tourism and recreation (Halfacree and Boyle 1998). Owning a second house is a phenomenon reflecting certain social changes, such as the increase in the level of wealth, in the amount of leisure time, and represents the need for relaxing in attractive natural surroundings (Liszewski 1987, Liszewski 1991, Krysiak 2009). The development of second homes increases attractiveness of rural areas, which in turn brings in new inhabitants, hence counteracting depopulation in the region and generating additional income in the local budget (Hidle et al. 2010, Adamiak 2012).This paper is an initial attempt at examining the impact of second homes on different aspects of the functioning of rural areas in three selected communes of the Hajnowski district. A particular attention was given to the relationship between the second home and the buildings already existing in ...
For years the development of rural areas has aimed at multifunctionality, which is approached as a remedy for low development level and the weakness of Polish agriculture. However, the implementation of program assumptions depends on many factors, just like the pace and direction of changes which differentiate the particular areas of Poland. The intensification of changes occurs in the influence zone of large cities, where, to a large extent, non-agricultural economic functions and residential buildings of a specific urban nature appear. The objective of the study is to compare and evaluate changes occurring in the suburban municipalities of Wroclaw, in terms of their multifunctionality. The indicator method was used to compare the values of indices in time and space of nine suburban Wroclaw municipalities. The Central Statistical Office resources represent the data source, the analyses cover the years 1995 - 2015. The research was divided into demographic, spatial and economic aspects. All analysed municipalities are characterized by the significant dynamics of transformations. The similar tendencies of change are observed, however, their range and rate are diversified. The industrial sector is strongly developed in the studied municipalities, and the dynamic growth of all analysed dimensions is characterized by the ongoing processes ...
Poland is the biggest producer of apple in Europe. Rainfalls are basic source of water for plants. The climate of Poland is characterized by high temporal and spatial variation that makes estimation of plant water requirements and forecasting of water balance difficult. The aim of the study was assessment of water needs of apple trees as well as amount of effective precipitation, enabling estimation of irrigation requirements.Data was collected during vegetative periods (May - Sep.) of 2011 - 2016. Analysis of data from different years and locations revealed that in Polish conditions climatic water balance accurately reflects balance of water requirements of apple trees only in June. In May values of climatic water balance were significantly higher, whereas in July, August and September lower compared to balance of apple water requirements. ...
On Trzebuńka stream, in Stróża village, the project of lowering of 4.0 m and restoring the check dam has been executed. The structure downstream was redesigned to form rapids, made of stones embedded in the "grouted rock" construction. Now, the whole construction of 12 small water reservoirs forms a kind of long fish pass. The preliminary results of stream channel evolution on Trzebuńka stream above the restored check dam are presented in the paper. There are described the local cases of check dam liquidation or restoration in the World. However, there are still many questions concerning the response of stream channel to such technical intervention. The problem of rate of sediment displacement in the reservoir and the consequent erosion base reduction for the channel above is discussed. The field measurements and observation show that two years after check dam lowering and emptying the sediment reservoir on Trzebuńka stream the transformation of new formed channel upstream the new structure is dynamic. At the length of 180.0 m upstream the new dam the bank erosion is significant. Just above 200.0 m upstream from the structure the channel is stable. ...
The article covers the first part of the discussion on changes in the process of reusing urbanized and non-urbanized areas in the communes of Warmia and Mazury Voivodeship where state agricultural enterprises (ppgr) used to be located. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of changes in selected communes on the quality of life of local communities. Particular attention was given to communities from former state agricultural farms. The research was based on data from ANR (Agricultural Property Agency) reports, as well as Commune Offices. Moreover, interviews were conducted with the inhabitants and representatives of local governments in selected communes, and the heads of the communes were surveyed. The performed diagnosis and analysis of social and economic consequences of privatization carried out in the agricultural sector by ANR allowed for the evaluation and comparison of changes in previously collectivized and non-collectivized villages, as well as their effects on the inhabitants of selected communes. ...
In 2015, in another amendment to the Act on Spatial Planning and Development a provision was introduced about the need to perform balancing of the area for development. One of the balancing components is to estimate the capacity of two types of areas: the first are characterized by a fully developed compact functional and spatial structure, whereas the second are intended for development in local plans. Capacity is understood as the ability to locate new buildings in these areas. Such approach brings down the discussed aspect to the local scale. The article proposes an innovative approach to the capacity problem of sub-regional areas, i.e. functional areas of urban regional centres. The thesis was adopted that effective management of these areas'development imposes the presentation of capacity problems in a supra-local scale. The purpose of the study is to present the method (based on the set of indicators) used to construct the initial characteristics of municipalities included in the functional area, as a basis for estimating the capacity of particular areas. Such approach allows balancing the spatial resources of different functional areas across the entire functional area, protecting valuable natural areas from excessive anthropopression, protecting and preserving open areas, reducing the costs ...
The article covers the second part of the discussion on changes in rural areas of Warmia and Mazury Voivodeship, where state agricultural enterprises (ppgr) used to be located. The article, which was a continuation of part one, presented an authorial attempt for finding solutions to rehabilitate areas degraded by former breeding farms. In each of the selected communes a different type of conflict was identified, resulting from the occurrence of degraded areas (social, spatial and environmental). During the research a method was devised which involved combining planning instruments and financial instruments (compensation), both of which can be applied at the point of selling a property by the State Treasury. The authorial approach to the rehabilitation of degraded areas adopted during the research stemmed both from practical experience connected with planning works (urban planning) and theoretical research into financial effects of spatial transformations. ...
In accordance with the integrated territorial approach, the urban functional areas of regionalcentres require a coherent, comprehensive and coordinated development policy. Currently, there are neither legal nor organizational regulations in Poland solving the problem of multi-level management. In such situation the coordinating role can be attributed to spatial planning in both regional and sub-regional scale. One of its elements is the real capacity assessmentof the land planned for development.The article presents the method of analyses being the basis for estimating area capacity in the urban functional area of Wroclaw.The conducted analyses covered 25 rural and urban-rural municipalities, and as the reference areas the municipalities of Oława, Oleśnica and the core area i.e.Wrocław. It was adoptedthat the generally available statistical data will be used in the analyses and on this basis a set of indicators, divided into spatial, demographic and environmental criteria, was proposed. The scope of analyses covers the years 1995, 2005 and 2015. The purpose of the study is to characterize the functional area of Wroclaw in terms of its potential capacity and to compare the obtained results in time and space. The suggested balancing method can be useful for determining rational planning and spatial management directions at a ...
Usable floor area is an essential spatial attribute of buildings and premises. This information is widely used. Usable floor area should therefore be specified in a reliable and possibly unambiguous manner. An important factor determining its correct calculation is adopting a proper methodology of quantity surveying.This paper comprises further analysis undertaken by authors on the issue of determining usable floor area. Quantity survey principles specified in the applicable laws and the relevant Polish Standards were discussed and then compared. The considerations were supported by practical examples. The authors also referred to the case-law of the administrative courts and pointed to the doubts which most frequently arise during the quantity surveying of usable floor area. The problem of voluntary application of Polish Standards was analyzed as well. ...
