Zeszyt: 2016, vol. 13 / III / 2 (Jun 2016)
The article describes the selection of reaction parameters for preparing magnetic nanoparticles (nanoFe3O4) by Massart's synthesis. However, the magnetic nanoparticles belong to a group of unstable systems and rapidly agglomerate. Therefore, in the second step of the synthesis encapsulation of magnetic nanoparticles usung gold nanoparticles (nanoFe3O4/Au) in the presence of a suitable stabilizer was conducted. Hence, the synthesis was carried out in the presence of 10% (wt.) solution of PVP, 0.1 M sodium citrate and 3% solution of gum arabic. Such synthesis were conducted at room temperature and at 80°C. Progress of the reaction was monitored using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The resulting magnetic-nanogold encapsulated nanoparticles were analyzed using X-ray diffraction. What is more, for selected samples the average particle size was determined using dynamic light scattering (DLS). ...
The development of the transportation network brings both benefits and threats. Much attention is paid to soil contamination with trace elements, difficulties in animal migration, noise propagation or synanthropisation of the vegetation cover. This paper deals with the effect of provincial very low-volume road No. 150 on the herbaceous vegetation cover, especially on the occurrence of 3 species of the heather family: Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus and V. vitis-idaea. Observations were conducted in pine stands in fresh coniferous forest and fresh mixed coniferous forest sites in the Puszcza Notecka Forest, Poland - one of the larger forest complexes in Europe. Twelve rectangular experimental sites were established perpendicular to the road axis, called belt transects. Each of them consisted of 3-4 plots located at different distances from the pavement edge. Measurements and estimations of herbaceous vegetation cover and pH soils were recorded for the each plots. Values from all belt transects were approximated within plots at the same distance from the road and then compared using statistical methods. By the road humus was a less acidic than in the depth of the tree stand, there was more abundant herbaceous vegetation, including Calluna vulgaris, but rarely appeared Vaccinium myrtillus and V. vitis-idaea ...
The ultimate objective of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC is protection of waters and water environment for the future generations. Achieving good condition of all parts of waters is done by setting up and implementing the necessary actions within the integrated programmes in the member states. The selected the so-called uniform parts of waters (both surface and underground) should be protected to be left in good quantity and quality condition for the future generations. Investments in renewable sources of energy are recognised, in the light of the European Parliament and Council Directive 2009/28/EC of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources as promoted sources of energy due to the care for the environment. Thus, the benefits from execution of such investments are highly valued in both regional and global scale, especially in reference to climatic changes and continued pollution of the environment. National experience in execution of small hydropower plants prove, however, high degree of ambiguity and pose many controversies. Both positive and negative effect of execution of small hydropower plants highly depend on the specific location and on the current condition of the environment. The article presents the legal regulations in force ...
Composting is reaching Antiquities agricultural practice mandated to produce valuable fertilizers. In the second half of the twentieth century was begun use this practice for the utilization of the organic fraction of municipal waste and sludge from sewage treatment plants and such application of this process dominates today. It does not mean, however, that ceased production of compost from "traditional" materials, they are not used as fertilizers in horticulture. The aim of the study was to estimate diversify of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu contents in composts produced in different technologies and places but made of a similar feed material. The research material was obtained from the Krakow City (MPO Krakow) Composting Plant in Barycz, a Composting Plant at Plaszow (Krakow district) belonging to a private company Ekokonsorcjum-Effect and the three domestic composting piles located in the villages near Krakow: Bobin, Czarnochowice and Rzozow and from an allotments located at Krakow (Praska Street). Charge material for compost were taken: waste from the care of green areas of Krakow City, waste from Krakow marketplaces, which sold fruit and vegetables, weeds from weeding, the remains of cultivated plants (non-consumption parts), home waste food. The contents of the analysed ...
Agricultural Biogas is a fuel gas obtained in the process of methane fermentation of agri-cultural by-products , residues in food processing and animal manure. The aim of the study was to determine the amount of biogas produced from organic masses derived from the farm and to analyze the chemical composition of the resulting biogas. Four available starting materials were subjected to a moisture content analysis and fragmentation. They made ripples that are on the bench and accepted a retention time of 30 days. The paper presents the results of the quantity and quality of the resulting biogas. Delay observed in each fermentation fermenter . The batch of beet pulp has the highest yield of biogas at 66%. The study showed that analyzed the organic mass can be successfully used as a substrate for biogas plant. ...
The aim of the study was the characteristics of thermal-precipitation conditions in the Opole voivodeship on the basis of mean monthly air temperature, and precipitation values from the 1981-2010 period from the Łosiów, Stare Olesno, Opole, and Głubczyce weather stations. Basic statistical characteristics of the thermal-precipitation conditions were calculated. They were mean monthly, and annual air temperature, and precipitation values over the 30-year period, standard temperature deviations, and precipitation variability coefficients. It was also studied whether there were trends of change as far as temperature, and precipitation were concerned. In addition, the dates of the beginning, and end of thermal periods, as well as their lengths were determined. The determined periods were: thermal winter, the economic period, vegetation period, intense vegetation period, and ripening period, corresponding to the period of thermal summer. During the last stage of study, dryness indicator A was calculated. On the basis of the calculations carried out, it was stated, that in the Opole voivodship the mean annual air temperature ranged from 8.0ºC, and 9.1ºC, and in the case of two towns it increased significantly. A significant increase in monthly temperature was also observed in April, and in the summer months. The increase in temperature translated ...
The aim of this study is to analyze the turbulence value in the basic hydromorphologicalunits of mountain river in the example of the Skawa river section. In four hydromorphological units - pool, run, riffle, rapid in eight random locations the instantaneous velocity components were measured usingMicroADV at 20% and 40% of the local depth. On the basis of the measurement the value of the local velocity and turbulent motion parameters: turbulence intensity and turbulent kinetic energy were calculated. The results show a large variation in local turbulence parameters within the one unit. The value of turbulence parameters increases with velocity values andordering unit as follows pool, run, rapid, riffle. It was noticed that turbulence increased towards to river bed in units of low flow velocity values -pool and run. While units with higher flow velocity (riffle and rapid) did not show similar trend. ...
The aim of the paper is to evaluate the possibility of using autoclaved aerated concrete as a reactive material to remove phosphorus from water and wastewater. To this study autoclaved aerated concrete produced by sand technology was used. During 60 minutes contact time batch test the reactive material reduced 82% of P from the solution. Laboratory tests have shown that the material has a good sorption capacity (6.03 mg g-1). The estimated maximum value of sorption capacity Smax based on the Langmuir isotherm is 16.87 mg P-PO4 g-1. Autoclaved aerated concrete may be used as a filter medium for removing phosphorus from contaminated surface water, rain water and also in small sewage treatment plants as a further step of removing phosphorus from waste water. ...
Majority of on-site wastewater treatment plants discharge effluents to the soil by infiltration systems. The aim of the study was to compare choosen methods of determinantion of soil permeability for its use as a receiver for domestic wastewater. Filtration coefficiens were determined in on-site percolation test, laboratory test (de Wit aparatus) and calculation method (base on grain size analysis). Soils from seven different potential locations of on-site wastewater treatment systems were tested. Soils were characterised as sandy loams and loamy sands. The highest values of filtration coefficients were obtained from percolation tests and the lowest from the calculation method. Calculated hydraulic loads in all cases are lower than values of LTAR (Long-Term Acceptance Rate). The possible reason is that used equation was developed for simple septic systems and includes clogging of soil by solids from pre-treated wastewater. In case of biologically treated wastewater distributed in tested fine-grained soils, infiltration surface determined base on the percolation test, will ensure safe disposal of wastewater for long time of operation of on-site wastewater treatment system. ...
The production of biogas in Poland each year is increasing its share in renewable energy in the country, it is n excellent method of waste disposal as well. Biogas produced in the process of methane fermentation is used to produce electricity and heat. Determining the amount of biogas produced as a result of methane fermentation of available biomas generated from a selected farm household. This research disseratation was written on the basis of the available literature concerning the production of biogas and renewable energy sources the research methodology was based on the German standard DIN 38414. Using the available materials and research studies, a 350 kW piston generator was chosen; the total energy possible to be generated is approx 2806 MWh. As is clear from the foregoing, farm household under study can engage in the production of biogas,, which will provide addi-tional income for farmers. ...
In this article the authors present a thermal analysis of winter seasons with temperatures above 0ºC. This analysis was carried out in the period 1981-2010, which was marked by a clear temperature increase in Poland as well as worldwide. The analysis emphasizes the impact of temperature changes on recreational and tourist qualities of rural areas. The material used, featured mean monthly temperature values obtained from 53 weather stations situated in lowland areas. The winter season was defined as lasting from December to February. In all three months 6 different winters were distinguished which had temperatures above 0ºC in terms of mean area values (1987/1988, 1988/1989, 1989/1990, 1997/1998, 2006/2007 and 2007/2008). A typical warm winter with temperatures above 0°C in all three months, is characterized by a longitudinal course of January isotherms from east to west (1 to 3°C). During the warmest month, (Jan 2007) the isotherms had a similar pattern (2 to 5°C). The most important negative impact of global warming during winter is the decrease in the number of days with snow cover and the depth of snow cover. Adaptation approaches present a number of various suggestions and solutions in terms of the existing and forecasted climate changes during ...
Currently national parks are collecting considerable quantities of spatial data. These data are gaining over from air, ground as well as water. The data exists in both digital and analog form, and to processed them various systems with different functionalities and the different degree of complexity are used. The building of geoinformation infrastructure of the Parks is going through satellite and aerial images as well as surveying data. Measurements data are collected mostly using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers. The wide possibilities in this field offer also, less used in national parks technologies, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) as well as the LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging). The analytic study of data is mainly basing on GIS (Geographical Information System) application, which makes possible the analysis of data base and elevation data. These data set has also spatial reference, which makes possible e. g. defining intensity of touristic routes of degree of moisture of forest bedding. In this paper the possibility of utilization of GIS system type on the example of Ujście Warty National Park were presented. The national park currently creates analytical solutions to provide the multi-access to spatial information. The basis for obtaining information are the attribute ...
The aim of this article is to present a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis - fsQCA) as a methodological concept to evaluate the processes involving knowledge related to the rural development. Selected municipalities, where activities for local development are carried out in everyday work, were a case study. The analysis focuses on the process of knowledge transfer. Transfer is most complex of all processes involving knowledge. It contains several important elements that form a strong foundation for the organization efficiency, namely: knowledge acquisition, knowledge sharing, dissemination of knowledge and knowledge sharing. On the effectiveness of this process depends largely the level of economic development of the area i.a: update information, faster decision-making, use the different external sources to finance various projects, innovative solutions implementation to acquire competitiveness of the area. ...
This paper reports the analysis of transport costs for segregated municipal solid waste (MSW) collected from the Krakow city and the 13 municipalities bordering the main town of Małopolska Region. There were 4 selected vehicles (garbage trucks) analyzed (collected segregated waste from households) These vehicles have a similar work characteristics. These vehicles belong to private enterprise dealing with the waste transport. The largest share in the structure of the waste transport and collection have fuel costs (29.5%), salaries (26.7%) and cost of bags purchase (18.0%). Other costs and enterprises profit represent 25.8% of the total transport costs. The average unit cost of segregated waste transport and collection is 243.3 zł.Mg-1 and is higher by 60 zł.Mg-1 in relation to the cost of mixed waste transport. Average fuel consumption (Diesel) per 1 Mg of segregated waste is about 13.2dm3.Mg-1 and it is higher than for mixed waste by an average of 1.1 dm3.Mg-1. Furthermore there is a statistically significant dependence between the unit costs of waste transport (dm3.Mg-1) and participation of courses realized at the rural areas (R = -0.83). ...
