Zeszyt: 2013, vol. 10 / 04 / 3 (Dec 2013)
The paper presents the results of analyses of economic and investment activities conducted on 53 selected family farms in 2009 and 2010. Obtained results were compared with the respective data assumed in the projects of these farms modernization until 2015.The analyses were conducted to determine the needs and investment possibilities of the studied farms and seek the method of an assessment of investment activity pursued by individual family farms.Farms with an area of between 8 and 150 ha AL (arable lands) were investigated in 2009-2011. Average area of the researched objects was 44.23ha AL in 2009, 45.88ha AL in 2010,whereas in 2015 it will be 49.49ha AL, i.e. it will increase by 11.9%.It was found that with growing farm area the reconstruction needs decrease (depreciation), whereas possibilities of investment activity for development grow. Also potential investment possibilities of farms were estimated and the difference between the real family incomes and the incomes comparable with non-farmer families were added to the incurred investment expenditure.In 2009 average unit reconstruction investment needs were 1140 zł ∙ha-1AL, incurred investment expenditure was 1930 zł ∙ha-1AL , whereas potential investment possibilities were estimated at 3391 zł ∙ha-1AL.Respectively, in 2010 average unit investment needs were 1106 ...
Natural and anthropological climate changes are due to reason why unfavorable water resources are changed. The Forest Promotion Complexes are a functional areas in peculiarities about to ecological meaning, educational and social. The area of the FPC Lasy Rychtalskie have high retention potential. Surface outflow is relatively low ca 4% of annual precipitation and occurs in the winter half-year extending into May. The prognosis of groundwater level changes expressed by groundwater level dynamics was created on the basis of negative annual rainfall trend. The projection was calculated on assumption that significant changes in forest swamp ecosystems would occur provided that average groundwater depth level decrease by 50% of the actual groundwater level depth. The reduction of groundwater level depth as the outcome of this scenario can be expected in 100-year period. Pragmatic action to be taken should prevent from the outflow of the water from the areas. The earlier carried earlier out chemical tests did not reveal any excessive accumulation of chemical pollutants in soils, as well as surface and groundwater. ...
The study focuses on the unique architecture, urban layout, infrastructure and spatial order of the Nikiszowiec housing estate in Katowice. The workers' estate was built for the people working in the "Giesche" mine between the years 1908-1918. One of the site's more interesting features is its logical and coherent urban composition. It comprises of 9 enclosed blocks of varying size, which contain stores and other service facilities apart from ground floor residential developments. The numerous architectural details, aptly implemented and interesting in their design, prevent the feeling of monotony, despite the buildings being built using red mudbrick, which adds to the site's uniform style, form and colour. The estate is nowadays referred to as an "architectural wonder" and is considered a historical monument. ...
Commonly applied in Poland, the Błaszczyk equation of 1954 for design rainfall is based on not quite reliable data and the approach presented therein raises serious doubts concerning the correctness of the method. Of course, not only the scarcity of the then data bases should be taken into account, but also computational difficulties existing in those years. However, independently of these problems, there was no rationale for accepting 67 years as the length of the observation series when the actual number of observation years was 37. As a consequence, the resulting design rainfall intensities for given exceedance probabilities were lower than the values that would be obtained if the correct length of the observation series had been adopted. There is also second critical point of the discussed method: the estimation procedure of the model parameter is incompatible with that presented in the paper and, moreover, is clearly erroneous. ...
The study was carried out in order to determine the frequency of droughts in the period of increased water needs of corn cultivated for grain in the region of Kujawsko-Pomorskie based on temporal variation of the standardized precipitation index SPI. Also were assessed the needs and expected productive effects of the plants grown under irrigation by a significant correlation between increases of yields of grain and the amount of rainfall. Rainfall data were derived from standard measurements of atmospheric precipitation during a period from 1 July and 31 August in the multi-annual period 1981-2010. These data were obtained from the branches of the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing (COBORU) in Chrząstowo, Głębokie and Głodowo, and the University of Technology and Life Sciences Research Centre in Mochełek. The results of carried research showed that the frequency of occurrence of dry spell during the period of increased needs for water of corn amounted to 26.7-40.0% in the region depended on the locality. Strong droughts occurred in the year 1983, 1989, 1992 and 1994, moderate drought in 2005 and weak droughts in 1982, 1984 and 1999. Great irrigation needs of corn which corresponded to periods of strong and moderate droughts (SPI ...
Temperature is a scalar physical quantity, one of the principal parameters determining the state of a thermodynamic system. It corresponds to the average kinetic energy of the motion and vibration of particles in the system. One of the popular methods of temperature recording is the measurement of electromagnetic (infrared, thermal) radiation parameters emitted by a body of a temperature above the absolute zero (0 K or -273.15°C). The measurement is defined as thermography and it is used to produce images of the distribution of temperatures on the surface of an object (objects) with the use of an infrared radiation detector. The main advantage of this type of measurement is its non-invasive nature. Due to the use of a thermographic camera, it is possible to detect most construction defects without interfering in the structure of a building partition. Thermography allows the measurement of temperature in the spaces that are not easily accessible or those where traditional methods are impossible to employ. Thermography is used in a variety of research specialisations. The article presents the results of research relying on the use of thermogram analysis in the estimation of thermal insulation of chosen external building partitions. Much attention was given to façade ...
Research was carried out in the Kamienica river catchment. This catchment is included into three mesoregions: upper part of the basin - in the Beskid Sądecki, central and lower part of the basin - in the Beskid Niski and the Kotlina Sądecka. Seven floods, which occurred in 1997-2010 in the upper part of the Kamienica catchment, were selected in order to verify the suitability of the NRCS method to calculate the direct runoff. The CN parameter value according to NRCS method was estimated based on the observed phenomena of rainfall-runoff. To follow the aim, the total runoff hydrograph was divided into two parts: groundwater (base) flow and direct runoff. The obtained results confirm the reports of other authors that the CN parameter estimated by empirical study is significantly higher than the theoretical value for normal conditions. Thus, it was concluded that during a drought period or, in a case of normal precipitation, watercourses are supplied by groundwater of the first aquifer. The conducted examinations showed, that in the case of mountain catchments, the use of baseflow as an index of ground moisture to calculate the CN parameter is legitimate. It seems that the degree of catchment moisture is better characterized ...
Increasingly, the attractiveness of rural areas is seen through the prism of the attractiveness of rural tourism and recreation as well as the factors that have a direct and indirect impact on the development of tourism. Kaliningrad District of the Russian Federation due to its location and a number of socio-economic conditions has excellent conditions for the development of tourism, which significantly affect their development in rural areas.Rural areas in the Kaliningrad District is characterized by a diverse and beautiful areas, there are natural ponds and a small fitting-infrastructure. On a different level of development affects usage diversity of rural areas in different parts. This difference directly affects the quality of living conditions and opportunities of agriculture and non-agriculture. The reasons for different levels of infrastructure development are many, but the main ones are the position of the Baltic Sea and the Polish and Lithuania border and promotion of tourism products.The aim of this paper is to analyze the conditions for rural development in the Kaliningrad District, made on the basis of tourism resources and human capital which is the subject of activity in these areas. Analyzed issues concern the natural potential, infrastructure and local entrepreneurship. ...
The paper presents the possibility of applying innovative systems for dewatering and disposal of sewage sludge from sewage treatment, developed in the patent application No. P-387607. The test object is made in full industrial scale in 2012, the private farm in the town of Jastków near Lublin. It was assumed that the main effect of the processes taking place in the test system will reduce the volume and hydrate deposits and their hygienisation. The dewatering system in the study consisted of filling 4 bags of raw sludge from the septic tank one time a week in the period from 24 September 2012 to 21 January 2013, the precipitate was dosed for 18 weeks, and his one-time dose of one bag of about 50 dm3. In total, each of the bags in the period landed about 900 dm3 sediment hydration of 99.5%. During operation of the plant bags weekly ProBio Em dosed at doses of 0, 5, 10 and 50 ml. In total, for the entire duration of the installation for each of the bags were added 0, 90, 180, and 900 ml of ProBio Em. A week after the completion of the dewatering of sewage sludge and applying the preparation ...
Lądek Zdrój is one of the oldest Lower Silesia health-resorts. Historical, economic conditions, restrictions and natural advantages are fundamental factors shaping the peculiar format of the health-resort. In 1945 so far successively shaped identity of the entity was discontinued. The issue is: to what extent implemented new individual components of the building development are amending so far formed architectural forms and functional arrangements. In the post-war period, mainly in 70ties, residential buildings and objects performing the healing function were raised. Detailed analysis is pointing, that body, form, arrangement of newly raised residential objects isn't correlated with historically formed characteristics. It is being proved that a scope of the disagreement is a form of contradictions or even of conflict and the deformation of the landscape inside. Healing objects are a realization, what's more without no significant associations with the local style, of standardized typical solutions. It is stated that by definition it was already decided to introduce strange landscape forms into the local characteristic representing the exaggerated monumentality. ...
Wildlife crossings are resource-demanding structures constructed to minimalize impacts of human-made barriers (e.g. road and railway corridors) on the natural environment. Therefore monitoring of functionality of these engineering constructions is vital. The aim of monitoring is to control if implemented technical and biological solutions have been accepted by the wildlife. The paper concerns functionality analysis of wildlife overpass crossings constructed in the area of S3 expressway junction with A3 motorway. The research method was direct observation bats flight activity through gateway area at reference sections. It shows that constructed section of S3 motorway disturbed natural bat migration routes. The flights of bats at collision elevation 4 m over road level are 20% of total flight frequency occurring outside gateway sections. Efficiency of bat flight guiding on wildlife crossings depends on many factors e.g. biometric parameters of trees, road surface level declination in comparison with surrounding terrain level at the crossing area, location of clearings in the vicinity of crossings.The wildlife crossing analyzed in the paper is accepted by bats, however its functionality should be improved both by implementing technical modifications - increasing width of gates, decreasing of road surface level in comparison with terrain level and by ...
The possibility of enlargement of the flood safety of drained terrains of locality Zarzecze using the storage reservoir, accumulating the excess of flood waters was introduced in the work. The worked out conception of the chapter of waters from the ditch R to the pumping station channel was also presented. The lock of the valves of embankment sluices leading the waters of the ditch R to the Vistula river follows in flood conditions, by increasing the level of the water in to the Vistula river. It comes to the outflowing of water from ditch R and submergence of the terrains of the settlement Łączany-Zarzeczein the consequence of the permanent supply of water to ditch R and damming up of water in ditch in the result of the lock of the embankment sluice. In the order to attain o reduce the risk of submergence of these terrains the creation of the storage reservoir from the pumping station channel was proposed. This channel leading water to pumping station Zarzecze. Capacity of storage reservoir and the time of filling up were qualified, founding steady the supply about flow intensity equal to 2,13 m3 ∙ s-1. It was statement that the current technical condition ...
The general aim of the article is to analyze the predispositions of rural communes to the development of agrotourist in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains Region. The research also concerns the estimation of main predispositions to the development of rural areas in the region. The article shows the different conditions of rural areas development in Świętokrzyskie. It also discusses the distribution of communes in the Świętokrzyskie Mts. Region considering differential potential of their development. The aim of this study is also trying to estimate development predispositions in rural areas of the Świętokrzyskie Mts. Region. Statistical data supplied by WUS in Kielce were used to conduct the statistical analysis. Some diagnostic features were used in the characterization of the differential potential of development in rural areas. The Świętokrzyskie Mts. Region was chosen as an area of research, because this area has special conditions of development in Poland. This study shows a huge disproportion in the predispositions of development in rural areas in the Świętokrzyskie. At the end, the article provides practical recommendations. The problem of the future of agriculture and rural areas in many regions of Poland has not been solved yet. The presented results of the researches show that the researches relating ...
The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the removal of nitrogen compounds in two domestic sewage treatment plants operate based on activated sludge technology. In addition, the effect of sewage temperature in the bioreactors analyzed the effectiveness of the elimination rate. Also analyzed the treatment Turbojet EP-2 with a capacity designed from 1.2 to 1.8 m3•d-1, and treatment Turbojet EP-4 with a capacity of 3.5÷5.0 designed m3•d-1. During the study period the two objects were hydraulically underloaded. Based on studies conducted in 2008-2010 found that the average concentration of total nitrogen in raw sewage were 82.6 mgNog•dm-3 in the treatment plant Turbojet EP-2 and 102.0 mgNog•dm-3 in the treatment Turbojet EP-4, the mean concentration of total nitrogen in treated wastewater were 30.2 mgNog•dm-3 in the treatment Turbojet EP-2 and 65.5 mgNog•dm-3 in the treatment Turbojet EP-4. During the study found large fluctuations in the concentrations of total nitrogen in treated wastewater, which ranged from 12.2 to 77.1 mgNog•dm-3 in the treatment Turbojet EP-2 and from 15.3 to 130.7 mgNog•dm-3 in the treatment Turbojet EP-4. This demonstrates the instability occurring processes of nitrification and denitrification. High impact on the percentage of disposal process was nitrogen temperature treatment ...
This article presents an analysis of results of the research on the turbidity and oxygen content in water after the pipe aerator. Turbidity and oxygen content in water, measurements was conducted in conditions of technical exploitation of water treatment plant. The research embraced the pipe aerator with the Białecki rings which was made of stainless steel about the diameter of 12 mm. It was found that together with the growth of the flow of air at the given flow of water, the content of oxygen in water and her turbidity is increasing proportionally. However together with the growth of the flow of water at the given flow of air, the content of oxygen in water and her turbidity is decreasing. ...
The aim of the following research was an assessment of the impact technical interference has over Smortawa riverbed`s hydromacrophytes communities. The measure of this impact based on the following four biological factors: the number of species, the degree of the bottom coverage, Shannon-Wiener index and Macrophyte River Index. Field study was performed in vegetation season of 2012 in three river sections presenting different degree of anthropogenic modification: natural, modified moderately in the result of ecoregulation and severly modified in the result of technical interference. In order to assess the impact of modification on the quality and quantity of hydromacrophytes communities Spearman`s ranks correlation analysis was performed. Performed analyses indicated that the biodiversity of biological indexes in study sections in linked with the range of works conducted in the riverbed. Stronger connection with these factors showed elements of the watercourse system modified in a result of technical interference such as: river filing, shape of the riverbed, width of the bottom and the way of scarp`s strengthening and shading the watercourse. ...
The study deals with Świeradów-Zdrój, one of the many spas in the Lower Silesia region. This small town of 4 498 residents (as registered in March 31, 2011) and of 20,72 km² of area is located in the south-western part of the Lower Silesian voivodeship, and in the southern part of the Lubań poviat. It is partially located in the Sudetes at 450-710 mamsl, in the Izerskie Mountains and in the valley of the Kwisa river (the so-called Świeradów Dell) and in the vicinity of Jelenia Góra. The study focuses mostly on the town's large-size spa structures, the forms they assume, the building material, their colours and age. These buildings are undoubtedly a source of the town's spa potential, as well as an element of its tourist potential, especially when it comes to skiing. ...
The aim of this study was the application of the triangle method for the calculation of the infiltration and inflow volume entering the sanitary sewer system operating in the Cracow County (Lesser Poland Voivodeship). The analyzed, 10 km long, sewer system is made of vitrified clay pipes with diameters of 200, 250 and 300 mm. Infiltration and inflow, also called extraneous water, adversely affect the operation of sewer systems and sewage treatment plants, what in turn may result in water contamination in the receiver. Amount of extraneous water in the inflows to sewer systems should be estimated using the available computational methods and their causes should be eliminated on an ongoing basis. The conducted study showed an alarming amount of extraneous water flowing into the analyzed sewer system, i.e. in 2010 it accounted for 41.1% (40033 m3), in 2011 - 28.7% (22224 m3), while in 2012 - 23.4% (16848 m3) of the total annual volume of polluted water. The volume of infiltration and inflow entering the examined sewer system depended primarily on the frequency of precipitation, and - to a lesser extent - on its annual total amount. Illegal connections of yard inlets or gutters to the sewage drains are ...
The dynamic growth of civilisation requires sufficient access to broadly defined infrastructure. The term stands for a collection of public service devices and installations that are indispensable for providing proper operation of national economy and society's existence [Krakowiak-Bal, 2004]. For centuries, infrastructure has been best developed in the places characterised by highest population density, i.e. mainly in urban areas. This tendency is still noticeable, however, the implemented programs and European Union funds ensure reducing disproportions between rural and urban areas. The main role in this process is occupied by the Rural Development Programme, which enables receiving external funding for the realisation of infrastructure investments most crucial for the region. According to Siemiński [1996], infrastructure, with regard to its scope, is categorised into three groups: utility infrastructure, social infrastructure and economic infrastructure. The present paper considers the issues of utility infrastructure. This type of infrastructure is characterised by unalterable location in an area, general accessibility, functionality and availability. It is considered to be linear, long-lasting, capital-intensive (requiring high investment and exploitation expenditures) indivisible, and its construction requires complex technique and technology. All branches of utility infrastructure (such as waterworks, sewage systems, roads, railroads, etc.) are closely connected with their ...
The paper evaluates the technical condition of 70 water supply networks situated in rural and urban-rural communes in Lesser Poland and Subcarpathian voivodeships. Because of large variation of the considered waterworks in terms of their size, they were divided into five groups according to the number of residents served by the waterworks. The age and material structure of the water supply system was characterized, followed by the evaluation of their technical condition based on data from the end of 2009, derived from the operational records of individual waterworks. The analysis of each water supply indicator included their structural division, i.e. the transit, main and distribution pipes as well as water supply connections were analyzed. Another aspect of the analysis was to examine the structure of damage to the pipes. The conducted analysis revealed that the pipes at the age of 25 years dominated in the age structure of the water supply networks, which, given the material they were made of, shows that in most cases they were halfway through their technical timeline. The vast majority of the analyzed water supply networks was constructed of thermoplastic materials and to a much lesser extent - of steel. Cast iron and asbestos cement ...
The Chomicz model of 1953 for DDF curves, used in Poland mainly as a comparative model, is based on not quite adequate data and the approach presented by Chomicz was not substantiated enough, which raises serious doubts on the correctness of the method. Of course, the scarcity and relevance of the then data bases should be taken into account. However, independently of that problem, there are substantial reservations about the correctness of the design rainfalls developed by Chomicz for exceedance probabilities 10%, 20%, 50% and 100%. The most significant reservation concerns the correctness of the method of extending measured rainfall depth over its measured duration. The method can hardly be accepted, because it assumes that that the greatest rainfall interval intensity occurs in the end of the rainfall event, which is not supported by observations. Moreover, the number of extended rainfall depths, i.e., the number of semi-empirical values, used to develop the model of design rainfall, increases strongly with rainfall duration doubling the number of original data in the extreme case of the longest duration of 180 minutes. Also, no rationale is given for adopted criterion for the time limit of rainfall extension over the measured duration. ...
Field experiments were conducted in 2011 on the very light soil in Kruszyn Krajeński near Bydgoszcz. Responses of the three romaine lettuce cultivars grown in spring and autumn to nitrogen fertigation by drip system were compared. Experiments were established as two-factorial trials, four times replicated. The experimental factors were: nitrogen dose of fertigation (25 kg N•ha-1, 50 kg N•ha-1), cultivars (‘Barracuda', ‘Chiquina', ‘Romora'). Fertigation was conducted with the usage of proportional mixing dispenser. Higher marketable yield of romaine lettuce cultivars was noted in spring cultivation. Increased nitrogen dose (from 25 kg N•ha-1 to 50 kg N•ha-1) significantly increased marketable yield of lettuce. From among the tested cultivars, ‘Romora' was characterized by the higher yield in spring cultivation whereas ‘Barracuda' - in autumn. ‘Chiquina' was characterized by the lowest yield. The higher weight of a single lettuce head was noted in spring cultivation. The higher nitrogen dose significantly increased the single lettuce head. The highest single lettuce head was noted in case of ‘Barracuda'. On average for cultivars tested, the higher nitrogen dose caused the decrease of dry matter content in leaves of lettuce grown in spring time, and in case of autumn cultivation this tendency was opposite - the higher ...
Technical infrastructure plays an important role in the restructuring process of rural areas. Production processes and labor productivity depend on infrastructural arrangement, its condition and properly work of all elements. One of the cause for the rural areas marginalization is the underdeveloped technical infrastructure.In the paper the similar areas with infrastructural quality of Świętokryskie voivodship were separated. Evaluation of these areas due to the environmental quality of the infrastructure was made. In order to carry out the valorization of the technical infrastructure level, multivariate correspondence analysis was applied. ...
In the 21st century, a social and economic development has obtained a new character and a new pace, because new properties of the surroundings have determined the unusual so far increase of the knowledge value. The knowledge becomes the main instrument for carrying out changes. Therefore, it is worth to take care of its proper management not only in the conditions of an enterprise, which carries out its business aims but also in the process of a long-lasting, laborious formation of potential of a particular region or area. The work herein constitutes a presentation of key ideas which accompany the project formation titled "Knowledge management in the process of building competitiveness and innovativeness of rural areas pursuant to the rules of the sustainable development - an empiric verification on the example of the Małopoksie voivodeship". The research problem which has been undertaken is as follows: Do the worked out solutions in relation to the concept of knowledge management may become a stimuli for the development process which takes place on rural areas? ...
