Zeszyt: 2013, vol. 10 / 03 / 3 (Sep 2013)
This paper presents the results of studies showing the effect of erosion processes on the evolution of the loess catchment landscape in the conditions of intensive farming in the Lublin Upland spreading over such rural lands as Wielkopole and Zamostek. The research is based on: the inventory of erosion damage on the surface wash; the measurement of the water and suspension runoff in the discharge section line closing the catchment; the execution of studies concerning the upgrading the structure and leveling-soil profile on the slope of transverse-slope crop. The study shows a high risk of water and tillage erosion of the area in question. Being subject to intense anthropogenesis, erosion processes led to the occurrence of a specific mosaic agricultural landscape with: a dense network of dirt roads; great number of long and narrow agricultural parcels situated on the separated by high edges terraces; poor woodiness of the catchment; and the mosaic of soil types and subtypes. The natural landscape has been transformed into a cultural one and the return to its original appearance is impossible due to the still existing anthropopressure. ...
The aim of this article is to present the basic rules of protection and rational usage of lands in Poland and Ukraine, and to point out the differences and similarities in this issue. In the summary concerning this problem the authors said, that the average quality of agricultural lands varies in both countries. When we take into consideration the soil quality, in Ukraine the soil is much better than in Poland. Besides, the agrarian structure is different in both countries. In Ukraine there is a large number of big farms with big farmlands, often used as crop fields. In the Polish structure of farmlands most of the farms are private (individual). This difference has an impact on the strategy of environmental protection and land usage there. In Ukraine the protection is based on large farmlands, their proper shape and area, the level of tillage, to avoid the danger of soil erosion. In Poland the most important is protecting the best lands, according to their quality. In authors' opinion, the issues presented in the article can be a basis for the experience exchange and teaching, treating the rules of protection and economic usage of lands of their neighbor, as the source ...
In article the influence of loads of biogenic substances (total nitrogen and total phosphorus) inflowing with water of Wisła river on eutrophication process of water Goczałkowice reservoir was presented. The research was conducted in years 2004-2006 and 2010-2011, in vegetative seasons. The loading total phosphorus of Goczałkowice reservoir was calculated and the acceptable load and dangerous load of total phosphorus (according to Vollenveider 1976) have both been calculated. The enumerated value of loading of total phosphorus load was compared to the value of acceptable loads and dangerous loads. Moreover, biomass of phytoplankton (given in wet mass) was calculated and a species composition of phytoplankton was determined. The analyses declared that the loads of total phosphorus, which were contributed with water of Wisła river were lesser in years 2010-2011 (averagely 0,147 g P•m-2•year-1) than loads, which flowed in years 2004-2006 (0,681 g P•m-2•year-1). The first exchanged loads had exceeded only values of acceptable loads. It can indicate to the improvement of the conditions in the catchment area. In spite of the lesser inflow of the loads, it was ascertained that water of the reservoir still points out eutrophic character. The high concentrations of total phosphorus (averagely 0,05 mg ...
The thesis contains description of the qualities of natural environment and cultural heritage of the manor park complex in Wola Duchacka in Cracow based on cartographic materials.Historical cadastral plans, military topographical photographs, iconographic materials and contemporary cadastral and object maps are the carriers of various spatial data. Therefore, the maps and plans drawn up within the space of two hundred thirty years have been analysed by means of a chronological and comparative method.The results of this analysis have been used by the Landscape Architecture students at the Cracow University of Agriculture to prepare the Duchacki Park's revitalisation projects. ...
Traditional phosphorus fertilization of crops in Poland has a high environmental risk associated with the ease of transfer of into surface waters, as well as the high cost of production of such fertilizers. This imposes the need to find new solutions to fertilizer, which on one hand would be a lower risk to the environment, on the other hand would be equally accessible source of phosphorus for plants. One of them may be the use of phosphate - sulfur fertilizers (FS), characterized by a gradual release digestible phosphates (V), and hence the lower the migration to the water. The addition of sulfur increasing the availability of phosphorus from phosphate rock, is also a source of sulfur as a nutrient for plants. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of elemental sulfur to the ground rock phosphate on the phosphates (V) and sulfate (VI) ions permeation to waters. In vegetation experiments tested how use of phosphate - sulfur fertilizers affects the movement of phosphates (V) and sulfate (VI) ions to the water. Performed two two-year pot experiment, which tested effect 6 types of phosphate - sulfur fertilizer, differing in degree of milling phosphate (F1 and F2) and the ...
Cartographic elaboration that provide information about landscape changes are analysed in the article. The purpose of this article is to present the development of cartographic materials that provide information about landscape. At the outset illustrates the distribution of sources information about the landscape whereas the time period for which these resources apply. The following materials were analysed: Polish land register, topographic maps, master map, cadastral map, orthophotomaps, local spatial plan, and study of conditions and directions of spatial development. The article focuses on presenting the development of cartographic sources from Polish territory. The chart made on the basis of analysis shows periods in which each source occurred. Nowadays, modern technologies are used for establishing, maintaining, updating and sharing information on land. In order to properly present landscape changes both the old and new sources of information should be taken into account, also a constant modernization sources should be performed. ...
In article presented the results of studies on transport infrastructure (linear and point) the surveyed holdings. Distances in internal transport: field - economic object with average 2.91 km are range from 2.68 km of general agricultural production to 3.53 km of cattle production. At almost the same area in both groups, such differences indicate negative expanse of farm fields toward the cattle production. Taking into account the rolling resistance coefficient in terms of actual outlays distance, actual distance, average of 2.91 km corresponds to distance of ride on the asphalt pavement in good condition for 11.08 km. The average size of record plot is 1.30 acres, and its diversity between analyzed groups of farms is small. In the internal transport share of asphalt roads is - an average of 47.42% (the most beneficial on cattle production farm), a direct entry into the field only in 7.23% is from the asphalt road and up to 63.86% from the dirt road. In the object (backyard) average only in 31.33% of the holdings set of tractor-trailer, 37.35% of delivery vans and 35.54 of trucks without a trailer has the ability to seamlessly relapse by 360. ...
The study aims to analyse the market image of agritourism product and preferences of prospective tourists with respect to leisure time at agritourism farms. The statistical sample was selected from the residents of the city of Kielce. Representatives of four social and professional groups took part in the investigations carried out in 2011. The choice of participants was purposeful as the groups were composed of individuals relatively frequently spending their leisure time at agritourism farms. The investigations indicate that rather than reflecting tourists' personal experience, the image of agritourism product is often created on the basis of prevailing general opinions (e.g. those presented in the media). Though a majority of the interviewees were able to specify their expectations concerning the tourist product, yet it was difficult for them to put forward demands as regards the product character. The investigations seem to confirm the thesis that being interested in agritourism does not necessarily mean taking up an offer of agritourism farms.The development of tourism in many regions of the country relies on creating and promoting brand products. Those are remembered by tourists as unique and capable of generating a lot of benefits. Brand products are meant to make consumers of tourist ...
Ornamental nursery in Poland has been developing vary well in the resent years. It is the most success sector within floriculture or even in horticulture at all. Area of production grew up to 6747 ha and the value of production in 2011 was animated on 1 billion PLN. Irrigation is one of the most important factors with great importance on production. Therefore it is important to optimize the ways of using water resources in the process of nursery development. It should be related to not only modern and economical irrigation systems but also with the introduction of rational criteria of irrigation plants grown in the field and containers. Optimizing of watering plants in nursery, using the systems that save water and money should be more important since then. The aim of the study based on questionnaire and authors on visits in the nurseries was to estimate watering systems in nurseries, source of water and amount of water used for irrigation according to holding size, localization and association in producers organizations. In the study 612 holdings were examined mostly by the e-mail survey, but some of them also by authors own visits what was very valuable for this research. Area of ...
Extreme weather conditions, including floods, are affecting our country increasingly often. They cause a threat to human lives and huge economic, social and natural damage. Flood damage occurring in agriculturally-developed areas include, e.g. contamination of arable soil with chemical or biological substances, but also losses in agricultural crops, gathered supplies and farming machines.The aim of the study is to present reclamation procedures as one of the possible methods for settling flood damage. Land reclamation can be carried out as a part of post-consolidation management. Its aim is to restore usable properties of farming land damaged, for example, by flood. Areas recommended for reclamation are presented in the objectives of the land consolidation project. The direction of rendering a given area productive depends on many factors, which mainly include arrangements of the local zoning plan, social and economic needs and technical conditions of the land. ...
The spatial structure of rural areas is changed as a result of rural surveying works, such as land consolidation, afforestation, reclamation, improvement and divisions. Execution of those procedures must be based on modern methods for performing specialist studies, concerning, e.g. soil, physiographical, social, economic or ownership conditions, with the use of digital spatial data and methods for their processing. Those analyses will be based on cadastral data concerning the ownership and usage status, and the data quality and completeness will determine the decisions undertaken with regard to implementation of specific procedures in a given area. ...
Land consolidation proceeding is a many stage of proceedings and long-lasting. Achievement the intended purpose is conditional largely timeliness of source materials, including maps of land classification. Effective from November 2012 a new regulation on the classification of land, clearly indicates necessity to update the soil science classification of land in the process of land consolidation. This article points out the similarities and differences in both proceedings, also points to the risks that may cause delays in the land consolidation. In addition, the authors emphasize the impact of land use classification to determine proper esteem of land and other positive aspects of the classification of land for various levels of local government: the local government, communities, and for citizens. ...
The thesis characterizes water and sewage management of Dolnośląska rural municipality of Oleśnica (oleśnicki district). In particular, the proper exploitation of available water resources, water quality and sewage management have been taken into account. Analysis of the data has enabled it to conclude that Oleśnica municipality has sufficient resources of the groundwater, of quaternary deposits and their quality makes it possible to use them, after treatment, as the source of potable water. In terms of technical infrastructure, Oleśnica municipality is characterised by a very well developed network of water supply, covering all settlement units. Sewage infrastructure is poorly developed. The sewage network is not fully implemented in most parts of the municipality. The problem of sewage treatment in Oleśnica municipality is temporarily solved through subsidies for the construction of domestic biological sewage treatment systems and through emptying holding tanks by septic tankers. Sewage is transported to the communal treatment plant. There is a risk of contamination of water in the Municipality. Sources are mainly agriculture and socio-economic activities, but also low environmental awareness of the residents. There are cases of detecting leaking tanks and of sewage discharging to side ditches, onto the fields or to local watercourses. Municipal authorities ...
The goal of the work was an analysis of the waste management system at the municipal level in the context of limitation the amount of unselectively waste collection. At work showed the results of studies that relate to the amount collected selectively and unselectively household waste in the years 2007-2010. On the basis of the analysis carried out and showed that the prevalent cadastre of 67 % share on unselective waste collection. During the analysis period for negative has been recognized to decrease the total quantity of waste collection about 85,73 Mg, including selectively about 28,45 Mg in spite of the increase of the number of inhabitants and residential buildings. Moreover in the household waste management system in the commune have not been stating biodegradable waste pickup with a significant their share of more than 33%. Noted the discrepancy between the quantity of produced waste - 973 Mg and collected one - 269,52 Mg, as well as a decline in the value of the weighting indicator of their accumulation about 18 kg·miesz.-1·rok-1, confirmed the possibility of waste management by the inhabitants themselves due to the nature of the rural commune. ...
Alexandersson test is a statistical tool for detection of a step change in mean value in normally distributed time series that identifies the change point. The test may be applied to log-normally distributed hydrological series where normality is achieved by logarithmisation. The method becomes to a tool for testing if there appeared a step change that caused the inhomogeneity of the series. In the article the efficiency in detection of the step change in mean value in log-normally distributed time series was investigated after transformation to normally distributed series and application of the Alexandersson test. As the power of the test is a measure of efficiency, the estimates of the power were calculated. The artificial time series simulated real annual log-normally distributed discharges with an abrupt shifts in the mean values. The series differed in lengths: 20, 60 and 100, heights of the jump: from 1% to 25% and coefficients of variation: from 0,1 to 1. If the length of the series is at least 60 then for the series with very low variability the power turned out to be very large for the change at least equal to 5%. For the series with medium variability the large or ...
The article attempts to develop a methodology for the study of environmental hazards due to the existence in rural areas so-called "pesticide burial area" - the places of storage of obsolete pesticides. Pesticides are a problem in all countries around the world. The largest dumpsites of this type of waste are situated in Eastern Europe, which also includes Poland. The problem in Poland has existed since 1965. All burials require disposal because obsolete pesticides threaten the environment. The proposed methodology addresses the key characteristics and location of the object, which favor the spread of pollutants in the environment. Based on the matrix constructed features localization is possible to estimate the hazard categories. The study was carried out in the Warmia and Mazury, where are 17 object on toxic waste disposal. Recognizes four categories of threats and unclassified objects. The study found that the study area there are also 2 and 3 risk categories. The most threatening features of this location as: placement in ground hole, distance from watercourses, source of drinking water (especially municipal), distance from housing about 100 m, time position in the soil for over 30 years and lack of continuous monitoring of environmental receptors. Identification of the ...
The purpose of this work is to show issues of land development of inactive railway lines based on „O" line connecting Wołów - Lubiąż. Studies included: existing development state recognition of inactive railway line, defining planned land development purpose in accordance with management plan regulations in force and indicating possibilities to implement planned investments.Lower Silesia is the area with the biggest concentration of railway lines in the country. The beginning of Lower Silesia Railways is dated back to second half of XIX century. Real growth of railways took place at the beginning of XX century, unfortunately due to World War II operations many routes were cancelled. Most of dismantled railway lines have never been rebuilt and the only evidence of their existence are embankments, buildings and engineered facilities. Railway line connecting Wołów - Lubiąż also destroyed during the war was started again in 1950 and after 11 years all passenger traffic was stopped on this route. The land has not been developed since then. ...
The development of recycling - reusing resources used to build vehicles, machines and equipment is presently forced by increasingly rigorous environment protection requirements. Recycling is becoming a new branch of economy protecting the natural environment, but it can also bring considerable economical profits, develop the technical infrastructure of boroughs and counties and also create new work places.The development of recycling leads to the emergence of a number of complex problem of technical, economical, social and legal nature forcing resourcefulness and creativity in decision making. These problems are of great importance in the scope of vehicle and household hardware due to the fact they are the most produced and used by the people. The article presents the problems of vehicle, machines and equipment recycling in Poland concentrating especially on the problem of plastic recycling. Aforementioned problem is especially important in Poland due to the fact of the existence of large quantities of scrapped plastic, it's long natural neutralization process and the lack of citizen awareness (creating illegal dumps in forest and rivers, emitting dangerous and toxic substances by burning plastic in household fires etc.). ...
