Zeszyt: 2011, vol. 8 / 01
Presented were the results of studies on energy demand in Poland with par-ticular regard to the use of renewable energy resources (RER).It was stated that the results of renewable energy use have been overesti-mated, particularly concerning biomass burning and its effect on greenhouse gas emission. Biofuels emit more carbon dioxide (CO2) per unit of generated energy than conventional fuels, including coal. It is impossible to assume a "zero" emis-sion of CO2 forming during biomass burning.We will be unable to fulfill by 2020 our obligations towards the European Union (EU) concerning energy saving, greenhouse gas emission and increasing the share of RER in national energy balance in Poland.Intensive increase in the use of solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels may threaten forestry and agricultural economy in Poland as well as necessary protec-tion of soil, water and air in rural areas. Decreasing greenhouse gas emission will require capital consuming investments in nuclear power stations, hydro-electric power plants and wind turbines, as well as in solar and geothermal facilities. In-terdisciplinary basic and development research are necessary in the area of the effect of energy transformations on the shaping and protection of rural environ-ment. ...
Warmia and Mazury Region has one of the most identifiable images in Po-land. Very strongly associated with three attributes: a clean environment, beauti-ful nature and the perfect place to relax. The name of the region is almost syn-onymous with the land of lakes and forests.The paper presents branded tourism products the Warmia and Mazury voivodship and the results of research aimed at: the effect of branded tourism products on the operation of tourist facilities located in rural areas, to examine their impact on natural and cultural landscape and identification and opinion about the element of Warmia and Mazury tourism products.The results showed that the branded tourist products may be an opportu-nity for rural development of the Warmia and Mazury, but must be correlated with the sustainable development of the region. Currently, branded products do not fully satisfy the expectations of the tourist market.
...
The aim of the article was to examine the relations between the cultural landscape of villages and the spa areas located in them based on an example of Solec-Zdrój village in Świętokrzyskie Voivodship. Tourism industry, including spa industry (eg. Solec-Zdrój, Przerzeczyn-Zdrój, Długopole-Zdrój and other) has been present in the Polish rural areas for hundreds of years. It has been taking advantage of the landscape treated as an easily accessible material for the pro-duction of tourist attractions. Tourism and culture are closely related. Tourism enriches, protects and popularises cultural heritage. The widely understood cul-ture becomes an important element of touristic programmes, promotes culture and tourism-related journeys. Moreover, it has a well-defined place in the sightseeing, spa, study, educational, linguistic, alternative and pilgrim tourism. Cultural tour-ism constitutes one of the fastest developing segments of the global tourism mar-ket. The demeanour of self-governments and citizens, who seek sources of income in the development of tourism, is also relevant. The situation of spa towns and vil-lages with extra qualities, such as medicinal waters, microclimate and cultural heritage including the objects of spa infrastructure, is extremely beneficial. ...
The existing technical and social infrastructure greatly affects the quality of life of inhabitants and the development of rural areas. This development is hin-dered mainly by a shortage of funds. Following Poland's accession to the Euro-pean Union, the chances of acquiring funds have increased. The main beneficiar-ies include the poorest and most poorly developed communes. The aim of this paper is to show the development of technical and social infrastructure in rural communities such as: Gietrzwałd, Stawiguda, Dywity, Jonkowo and Purda after Polish accession to the European Union. The focus is on infrastructure networks, water, sewage, the types and number of educational institutions, as well as the types and number of sports and recreation. Also examinedsource of funding for ongoing investment in the division's own resources, derived from national and European Union. According to the research, it is not always dependent on the funds acquired from foreign sources. ...
A study of the conditions and directions of spatial management of a mu-nicipality is one of the most important planning documents prepared at a local level. As an instrument for creating the spatial policy it is the initial document to formulate the local law. It constitutes an act of guidance, defining the planning in-tentions of the municipal authorities, and therefore its findings must be unambigu-ous, legible and understandable. The subject of this analysis is such study of Lądek Zdrój, a municipality in the province of Lower Silesia. The document turns out to contain much ambiguity. The authors use concepts that are incomprehensible, undefined and often mislead-ing. Provisions of the study are not clear enough to allow their transfer to local law. There is therefore a possibility that there might be no correlation between the analyzed study, and the future legal acts prepared at a lower level. ...
Diversification of rural areas usage in the Warmia and Mazury has an im-pact on different levels of infrastructural development in its individual parts. This difference is a directly affects the quality of living conditions and opportunities for tourism activities. The causes of varying levels of infrastructural development are: the location is a lot of the bigger cities, state border, the promotion of tourist products and tourist development in rural areas.The aim of this paper is to present the results of studies on the effects of tourism activities on sustainable rural development and promotion of ecological habits among rural residents. The paper describes the risks associated with tour-ism activity in rural areas and features of sustainable tourism. ...
The object of study is the issue of furnishing a comprehensive rural areas with the support program of the European Union. The evaluation assessed the link between the typical tasks of surveying agricultural property which is to merge with the possibility of the use of European projects with innovative solutions for furnishing agricultural production. The focus is also to discuss the changes that have occurred in Hawłowice after the merge. ...
Warmia and Mazury among the leaders in the field of environmental quality. To achieve the objectives of nature conservation is essential to establish forms of nature conservation. Protected areas due to its values are environmental-ly valuable areas, which are potential specific element of the natural environment. The quality of the environment and the application of the principle of sustainable development requires constant thinking about the resources of nature through the lens of future generations. Particular attention should be paid to the sustainable use of natural resources and environmental education.Aim of this paper is to present the issues related to nature conservation in Poland, as well as an indication of the activities undertaken in the province. Warmia and Mazury in order to protect the natural heritage. ...
Study of conditions and directions of land management does not solve ade-quately the significant problems and social conflicts, so that follows it can't be the proper method for balancing the development. As part of an almost unlimited autonomy of local government first-level-local difficult the implementation of pub-lic tasks. The suggested solution that will ensure sustainable land development are changes in the legal system, providing for: a hierarchical, closely linked to land planning system, financial responsibility and criminal liability for people making wrong decisions on land use planning, economic justification for significant changes in strategy planning.
...
Existing advantages of health resort Ladek Zdroj is huge capital for devel-opment of new branches of tourism. Current functioning of system, where the pri-ority has medical tourism, must change its meaning. The type of potential and forecasted trends of healthcare shows that recreational tourism should be main factor determining progress. Its scope covers both agricultural tourism and health resort tourism, where consumer is both person only residing in health re-sort and person utilizing its infrastructure (no matter whether for health regenera-tion or physical rehabilitation. The touristic product should be place identity. The customer should be interested by advantages so that he/she is not only encouraged to arrival but also decides to do it. ...
Studies of conditions and directions of land management of municipalities and local land management plans include diverse and insufficiently defined con-cept of defining the areas that because of possible danger or nuisance, shall be subject to different ways of planning and development. The municipal development planning, referring to the existing legislation, provided for them as zones: protec-tion, controlled or limited use. Also actually the legislature does not specify the term of protection, although on the basis of Chapters 3 and 4 of the Environ-mental Protection Act, many of them referred to as the limited use areas or indus-trial zones. It happens that avoiding the problems associated with naming dilem-mas of protection, if possible, planners allocate them as separate functional areas.
...
The paper presents the location and resources of natural resources and the volume of mineral exploitation in the Strzelin county. In the field there occur such rocks like granitoids, granite gneisses gneiss, basalts, crystalline schsts, quartz-ites, quartzites schists, amphibolites, marbles, clays, loams, gravels and sands. Proven natural resources in Strzelin county are in the range of 283 481 000 tons, 8 625 000 tons of which have been exploited in the years 1999-2009. In the county is dominated deposits of common minerals products, that representing 96,7% of proved reserves. In terms of resources volume Strzelin commune is the richest one. In the area of Przeworno commune deposits of basic mineral products dominate. In the time period 2003-2008 an over sixth-time-increase of the exploitation was noted, what affected an increase of mining sector pressure on environment, land-scape and living conditions of local citizens. ...
The enactment of a local plan of spatial management for a commune or its part obliges the communal authorities to implement the decisions included in the plan. Among numerous expenses which a commune has to cover are such as: realization of the technical infrastructure the commune is in charge of (sewage system, water supply system), realization of road building and maintenance investments, buying off areas for public purposes related to realization of the commune's own tasks and claims of owners or users of real estate in case its value is negatively affected by the local plan of spatial arrangement. The costs of reali-zation of the local plan of spatial arrangement for the area of Pietrzykowice - Rybnica, in the commune of Kąty Wrocławskie. ...
Constant increase of number of tourists, development of tourist accommo-dation and services in the village of Białka result in an increased anthropopression on areas which have so far not been developed and which are characterised by high natural values. Spatial policy of the communes is an important element in the crea-tion of sustainable development. The authorities of the commune of Bukowina Tatrzańska struggle with investors who want to introduce changes to the spatial policy. New areas meant for investment include large areas of agricultural land as well as of forest areas.
...
The estimation and analysis SWOT lead for the agroturistical farms showed that despite of significant points that make providing the service difficult (among the others, the lack of money or good promotion) one can observe a great potential of possibilities in the activities of a single entity. The choice of attrac-tions and possibilities of spending a free time, good accommodation conditions, are only a few from many factors that make the farm exist in the market. One needs to look for the difficulties in running such business mostly in the lack of beneficial but stimulating this service institutional, organizational and financial surfaces. The particular function of help to fully use the potential of the accommo-dation abilities should be given to local authorities, that give the greatest hopes to the hosts of agroturistical farms. The actions in the level of making the quality of the agroturistic product better should lead to making the offers for the one, spe-cific kind of customers. With regards to the advantages of Polish countryside, the basic goal should be the constant orientation on the strong relation between agri-cultural production and agrotourism. ...
Various factors can be used to evaluate agricultural production area. Fac-tors used in the common evaluation methods of agricultural area can be classified into two groups: natural and anthropogenic. Aim of this study is to present, the ex-isting evaluation methods of agricultural production area and the factors used for ist valorization. Factors which should currently be used in the evaluation of agri-cultural production area are proposed. ...
Prevention of waste management is prevention of waste - minimize or eliminate - directly at source, in the production process. The processing industry of wood is in the implementation of preventive strategies viewed as less problem-atic as the food industry. Wastes from wood processing, unless they contain haz-ardous substances are seen as by-products suitable for recycling both inside and outside the factory plant. Examples of cleaner production projects have been car-ried out in two consecutive years in the woodworking company. Unambiguously confirmed the benefits of prevention practices, in particular, cleaner production methods. ...
This paper presents a simplified method of assessing the impact of a motorway under construction on arable lands. The method developed makes it possible to determine all the losses resulting from and connected with the indi-cated problems of the motor-way impact. A basis for the determination of losses studied is the analysis of variations in land use, soil quality classes, and in the layout of agricultural roads along the axis of the designed motorway. It is as-sumed a measure of the multilateral impact of motorway on arable lands; this measure is a specific variant of lands value. The specificity of this value variant lies in the fact that while determining it, only the variation in the usefulness to ag-ricultural production is assessed. Therefore, it is a measure to valuate arable land usefulness in the agricultural production. Thus, this assumed measure of the mo-torway impact is not a market value. The estimated land value will be close to its market value only in typical agricultural regions where the key parameter to mould the land price is production potential of such lands. The presented method of assessing the motorway impact on arable land is exemplified by a section of ‘A-4' motorway; this ...
The aim of this paper is to present issues related to the development of wind energy in the province of Lower Silesia. The first part of the paper based on the source materials presents conditions for the development of wind energy. Only 25% of the province area is an area of the lowest conflicting potential. In Lower Silesia, there is only one wind turbine, but the economic factors increase the inter-est in these investments. In order to designate areas for the location of wind farms many municipalities in the Lower Silesia began in recent years to create the spa-tial development plans or to change them. The study shows the involvement of the investment process based on selected municipalities of this province. The basis for the sustainable development of wind energy should be well considered spatial management. Location decisions must be preceded by a deep analysis of natural, social and landscape conditions. Such process may limits the formation of invest-ment conflicts. ...
Water for water supply network of Kraków is withdrawn from the Rudawa river on the weir in Szczyglice. The withdrawn water is directed to two intake res-ervoirs, for pretreatment and storage to ensure water supply for the time of water quality decrease in the river. At the time of incorrect water quality in the reser-voirs (e.g.during eutrophication) water is withdrawn directly from the river. The water source is selected based on the water quality monitoring in order to provide best possible quality material to the waterworks. The paper presents the structure of water intake during the 8 year period. The percentage share of water with-drawn from the river and from the reservoirs in respect of the volume of treated water was analysed in each year. This percentage changes in time in favor of the intake reservoirs, from 32.0 in 2004 to 88.0% in 2010. The average share in the analyzed period of time reached the following values: intake directly from the river - 40.0%, reservoir I - 41.0%, reservoir II - 19.0%. Changes in the total per-centage of each source occur often, ranging from 100% use to complete resigna-tion from the source. Deteriorating water quality in summer (algae development, increase ...
Location is a major factor determining competitive level of today's service providers, including hotels. Location of a company in a specific place is decisive with respect to access of production factors, markets and ensures functioning within network structures. The cognitive objective os the paper is to assess spatial concentration of hotel facilities. The research material used in this paper is sec-ondary and has been acquired as a result of studies of statistics as well as literature of the subject and bibliographic studies. A descriptive method was applies which is one of induction research methods. The research covered all 16 provinces of Poland and the year of 2009. The study covered the following types of hotel facilities: hotels, motels, pensions, camping sites, hostels, youth hostels, overnight lodging facilities and campsites. Florence distribution index was applied to assess the spatial concentration of hotel facilities. The analysis of research results showed a low spatial concentration level of hotel facilities. The level of spatial concentration is differentiated depending on the type of hotel facilities. Overnight lodging facilities have a high spatial concentration level; middle spatial concentration level is characteristic for: youth hostels, pensions, camping sites, campsites and hostels while hotels and motels have low ...
Elaboration presents the role of the Regional Planning Management, func-tioning in Cracow in the province of Cracow during the period 1946-1949, in the postwar reconstruction of the village. It presents structure and main activities of the Regional Planning Management that took place in order to create proper zon-ing of the village. Elaboration also shows work program of the Management, in-cluding development of the regional plan of Cracow province, plans of local towns and villages and the need of parceling and merging of land in some counties.
...
The aim of the study was the comparison of the Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.) growth and the state of fauna of soil Acari in 2-year cultivations on the afforested post-military area as well as on the forest soil in District Żołędowo. Two-year old Scots pine seedlings - produced in field nurseries at mulching, organic fertiliza-tion and traditional treatments applied - were used for afferestation and renova-tion. Trials were carried out in the year 2009. The experiment included the follow-ing factors (treatments): the way of preparation of the area destined for afforestation - with sowing of lupin (A) or without lupin (B). The second factor was the way of seedling production used at forest nursery: 1 - compost with addi-tion of bark, without mulching, 2 - compost with addition of bark, with mulching, 3 - compost with addition of sawdust, without mulching, 4 - compost with addi-tion of sawdust, with mulching. All the results were compared with the control area (C) which was localized on the forest soil. On the base of chosen growth in-dices comparison in two-years' old Scots pine cultivation on the reclaimed post-military area, it was found that the treatment of lubin sowing did not influence significantly on ...
This paper presents the ecological risk factors related to the watercourses regulation and maintenance works on the small and medium-sized lowland water-courses found in Lower Silesia. These factors include: occurrences related to the execution of regulation and maintenance works, which have an impact on the eco-logical condition of the watercourses, probability of these occurrences and their consequences in the form of adverse ecological changes in the river beds. Based on the observed responses of aquatic vascular plants species to the technical inter-ference on a watercourse's bed, a detailed assessment of one of these factors - ecological changes in the watercourse's bed was made. Field studies were con-ducted during 2007-2008 on 44 sections of various unregulated, conserved and regulated watercourses. Research included identifying the species of aquatic macrophytes found in the streambed as well as determining the degree of cover-age.The field studies showed, that the regulation and maintenance works had an adverse impact on the aquatic plant species composition. In most cases species removed during the technical interference did not regenerate. In some transformed study sections the plant species abundant was lower than on the unregulated tran-sects. Only in rare cases the plant species abundant in the compared study sec-tions was ...
The most significant problem in contemporary climatology - climate warm-ing. Although not confirmed beyond any doubt, still numerous factors indicate climate change within the recent, relatively short period of time. In studies con-cerning the role of forest cover in the water balance of catchments researchers stressed considerable retention capacity of forested areas. This capacity influences an increased total runoff from catchments with higher forest cover in dry years and its reduction in wet years, as well as increased runoff in summer half-years and its reduction in winter half-years. In research on catchments with different degrees of forest cover they showed high retention capacity of catchments with a higher forest cover. This is evidenced by very uniform courses of monthly flows and relatively limited monthly changes in retention. Also in long-term studies con-ducted by the Department of Water Management, the Forestry Research Institute, under conditions found in lowland catchments a stabilizing effect of forest cover may be observed on water runoff from the area of the catchments, mainly a reduc-tion of its uneven distribution. Nowadays wetlands belong to one of the most threatened ecosystems. They are important biodiversity hot spots, habitats for pro-tected and endangered plant species and natural reservoirs for ...
Floods bring about great destruction, death and property loss. For many years, there has been a search for efficient methods to prevent this type of disaster as well as to reduce the tragic effects they cause. An important step in this matter was the Floods Directive passed by the European Parliament and the Council in October 2007. In Poland, one of many efforts towards preventing the effects of floods was the Act on Specific Principles Concerning Preparation of Implementa-tion of Flood Protection Projects passed in July 2010. Such projects include, e.g. bypass channels, flood protection polders, impounding reservoirs and flood banks. Acquisition of properties in connection to project implementation can proceed pursuant to the Act, e.g. by land consolidation proceedings. This paper presents a theoretical concept of a flood control study for the purpose of land consolidation works, indicating the main sources of spatial and descriptive data necessary for preparation of this type of study. They include, e.g. the results of studies and analyses concerning characteristics of the consolidation objects and a series of other materials thematically related to flood risk - such as preliminary assessments of flood risk, flood hazard maps or flood risk maps the preparation of which ...
The impact of fertilization with the compost prepared from treated sewage sludge with Scots pine bark additive and mulching with the fresh forest ectohumus on the soil conditions, chosen parameters of one-year old Scots pine seedlings growth as well as the occurrence of soil mites (Acari) with special emphasis of oribatid mites (Oribatida) was investigated in the paper. The trials were carried out in 2008 at forest nursery Białe Błota (Forest District Bydgoszcz) on the rusty soil. The whole area of the experiment was irrigated with the use of stationary sprinkling machine.Analysis of the soil pH in particular variants of the experiment indicated that the use of organic fertilization and mulching decreased pH value. Content of available phosphorus ranged from 5,51 to 7,64 mg P2O5 100g-1 of soil, and the higher values were noted on plots fertilized with the compost and mulched. Similar dependence was noted in case of the available potassium content. Scots pine seed-lings on plots fertilized with the compost were significantly higher than those grown on plots with mineral fertilization. Organic fertilization increased also sig-nificantly the fresh mass of the above-ground parts seedlings - on average, by 79%. Impact of mulching - carried out in September - ...
