Zeszyt: 2008, vol. 5 / 05
The research work contains estimation of the low-retention reservoirs, Jasionówka and Czapielówka, pollution level. Both reservoirs are located within the region of Green Lungs of Poland in the Podlaskie region. The Czapielówka impounding reservoir, in the examined period of time, had higher level of phosphates abundance, in comparison to Jasionówka reservoir. Concentration of all inorganic forms of nitrogen in the surface layer, in both water regions meets standards of first quality class. In the aspect of iron and manganese we can classify both reservoirs to the second class. Considering the concentration of organic compound (presented as CODMn) in both reservoirs met the norms characteristic for third class. Considering CODCr, Jasionówka low-retention reservoir met standards characteristic for fourth class, and Czapielówka- for fifth class of surface water quality. Color indicators in both analyses water regions were characteristic for fourth/ fifth class. The analysis of investigated factors showed, that Jasionówka Water Reservoir characterized lower level of trophic state than Czapielówka Reservoir. ...
This article is concerned with surface water quality with regard to the identification of its main factors influence on water quality state on the basis of two selected low-retention reservoirs in the Podlaskie. The aim of the work was to evaluate the pollution level in the reservoirs in Korycin and in Wasilków, and also to determine the seasonal changes in the contents of the selected physio-chemical indicators in characteristic measurement and control points of the reservoirs, from April 2007 to March 2008. There are many factors which affect the quality of the water in the reservoirs, for instance the natural processes of self-purification which occur with the participation of plant and animal organisms. The progress of the process being in the reservoirs as well as water outflowing quality depends on the water contamination degree that supply the reservoirs. The highest concentration of the analysed parameters were obtained in the reservoir in Wasilków. The water in Korycin had better quality. Most of the analysed physic- chemical indicators of water in both reservoirs were equivalent to I/III quality class, but colour, phosphates and COD-Cr were the disqualifying parameters of water quality. The reservoir in Korycin indicates a self-purifying capacity, whereas it was ...
Simulation of the increase in values and the frequency of precipitation deficiencies for cultivated crops have been carried out for the growing season (April– October). This simulation pertains to the Podkarpackie Province and takes into account following temperature increase scenarios: 1, 2 and 3oC. In this paper the agro-technical level was assumed for the end of the 20th century and sums and precipitation structure was assumed for the long-term period 1901–2000. The agricultural efficiency of precipitation was established using the multi-step regression analysis. This procedure was initiated in order to determine the dependency for dampness of the cover soil in reference to air temperature and precipitation. This study indicates that precipitation frequency during growing season along with precipitation deficiency will increase from 39% (during the period 1901– –2000) to 59, 76 and 92% respectively when we consider the above-mentioned temperature scenarios. There is a 5% probability of the increase of precipitation deficiencies during the period 1901–2000. Precipitation deficiencies will increase scenarios. ...
Basic work objective is determination of quality changes in superficial water connected with economic development in Bialystok district and creating basics to take action to improve water state and their protection from pollution, caused by influence of being-communal agriculture, protection against industrial pollutant, salinity and especially damaging environment substances. Researches was conducted during 3 years since 2005 to the end of 2007 in 12 researching points. Researches of water was conducted at angle of biogenous, aerobic and physical indicators according to obligatory standards and methodologies. There were made and investigation concerned to state of water supply and sewage disposal and rate of economic development in Bialystok district. Based on received information spotted, that with economic development gradually quality of sewage draining to water and superficial water is getting better, but it is still important to invest in water supply and sewage disposal facilities, like also in improvement of economic management. ...
The article presents results of research carried out on four “DUOFILTER” type septic tanks. Analysed objects made first step of living sewage treatment in household sewage treatment plants. As a second step of treatment vertical flow sand filter was applied. Sewage flow through the tank in each case was less than 1,0 m3*d-1. Septic tank consisted of three chambers: first – sedimental one and two flow ones, equipped with filter made of porous structures. The research was carried out during the period from October 2003 to May 2005. Concentrations of raw sewage pollutants were analysed – taken from the first chamber of the tank, and sewage primarily treated – taken on the outflow from the tank. Three indexes from the basic group: BOD5, CODCr, total suspended solids were physicochemically analysed. On the basis of the carried out results’ analysis, mean effectiveness of BOD5 was ascertained from 25,3 to 40,2%; CODCr from 32,4 to 43,5 %; total suspended solids from 35,9 to 56%. ...
The paper presents temporal and spatial differentiation of monthly and annual sums of atmospheric precipitation at three stations located in Cracow’s surroundings along a longitudinal profile: Garlica Murowana (representing the Cracow- Częstochowa Upland), Cracow-Botanical Garden (in the Vistula river valley) and Gaik-Brzezowa (in the Wieliczka Foothills, a part of the Carpathian Foothills), in the years 1971-2005. In summer, the precipitation was by 20% higher in Gaik-Brzezowa and in winter by 25% lower in Garlica than at other two stations. The highest mean annual precipitation sum was characteristic for Gaik: 747.5 mm (Table 1). The largest variability is typical for the precipitation in Garlica, especially in cold half-year (Figure 1). The highest annual precipitation sums were noted in 2001 in Garlica (865.2 mm) and Cracow (845.9 mm) and in 1974 in Gaik (1178.7 mm), while the lowest annual sums occurred everywhere in 1993 (446.1, 482 and 524.8 mm, respectively). The precipitation sums show large inter-annual variability, high irregularity and lack of any clear tendency (Table 2, Figure 2). Mean annual number of days with precipitation reached 132 mm in Garlica, 168 mm in Gaik and 216.4 mm in Cracow but in case of the days with daily precipitation sum ≥5 mm ...
The aim of this paper was to evaluate peat cover and water retention of the peat deposits in the Warta river basin. The total water resources of 972 peat deposits on the investigated area, considering water capacity index between 0,75 - 0,95, were calculated to 267,6 mln m3, and peatlands area index was β = 1,7%. Corrected inventory materials of peatlands in Poland were used for calculation. In terms of geology, among lowland bogs alder swamp-forest peat dominate (Alneti) and sedge peat (Cariceti) and sedge-reed peat (Cariceto Phragmiteti). Peat deposits of fluviogeneous and topogeneous alimentation prevail. Considering peatlands multifunctional importance, regional economy should always take notice of their hydrological function. ...
Paper presents theoretical background of „Programme of water retention increase in Mazowieckie Voivodship”. Special attention was paid on area evaluation and proposal of investments order. Evaluation of the voivodship area was focused on classification of regions, where increase of water retention is of high priority, average priority or Iow priority. Order of investments (construction or modernization) was based on evaluation results, but included additionally other factors as water ąuality, presence of protected areas, streams continuity maintaining, etc. Paper includes also guidelines for program implementation. ...
In paper a groundwater quality on sewerage and non-sewerage areas in chosen community was presented. Ten control points were localised in nonseweraged villages and two in seweraged one. Analyses were carried on in summer 2007. The colour, turbidity, reaction, conductivity, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, manganese, iron and amount of bacteria coli were analysed in each sample. Obtained results were put through statistical analyses in which an essential differences of groundwater pollution index values to be tested between seweraged and non-seweraged areas. ...
Due to various problems that occur during treatment the water containing significant amounts of humus substances, using classical methods, the thesis on possibility to apply the hybrid system to its purification has been proposed. The purpose of the combination was to achieve higher efficiency as compared to component processes. Studies allowed for finding that combining filtration in a ground, preliminary ozonization and reverse osmosis gives a possibility to get water of a constant quality, regardless the indices oscillations, to avoid products of humus substances degradation and to protect membranes against fouling. During initial stages of RO process, strong weakening of filtrate stream is observed, and then it is stabilized at constant level with subsequent decreasing after some time. Achieving a maximum efficiency is associated with finding the reason of permeate stream weakening during water treatment. ...
The Dobczyce Reservoir on the Raba River makes the main source of drinking water for the city of Krakow. This function requires very good water quality, which consequently limits other functions. The debate whether to allow certain form or recreation has been taking place for a long time. The paper presents the results of the questionnaire among the visitors of the area. People asked about their way of spending time over the reservoir, the most often chose the option “other” (78%), among which the most often was walk (24%). Sunbathing was mentioned by 46%, water bathing by 32% (despite the ban), angling by 18%, and water sports by 12%. The numbers do not sum up to 100, because the visitors could choose more than one option. 68% respondents regarded the cleanness of water as very good, good or rather good. The management in the area was assessed much worse: 66% regarded it rather unsatisfactory or unsatisfactory. ...
Small water reservoirs are principal elements of small retention. Reservoir built in Zarzeczany village (Gródek commune, Podlasie region) in 2000 is the example of such object. It is localized in wide, wet, and flat valley. Water to the reservoir is supplied by melioration ditch receiving waters from catchment runoff and, during summer droughts, from river Gleniówka. An apparent effect of surface runoff on water quality was observed in the reservoir. It was found that after the rainfall, values of many tested water parameters (color, turbidity, phosphates, COD-Mn, ammonia, nitrates) were increased. The concentration increase of indices responsible for water contamination with organic compounds at simultaneous relatively high color indicated the humus origin of that contamination. ...
Świnna Poręba reservoir was localized in 26.6 km of Skawa river. During the execution of the investment venture, which has lasted on and off from 1986, changes occurring in economy caused verification of main aims of the reservoir. An analysis of the changes of principles of the planned water management, caused by the changes of the main aims assigned for the multipurpose structure, as which the Świnna Poręba reservoir is considered, was carried out in the paper. An attempt of the initial assessment of the planned guidelines for water management of the reservoir being currently in construction in the aspect of tasks resulting from the Polish and European Union legislation was made. ...
The article presents effectiveness of sewage treatment in Dąbrowa Tarnowska treatment plant. The research was carried out in the period from January 2005 to September 2007. Two indexes from the basic group: BOD5, total suspended solids and from the eutrophic group: general nitrogen and general phosphorus were physicochemically analysed. Efficiency of treatment was on the low level, which concerns basic pollution indexes BOD5 and total suspended solids, as well as biogenic compounds (general nitrogen and general phosphorus). The reason for this may be bad technical state of the treatment plant, which was built in the sixties of the 20th century. The problem may be solved by building a modern sewage treatment plant, which allows to treat sewages up to the level admissible by the obliging Ordinance. ...
This paper presents the usability of EM-Farming™ preparation for work optimization of preliminary settling tanks. The settling tanks studied are the first units of soil-vegetable wastewater treatment plants where domestic sewage is purified. The preliminary results of the study as well as field observations suggest that EM-Farming™ application activates and supports pollutant removal in the settling tanks. The preparation use results in sewage system declogging, the reduction in deposit volumes, nearly total decomposition of sludge blanket and fats in the preliminary settling tanks as well as odour elimination and decrease in odour nuisance of the tanks. The preparation tested increases significantly the effectiveness of organic matter removal measured by decreases in BOD5, COD and total suspended solids. ...
The character of development of rural settlement units imposes the need for searching each time for optimal solutions with regard to sewage systems, including wastewater treatment plants. One may take into account household (local) treatment plants as well as the treatment plants that serve several or dozen households located close to one another within the compact, dispersed or open development. During this process one should not overlook the necessity for building collective wastewater treatment plants which consist one of the elements of collective sewerage system. The article presents technological, technical and economical aspects of the above-mentioned solutions which allow to choose optimal solutions for specified size and development of rural settlement units. Apart from its scientific character, the paper has also applicable value as it enhances decisions about choosing proper solutions of wastewater sewage systems at rural areas. ...
Based upon investigations the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in tributaries of the Dobczyce reservoir were determined. The investigations were carried out in the period between July and December 2003 and during the hydrological years 2005. The Dobczyce reservoir which is the source of water for Cracow has maximum volume of 125 mln m3. The Raba river is the main tributary of the reservoir. The reservoir is also supplied by own basin of area 78,2 km2 with several small streams having total area 64,4 km2. Apart from the Raba river streams of direct basin are suppliers of biogenic compounds to the reservoir. The work was based upon analysis of concentrations of NH4, NO3, NO2 i PO4 in samples of water taken from the following streams at their inflow to the reservoir bowl: Brzezówka, Ratanica, Trzemeśnianka, Dębnik and Wolnica. The samples were taken once a month. Obtained results point that the concentrations of biogenic compounds in water of direct tributaries did not determine serious threat for quality of water of the Dobczyce reservoir in the second half of 2003. The similar state was noticed in the hydrological year 2005. Waters of investigated streams in analyzed period were moderately abundant in ...
The volume of sludge produced in household wastewater treatment plants depends on sewage treatment methods. Other volume of sludge is produced in household treatment plants and another - in collective wastewater treatment plants. In the latter case, the type of technological system related only to the removal of compounds of organic carbon or to the removal of additional compounds of nitrogen and phosphorous are also of concern. The identification of volume of sludge that is being produced is very important from the point of view of its use. In accordance with the current law, the sludge can be used in agriculture or for reclamation of terrains designed for agricultural or non-agricultural purposes. Regardless of the way these terrains will be used, it is indispensable to dewater them and in many cases - also to disinfect them. And there the questions of how to resolve the problem of sludge’s dewatering emerges. First of all, should it be solved within the household sewage treatment plant or within the municipal sewage treatment plant located in the neighbourhood? In the case of the former, one can take into account either the dewater and bags system or fully mechanical facilities. ...
Variability of precipitation, evaporation and resulting of them climatic water balance influences particulary in the growing season on yield and quality of crops. Detailed values of these elements concerning particular years, months and even decades are necessary for determining terms and standards of irrigation, the best use of water resources of soil, studies in water-power engineering and for water supply. Based on collected material concerning precipitation, air humidity deficiency and mean wind velocity the values of climatic water balance were calculated. For determination of evaporation the Schmuck’s formula was used. Values of climatic water balance were determined as the difference between precipitation and calculated evaporation. The investigations were carried out in monthly system for warm season (IV–IX) and 20-year period summer season (1981–2000), analysing measurements data from 16 meteorological stations situated uniformly on the area of Poland. Obtained results were presented graphically, on climatic maps of the climatic water balance and its components, precipitation and evaporation. Analysis of climatic water balance in investigated period shows that highest water deficiency occurred respectively in August, July and May, and the lowest one in September, when in east part of the country the positive values were observed. The scope of water deficiency in ...
The results of estimation of the probable annual flood flows with the use of two various sets of data from a small agricultural lowland river are presented. The traditional statistical series are formed from the annual maximum (AM) flows of hydrological years. The other series for flood frequency analysis has been formed by selecting peaks over threshold discharges (POT). A computer program, developed by IMGW (Institute of Hydrology and Water Management), and spreadsheet were applied for frequency analysis with the use of AM series and POT series, respectively. Results of computations with the use of AM and POT data indicate for nonsignificant differences in probable flood flows. ...
From several years in Poland last studies related with Water Framework Directive implementation (WFD) or Directive 2000/60/WE. All of these studies aim to develop river basin management plans for river basin districts, in this areas of international river basin districts. The time horizon is the year 2015, till when multi-purpose water bodies (according to the art. 2 point 10 WFD) should reach good status. According to WFD and Water Law records among elements, and practically stages aiming to develop river basin management plans, is to indicate main issues of water management (IP). The half-year consultation process, called IP review currently last in Poland. On the questions, what are main water management issues in the WFD understanding and what form will they reach in the first planning cycle in Poland, this report tried to answer. The base for analysis were studies from years 2004–2006 for the “Upper Vistula” pilot river basin and actually being performed “Main water management issues review for the river basin districts”. ...
