Zeszyt: 2007, vol. 4 / 4 / 1
The reduction of flood effects may be attained by lowering the risk of flood. This often requires complex works not only on the assessment of conveyance of the open channel on the territory exposed of flood but also of the capacity of the upper part of the river channel. Great cost for decrease of flood damages can be avoided by improving the conveyance of the channel. This can be proceeded by assessment of the existing state of the open channel development. In result of assessment of damages caused by overflow from the the Czarna Woda channel it was established, that a water-muddy wave reached the center of the locality Łącko flowing over the whole width of the urbanized adjacent part of the valley. The aim of the studies was to point out the causes of flood threat to the locality Łącko. The state of development and conveyance of the Stream Czarna Woda, flowing across the upper districts and the center of Łącko was assessed. The Stream Czarna Woda flows in a trained open channel constructed by a stoneconcrete channel. The performed evaluation of conveyance capacity of cannel permits to identify sections of low conveyance of the stream. The performed measurements ...
The results of works on the study of the flood protection for Małopolska voivodship are presented in the paper. More in detail the conditionings connected with the principles of the modern water policy and methodical aspect of the study are discussed. ...
The one of the Polish rivers richest in water with substantial flood hazard and important hydro-energy potential. Two large flood protection and hydroenergy schemes were constructed on the Upper Dunajec: Rożnów-Czchów and Czorsztyn-Sromowce Wyżne. Lower Dunajec extends downstream from the Czchów hydraulic barrage to the outflow to the Vistula and is 67.4 km long. Construction of two large hydraulic schemes resulted in the increase of the low and average discharges, however, simultaneously important disturbance of sediment transport occurred. A large amount of sediment is deposited in the reservoirs. As the result of this process, significant erosion was observed along the Lower Dunajec reaching in some places even 4 m. This process was increased by the sediment exploitation from the river channel. Due to flood problems several training works were executed along the Lower Dunajec. All these resulted in lowering of the river channel, which became a draining river. Stabilization of the river channel is possible by means of the construction of special weirs with inflatable gates. Construction of the weirs gives the possibility of using heads for hydro-energy. It is proposed to construct small hydraulic power plants, which would operate during low and average discharges. ...
Estuary. During the winter inundations, this lake constitutes the receiver of ice jam from the river. This lake is intensively silted by river sediments type sand, silt and clay, delivered mainly by Regalica (the eastern branch of Odra) and by the rivers Ina and Płonia. The water volume of the lake decreased during 34 years (1962–1996) by 12,1 mln m3. The mean increase of sediments volume is equal 356 000 m3 * year-1. The processes of sedimentation and erosion of muds are complicated by the waving of water level and by superficial and bottom currents. These currents are generated so by river inflow as by wind, causing changes of sea level during storms. Through this lake goes the main navigation way between Schwedt and the Pomeranian Bay. Its deepening is planned in the period 2007–2011, by dredging of 810000 m3 of bed sediments. This fairway has following parameters: length 14,5 km, width 150 m and depth 10m. The geotechnic measurements have shown that the thickness of muds is equal 3-5 m. The cohesive sediments contain 10-30% of organic matter and have a liquid consistency. Below the organic sediments, mainly fine sands occur. The muds are polluted, mainly by heavy metals ...
The Lower Odra is located between the Warta mouth and the Odra Roztoka. It has the character of lowland river, with low averaged energy gradients, smaller than 0.3‰. The flow of water and sediments takes place in the zone of subcritical movement. One can distinguish three sectors of Lower Odra, having different character: – the reach between the Warta mouth and Bielinek, behaving as a typical river, – the sector Bielinek – Gryfino, with influence of both river and sea, – the reach below Bielinek, typical for sea influence. The influence of wind and of high sea levels is marked mainly on the two last sectors. The transport of bed load, suspended load and wash load is observed in the whole Lower Odra. The bed sediments are composed mainly of sands and of fine gravels. Their grain size is decreasing in the downstream direction. The continuous bed load transport takes place in principle during the whole year. An important resistance component is this one concerning the bed load transport, related so to the grain roughness as to the bed forms roughness. The global coefficients of flow resistance for the Lower Odra were determined on the base of classic Manning formula ...
The article presents the interpretation of the DPSIR (Driver - Pressure - State - Impact - Response) analysis in the context of flood protection planning. The interpretation is based on the results obtained in the course of DPSIR analysis' application for the purposes of the research project entitled “Study on the flood protection of Malopolskie Voivodship” carried out in 2006 by the Institute of Water Engineering and Water Management, Cracow University of Technology. ...
The earth dam of water reservoir in Gołuchów is equipped with essential measuring instruments. During long-term exploitation groundwater conditions researches have been carried out and dam’s deformation have been measured using piezometers and repers. As a result of progressive self-sealing process of reservoir, some minor improvements of groundwater conditions of the dam has been observed. Geodetic measurements allowed to estimate a correctness of outlet facilities function during reservoir exploitation and dam deformation as well. ...
The paper summarizes the results of the work done in orders to evaluate the possibility of changing the function and utilization of rubble dosing dam on the Wieprzówka I mountain stream in order to create an artificial lake and ensure that the water level in the reservoir remains the same. The artificial lake will be valuable from the point of view of tourism and what is more it will improve the water retention of the valley. A rubble dosing dam protects the river bed by reducing the bed slope and water velocity and what is more by controlling the bedload transport so that accumulation takes place up the dam. The dam does not stop bedload transport because there are openings which dose the fine material. The fine material can be transported even if the rubble dosing dam is filled up, so the hydrodynamic equilibrium and the connection between upstream and downstream sections of the river is maintained. Hydraulic seal of the rubble dosing dam and the exploitation of accumulated bed material will break the hydrodynamic continuity of the river channel and cause erosion below the dam – a process against which the dam should protect. Field measurements carried out on ...
The storage reservoir “Besko” on the River Wisłok consists of two part: the main part, on the River Wisłok (volume of about 11 mln m3), and the other one, the side part, on the River Czernisławka – contributory of the River Wisłok (volume of about 3 mln m3). The research covered this side part of the reservoir. Physical properties of the bottom sediments were determined among others the granulometric composition according to Prószyński by use of two method: with addition of a deffloculant Na2CO3 and without, showing significant differences. Chemical properties were also determined among others the pH reaction, percentage content of organic particles and also presence of heavy metals – cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel, lead, zinc – and depending on it sediments were qualified for agriculture use. According to preliminary results the bottom sediments belong to first degree or not higher than second of chemical pollution what qualifies them for agriculture use and improvement of agricultural grounds. According to the accepted Polish standards either all agricultural crops (at zero pollution) or at the second degree of pollution with heavy metals, fodder crops, root crops can be cultivated or this grounds can be used as pastures. Increments of sediments in ...
Intensywne wezbrania powodziowe w powiecie wadowickim w ciągu ostatnich lat spowodowały znaczne straty materialne. Do powstałych szkód należy zaliczyć zniszczenia obiektów mostowych, spowodowane w większości przypadków poprzez zatory z rumoszu drzewnego. W wyniku badań terenowych i analiz określono warunki przepływu wód wezbraniowych w potoku Wieprzówka. Badaniami objęto górną część zlewni o powierzchni 5,33 km2, zamkniętą przekrojem mostowym. Obliczono przepływy o określonym prawdopodobieństwie przewyższenia metodą Punzeta i tzw. formuły opadowej. Przepływ miarodajny Q1% posłużył obliczeniu przepustowości mostu w dwóch wariantach: przy braku zatoru i dla zatoru z rumoszu drzewnego. Powstające zatory powodują zmniejszenia czynnego pola przekroju, wpływając niekorzystnie na warunki przepływu wód wezbraniowych. Rozwiązanie konstrukcyjne mostu w km 27+500 potoku Wieprzówka, jak również jego sytuowanie umożliwia przepuszczenie całości przepływu miarodajnego, wynoszącego 32,31 m3·s-1, pomimo spiętrzenia równego 0,97 m. W przypadku utworzenia się zatoru zamykającego ponad 50% powierzchni przekroju poprzecznego mostu nastąpi szybki wzrost spiętrzenia, doprowadzając do zatopienia belki przęsła mostu, wystąpienia wody z koryta i ewentualnego rozmycia dna potoku. Przeprowadzona analiza wskazuje na konieczność prowadzenia systematycznych prac konserwacyjnych strefy przybrzeżnej koryt. ...
The paper contains preliminary results of investigations on transformations of organic and biogenic compounds in small water reservoir. The reservoir Górny Młyn near Końskie (Świętokrzyskie District) located on the Czysta river was chosen as an object of investigations. The bases of analysis were hydrological and chemical investigations covering measurements of water volume inflowing and flowing from the reservoir as well as determination of its chemical composition. The investigations which covered six measurements series were carried out between May and July in the year 2006. The following indicators of pollution were determined in laboratory by means of reference methods in taken samples of water: BOD2, P-PO4, N-NH4, N-NO2 and N-NO3. Hydrometric measurements showed that the main source of alimentation of investigated reservoir is the reservoir Szawelnia located above, from which inflow to the Górny Młyn reservoir fluctuated between 0,003 do 0,120 m3⋅s-1. Taking into account small stream „without name”, the total amount of water inflowing to the reservoit during investigations was on an average 0, 055 m3⋅s-1, while the amount of flowing from the reservoir was on an average 0,051 m3⋅s-1. The crucial influence on quality of water inflowing and flowing from the decanter had concentration of nitrite nitrogen, which several ...
The paper presents the effects of applied river engineering works and its influence on the changes of chosen hydraulics parameters along a reach of the mountainous stream. It was done by presenting the regime of the stream before and after river engineering works. The key parameters used for the hydraulics analysis were: stream velocity, shear stresses, stream power and finally the unit stream power. The research area was located in Polish Carpathians in the Beskid Sredni Mountains. The research stream is called the Cedron and the research reach is located close to Radziszow municipality around 30 kilometers from Krakow. The research was carried out in 2003 (before the river engineering works, after the major flooding in the region) and in 2004 after finishing river training works, which were mostly targeted to stop the bottom of the river and its banks from erosion. To carry on the research 6 cross sections were chosen where detailed velocities of running water were measured in the velocity profiles. Later the rest of analyzed hydraulics parameters such as stream power and shear stresses were calculated. The results were presented in graphical manner (fig. 1-4) and analyzed. In final conclusions it was pointed out, that all ...
The aim of the following paper was to present the level of the chosen trace elements such as: Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn which were deposited within the bottom sediments in the region of hydraulic structures. Special attention was put to sediments trapped in the pools of check-dams and small channel bars found along the channelized parts of the mountain streams. The research was conducted on three Polish Carpathian streams: the lłynne stream, the Kudowski, and the Lubanski stream – all in the Gorce Mountains. All of the investigated streams are partly channalized and partly are in natural conditions. The contamination was stated in sediments of the Mlynne Stream in case of Ni, Cu and Cr. The sample were collected upstream the barrage (Ni and Cu) and ad the barrage Cr. The plant covers were determinated mainly by hydraulic structures. In case of vegetation the biggest anthropopression was stated in upstream of barrage sections located on the Mlynne and Kudowski Streams. ...
The aim of the presented researche was to examine the morphological changes of the degraded sectors of the stream Smolnik, caused by two floods. The changes of the hydrodynamic conditions were estimated because of its decisive influence on sediment transport intensity and thus on the investigated channel sector geometry. The surveying measurements of the longitudinal profile and cross sections of channel were carried out. The granulometric composition of the bed and the bank material was determined also. Results of this researche are basis for calculation and for analysis of the studied process. Volumes of material eroded from the banks and from the bed channel as well of the sediment deposited on the bed channel were calculated. The Bagnold equation was applied for estimation of sediment transport intensity. The noticed changes along the channel are illustrated by the situational outlines, where area of undercuts of banks pits and bars are showed. ...
The main goal of research presented here is an analysis of nature reserve impact on the performance of the lowland Jeziorsko Reservoir. The Jeziorsko Reservoir is located between sections at km 484+300 and km 503+800 on the Warta River reach. It is multipurpose reservoir working in annual scheme. In 1998 the Nature Reserve "Jeziorsko" was created by Ministry of Environment, Nature Resources and Forestry. The Nature Reserve is located in the upper part of the Jeziorsko Reservoir. Due to that fact one may observe intensive process of sediment accumulation in the upper part of the reservoir. This process is totally free of man's actions, what means it is not disturbed by any hydro-engineering works. In the paper the analysis of vegetation growth and sediment deposition processes is presented. As the result of these processes the water levels in the backwater part of the Jeziorsko Reservoir are significantly are raised, what causes increase of flood risk in the nearby areas. ...
The present paper contains results of researches carried out on the Slomka stream, which is very intensively erosive. A study reach is limited to the channel section being 367 meters in length, with local changes of the bed slope. It woe surveyed in detail and related to data on discharge, channel changes after floods and grain-size distribution of the bed material we have noted that river bank undercuts were dominant forms of bank erosion witch was the most important process for the channel bed modeling. The bed configurations of type chutes and pools were observed because of multiple roughness related to variation in stream power, shear stress, and grain-composition of the bed material. This parameters, longitudinal profiles, volume of eroded material, and intensity of sediment transport have been determined and calculated on the basis of the measuring results. ...
Current state of municipal waste management in Poland has been established during the last 50 years. Unfortunately, except the last 10 years this period in the Central and Eastern Europe was characterized by gross negligence in all branches of economy, including also carelessness in the sphere of waste management, the results of which have been intensifying and will be perceived for many years. The changes which in Western Europe occurred after the Second World War stimulated progressive technological development and simultaneous cultural development. In Poland the systemic transformations after 1989 happened rapidly, which led to a tremendous increase in consumption and in turn raised the amount of generated municipal wastes. In near future Polish legal system will have to adjust to the regulations in force in the European Union. In the area of municipal economy one of the most important regulations is the Directive of the Council of Europe No. 99/31/WE dated 26 April 1999 on waste deposition. The directive requires reduction of the contents of biodegradable substances deposited on municipal landfill sites. According to article 18 par. 1 of the directive, municipal wastes, which undergo biodegradation and are brought to the landfills after 1 May 2009 must be reduced ...
The Białka stream is a tributary to the Biała river with a basin area of 31.4 km2. In its upper course the catchment is situated on the south-eastern slopes of the Beskid Śląski Mountains. The research was conducted was to compute the area of the Białka river upper catchment limited by a planned dam. The area computations were conducted automatically by GPS device (GARMIN GPS map 76S) from the recorded trace which proceeded along the catchment boundaries. The catchemnt boundaries were marked by the watershed line passing through the highest peaks in this region: Szyndzielnia (1023 m a.s.l.). Klimczok (1117.0 m a.s.l) and Magura (1115.0 m a.sl) and the site of the planned retention reservoir. The conducted measurements comprised the surface leveling of the catchment fragment. The measurement was made using GPS technology for determining location points, whereas the altitudes of points were determined by GPSmap 76S built-in altimeter. The digital barometrical altimeter was calibrated each time prior to measurements to known points of the base line. The points were recorded automatically with time interval of every 10 seconds, whereas the characteristic points were recoded using MARK functions and a description was added. The data was elaborated initially using Trip ...
