The aim of the paper is to illustrate the results of the long-term research performed on swamp areas of the Forest Promotional Complex (FPC) “Lasy Rychtalskie”. The research project comprehended hydrological, chemical and geotechnical field studies performed on forest swamp areas to assess current state conditions of forest management and forest ecosystems, predict changes and identify the threats to ecosystem stability. The Forest Promotion Complexes are a functional areas in peculiarities about to ecological meaning, educational and social. The own name FPC “Lasy Rychtalskie” is accepted from a situated forests on precinct Rychtal of Forest Inspectorate Syców. This forests of precinct are celebrated from ekotype ordinary pine, about unrepeatable genetic values, confirmed in scientific investigations. The study covered forest swamp areas of the FPC “Lasy Rychtalskie”. To detailed investigations are selected three experimental areas, microcatchments and 6 transects transverse to forest roads situated or in frames above mentioned areas or in their immediate nearness. Chosen microcatchments are situated, that lie in wholes on marshland areas. On experimental areas are installed 51 of wells to measurements of ground water levels and 3 Thomson overflows on rivers. From all of bore-holes were received samples of soils to standard researches in laboratory – ...
Within the framework of the small retention program location of 65 reservoirs and 4 polders was determined. Their total capacity will permit retention of 38 hm2 water and the estimated cost of building was about 1,03 mld złote [„Program małej retencji…” 2004]. Small water reservoirs undergo quick silting and the time laps of their silting is hazard to define. The paper presents possibilities of forecasting of small water reservoirs silting basing upon data gained from measurements of silting quantity from years 1969–1983 and 1999–2006. Two reservoirs at Zesławice i.e. the main reservoir before and after desiltation and the sidereservoir which was passed over for exploitation after desiltation of the main reservoir. The paper aims at determination of the influence of the side-reservoir on silting intensity decrease in the main reservoir. The time laps after which the reservoirs will be silted in 80% was calculated. Forecasting of water reservoir silting was made according to Gončarov’s formula. Determination of the quantity of load deposition after the first years of exploitation - R1 cause of principal difficulties in elaboration of forecasts. Disposing of measurements of silting quantities in consequent years this quantity was calculated after transformation of the equation to the form permitting ...
The Province of Małopolska is an exceptional region in many respects. It is also very important for the proper functioning of both the economic and social life, and the natural environment in Poland. Upon the integration of Poland into the European Union, a unique chance appeared for the people in Poland living in rural regions to relatively quickly improve their economic situation. But first of all, an opportunity materialized to regulate and control processes associated with water circulation and water erosion, as well as with the necessity to protect water resources and natural biocenoses, which were disturbed and deteriorated by the past too intense development of agriculture in this region. Owing to the present EU agricultural policy, it is now possible for Poland to receive considerable financial means from the EU funds. The condition is that farmers in this region have to introduce comprehensive agro-technical measures and facilities along with initiating large-scale agro-environmental operations, and to expansively perform them. In many areas of the region, the agricultural production of agricultural farms should be linked with the protective and conservatory actions. Also, in the near future, the pure production agriculture in the region should be transformed into multifunctional agriculture. Agriculture, which ...
The article shows a characteristic of nature-economic conditions in the Chęciny commune. The author attempts to describe the main non-agricultural sectors and their role in farther socio-economic development of the commune. The undertaken analysis proves, that the area in multi-functionality. This paper presents some important actual problems that restain the socio-economic development of the Chęciny town and commune. It has proved that rural areas are strongly diverse as regards both conditions and disproportions in social-economic development. The natural and landscape conditions of this region are propitious to development of some forms of rural enterprises. The possibilities of rural areas multifunctional development are connected with using the geographical environment terms and favourable location and also human work resources. Creating the new places of work out of agriculture is an important factor of agriculture restructuring and modernization. The main aim of this paper was also to describe the current stage and the main factors effecting the social-economical development of Chęciny commune. The development of agrotourism and tourism could be an alternative form of activities for rural areas, not only in Chęciny commune. At present the development of agrotourism and tourism is one of the most popular ways of economical restructurisation. The development ...
In this study characteristics of drilled wells and artesian waters taken from them that occured in the formations of Quaternary, Miocene, Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic and Carboniferous period of the Extra Carpathian part of Małopolska province, was presented. The study area includes the central and northern part of Małopolska province, where such a morphological and tectonic units like Oświęcim and Sandomierz Valleys (the Carpathian Depression), Miechów (Nida) Trough, Śląsko-Krakowska Upland (Monocline) and Górnośląska Upland (Depression) were located. The artesian waters of study area taken from 116 drilled wells with depth from about 14,5 (Quaternary) to 1923,5 m (Miocene) and unitary yield from 0,001(Jurassic) to 375,0 (Triassic) m3·h-1·m-1 were characterised by artesian pressure from 2,0 up to 702,1 m H2O and useful pressure from 0,1 up to 18,5 m H2O. The unitary yield of Quaternary wells varied from 0,54 to 7,06 m3·h-1·m-1, Miocene wells 0.01–10.38 m3·h-1·m-1, Creatceous 0.03–52.94 m3·h-1·m-1, Jurassic 0.001-14.8 m3·h-1·m-1, Triassic 9.35-375.0 m3·h-1·m-1 and Carboniferous 2.99 m3·h-1·m-1. The highest unitary yield was detected in Triassic and the lowest in Quaternary formation. The artesian pressure ranged from 10.0 to 50.0 m H2O and useful pressure 1.0–5.0 m H2O characterised majority of wells in the study area, respectively 43 (36.8% of all) ...
The work contains the evaluation of work of the small rural sewage treatment plant servicing citizens of the Michniów village (Suchedniów community, Świętokrzyskie Province). The basic element of process line is the activated sludge reactor of sequential work, so called SBR. The bases for evaluation elaboration were data allowed by a user of the object. There were: results of treated sewage volume and results of BOD5, COD5 and total suspension in not treated and treated wastes determinations, coming from years: 2004-2005. In the regarded two-years period hydraulic charge amounted meanly: in the first year about 75%, in the next year about 89% of designed output, that is 35 m3·d-1. In the same period in raw sewage average content of BOD5 (577,8 mgO2⋅dm-3) and total suspension (488,8 mg⋅dm-3) were 1,5 times higher, and CODCr content (1124,9 mgO2⋅dm-3) even 2 times higher than the ones taken in the object design stage. This conjuncture, in situation when sewage treatment plant rejected sewage which were bringing by waste removal tankers could be a proof of illegal pumping contents of house cesspools into sewers sanitary, in case of this properties, which are not connect with yet. In these exploitation conditions the waste purification effects in ...
The article presents analysis structure consumption water by residents water- system in commune Drwinia situated in małopolska province. Commune Drwinia has area 108,8 km2 and there are 13 villages. Currently on the terrain lives about 6300 residents. The water-system serve with The Company Watersystem and Sewer-system in Bochnia. After building and giving water-system to use part of residents stilling from individual source delivery in water and don’t connect to water-system. Generally from water-system using about 77% households. In individual of villages amount connects to varies with from 53% to 93%. Few persons using water from water-system and out of habit people to conserve water causes much of discrepancy between projects using water and real using water. In projects accepted using water per one person 140 liter per day, however in last there years consumption was on the commune about 33 liter per day for one person. This is smaller from projects about 77%. Water-system (diameter pipelines and water speed) was designed and made for bigger flows water them is currently. In results water is more time them can, what maybe cause again contamination. This situation occur often in summer time when using water is less from project. One of manner ...
Two soil profiles at Kruszyn Krajeński near Bydgoszcz were studied at the paper. Characteristic of soils and their water properties were determined. Air temperature (t) values and rainfall amounts (P) in particular months of vegetation period (April–September) in 1997–2006 for the investigated area were given. The vegetation period was characterized by mean air temperature 14,4 °C, ranging in particular years from 13,4 to 15,2 °C. Rainfall total during the vegetation period amounted on average 283,4 mm, ranging from 177,5 to 377 mm. Potential evapotranspiration (Etp) amounts were also determined using Grabarczyk’s formula. Irrigation requirements under the considered soil-climatic conditions were determined according to the following Drupka’s proposal: rainfall total (P) in the vegetation period as well as potential evapotranspiration (Etp) and difference Etp – P. Irrigation is needed when rainfall is lower than 370 mm, Etp is higher than 515 mm, and difference Etp – P is higher than 150 mm. On the base of rainfall amounts in vegetation period it can be stated that in years 1997-2006 irrigation requirements have been occurred in 8 seasons, and in two remaining years irrigation also could be needed because rainfall amounts were slightly higher from 370 mm (only by 4 and 7 ...
In a article presented amount in flow sewage and frequency occur of characteristic in flow sewage to sewage treatment plant in Głogow Malopolski. The period of research took there years 2003–2005. In this time was measure days in flow sewage. On the basis of register in flow described amount in flow sewage in selected days of week. In 2003 supply sewage in days week was even, this is non of days in flow of sewage was bigger or lower content. In analysis year in flow was from 626,9 m3⋅d-1 to 703,1 m3⋅d-1. Middle in flow was 657,3 m3⋅d-1. In next year 2004 keep a recorded considerable growth in flow sewage on over 100% with relation to year 2003. This growth cause was extending sewage system and connected next households to sewage system. In 2004 year also non of big of difference in flow sewage in selected days of week. Middle in flow in this time was 1317,2 m3⋅d-1. Bigger unevenness in flow wrote down in 2005 year. The smaller sewage in flow in wednesdays – 1348,3 m3⋅d-1, however the biggest in sundays – 1548,6 m3⋅d-1. Middle in flow was bigger in 2005 year them previous year almost 13% and was ...
The article presents the state of selected elements of municipal infrastructure in rural areas in Poland as per provinces. The level of infrastructure in individual provinces was described using five elements: house water connections, house sewers of combined sewer system, individual rural sewage treatment plants, landfill sites and water treatment plants. The above mentioned analysis is based on comparable parameters, i.e. reduced to a “common denominator”, such as the number of house water connections, house sewers of combined sewer system and the number of rural individual treatment plants were converted to 1000 houses in the individual area, whereas landfill sites and water treatment plants were converted to 100 thousand inhabitants of the province. The evaluation of municipal infrastructure in rural areas in individual provinces used data provided by the Main Statistical Office as of the end of 2005. The paper attempts to compare individual provinces with respect to their municipal infrastructure. Considering house water connections number, the situation was best in the opolskie and dolnośląskie provinces and the worst in the malopolskie and podkarpackie. If combined sewerage of the whole area is taken into consideration, the greatest number of water house connections was registered in the pomorskie and zachodniopomorskie provinces ...
This dissertation presents a method of valuation of the effects of land consolidation executed within the area of Wojków village, Mielec discrict where the greatest importance was assigned to comparing the transportation network of selected group of household dwellings before and after execution of agricultural engineering works. The aforementioned village underwent the process of land consolidation in 2002–2005, which enabled for acquiring date in the form of numerical cadastral map in relation to the status both before and after the land consolidation process. The scope of land consolidation covered the area 612 ha, the number of households was 438 (as for the moment of commencement of the process) and the number of land plots was almost 1400 (during consolidation works this number was reduced to 833 land plots). The land consolidation was executed by Geodesy and Agricultural Land Consolidation Office in Cracow. The subject of presentation is the way of acquiring and preparation of input data for designed calculation procedures. Moreover, rule of procedure for valuation as well as algorithms used for determining the shortest route between a household dwelling and plots that form it were also described. Also presented and debriefed were the results of calculation, which for the ...
In Poland problem of planned water-sewage on villages require improvement. Union directive of obligate our country to regulate to 2015 year. Finance which haw local government on villages territory are insufficient on needs building sewage-system and sewage treatment plants. People witch living on this territory are mostly people at small income and they haw not many for sewage-system. Many villages commune should be get many from European Union for investments connected with sewage. In article presented analysis amount of sewage out flow witch selected entities companys and amount pollutions include in sewage in period 2003–2004 years. To analysis chose 20 industrial plants working on area commune Mielec deliver sewage to sewage treatment plant i.e. Rolmlecz, Szpital Powiatowy, Matbud, Hotel Jubilat, MKS, Pasaż, PKS, Reg-Benz, MPB, Piekarnia Konieczny, Bibmot, Techmix, R&G, Piekarnia Taran, Metalpol, Piekarnia Weryński, Wabex, Kar-Lux, PKN Orlen, Serwis Center. The load of pollutions specific established for indexes pollutions: BOD5, COD, total suspension, ammonia nitrogen and ether extract. Amount of sewage from all industrial plants in time there years was average 22,7 m3·d-1. In flow sewage from individuals industrial plants was on big diverse and was from 2,8 m3·d-1 to 160,0 m3·d-1. The biggest participation in all totality of ...
The condition of the continuous existence of the forest ecosystem is the presence of balance of major processes of metabolisms. Each significant change in the chemical balance in the environment brings about disturbances of homeostasis, quantitative and qualitative succession of the major components of both plant and animal world, resulting in degradation of the forest environment. It is necessary to monitor forest environment to control changes in the environment. The network of forest monitoring is based on the fixed observation spots (SPO) of row I and II. Forest monitoring is a system of forest environment evaluation description and sanitary condition on the basis of continuous or periodical observations and measurements of the selected indicators in the observation spots. An additional duty is to fulfill the obligations undertaken by Poland concerning the frame of the Transborder Long Distance Migration of Pollution Convention, Biodiversity Convention, as well as the Strasburg resolution and Helsinki Paneuropean Conference of Ministers called to discuss Forest Protection in Europe, and EU directive Forest Focus Nr 2152/2003. The process of changes and adjustments of the monitoring to the EU demands began in 2004. The state forest monitoring programme introduced then the principle of two-level differentiating of the density ...
The studies focus on analysis of chosen conditions of tourism development in mountain rural areas. The article presents studies which covered mountain rural communes of the sląskie province. A total of eight communes were analyzed in view of tourist traffic (Istebna, Jelśnia, Koszarawa, Milówka, Rajcza, Ślemień, Ujsoły and Węgierska Górka), of which only six were selected for further analysis because statistics did not reveal any persons using sleeping facilities in two of them (Koszarawa and Ślemień). The analysis was conducted to determine priorities for extension of technical and economic infrastructure for special purposes in the field of tourism. Analysis of the directions of changes concerns technical and economic infrastructure for special purposes in the field of tourism, including sleeping facilities, catering businesses, health resort infrastructure and tourist infrastructure. On the basis of the analysis it may be stated that a factor inhibiting tourism development in all communes, except Rajcza is the state of health resort facilities. The most backward district in this respect is Milówka. Here, in order to activate tourist traffic extension of sleeping facilities and objects of tourist infrastructure is recommended in the first place. In comparison with the other communes, accommodation facilities are best developed in the ...
The paper presents the results of studies conducted in 2005 on the opinions of inhabitants from the selected communes of the świętokrzyskie province on factors determining multifunctional rural development. The studies, conducted using directed interviews covered a total of 493 respondents, who were classified into three groups differentiated as to their ages, level of education and social status. The results of studies confirm the suppositions that preferences of individual respondent groups concerning the factors of multifunctional rural development are diversified. ...
