With the financial support of the European Union, as part of the Twinning Project PHARE PL/IB/2001/EN/02 "Implementation of NATURA 2000 Network in Poland", management plans of selected sites within the NATURA 2000 network have been prepared. The project was carried out by IUCN with considerable support from the French Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development and the Polish Ministry of the Environment. Part of this project, apart from preparing plans of management of selected pilot areas within the NATURA 2000 network, was preparing methodological tools for area management. Among other things, programmes have been prepared for the management of two existing sites: a bird site “The Małopolska Vistula Gap” (PLB140006) and a habitat site “The Zwolenka River Valley” (PLH140006) as well as a planned habitat site “The Vistula Gap in Małopolska. The following strategic aims in protecting habitats and species have been formulated:
1. Sustaining natural processes that shape the Vistula Valley, maintaining suitable habitat conditions for ecosystems to function, especially maintaining and, if necessary, recreating appropriate water relations as well as maintaining the high quality and appropriate physico-chemical composition of local waters.
2. In forest ecosystems and plantings in the Vistula Valley the main strategic aim is sustaining or re-naturisation of ...
The paper outlines the chosen problems of technical infrastructure, settlement and environmental protection – included in the National Strategic Framework of Reference (NSRO) for the years 2007–2013. Transport infrastructure of Poland is backward and underinvested. The length of highways in 2006 amounted to 674 km, and the express ways – 257 km. Bad condition of railway infrastructure and rolling stock constitutes the main problem of railway transport. The length of railway lines under exploitation decreased in the years 2000–2005 from 22,6 thousand km to 20,3 thousand km, and the railway network density from 7,2 km /100 km2 to 6,5 km/100 km2, however it still exceeds the mean value for the EU countries by 5 km/100km2. Energetic infrastructure bases almost entirely (92%) on the non – renewable sources mainly fuels, and is thus one of the main sources of environmental pollution. The technical condition of the country energetic network, as well as gas pipes, do not threaten the safety of energetic supply for receivers. For the last ten – odd years environmental infrastructure has been developing in a proper way. One may observe the increase of the protected lands area (at present 32,5% of the total country area); a significant progress ...
The aim of the study was to evaluate the precipitation needs of mid-late and late potato using the method of cluster analysis. The research material was based on the results of COBORU (Research Centre for Cultivar Testing) experi-ments carried out in 1972–2001 for the pattern of mid-late and late potato grown on soils of rye complexes, at 23 research stations all over Poland. Meteorologi-cal data: monthly precipitation and the mean temperature of air during the vege-tation of potato were gathered from all the meteorological points functioning at COBORU experimental stations or from the nearest IMGW (Institute of Meteorology and Water Management) stations. For the evaluation of precipitation needs of potato the method of generalized cluster analysis was used. As a result of the method used, three clusters were selected. They differed significantly with regard to the values of 7 variables taken into consideration. The highest yield of potato (cluster 1) was obtained at average values of mean air temperature in the period from May to September (15.2oC), lower than the aver-age precipitation total in May (45 mm), moderate precipitation in June (65 mm) and more than average precipitation in July (90 mm), August (75 mm) and in September ...
The aim of this article is to present the basic rules of protection and rational usage of lands in Poland and Ukraine, and to point out the differences and similarities in this issue. In the summary concerning this problem the authors said, that the average quality of agricultural lands varies in both countries. When we take into consideration the soil quality, in Ukraine the soil is much better than in Poland. Besides, the agrarian structure is different in both countries. In Ukraine there is a large number of big farms with big farmlands, often used as crop fields. In the Polish structure of farmlands most of the farms are private (individual). This difference has an impact on the strategy of environmental protection and land usage there. In Ukraine the protection is based on large farmlands, their proper shape and area, the level of tillage, to avoid the danger of soil erosion. In Poland the most important is protecting the best lands, according to their quality. In authors' opinion, the issues presented in the article can be a basis for the experience exchange and teaching, treating the rules of protection and economic usage of lands of their neighbor, as the source ...
Based on available literature, we collected and presented in tables the values of optimal precipitation (for some field-cultivated vegetables) which are still sometimes used in Poland. We also included a short summary of how they are defined and how the necessary corrections are introduced. Included optimal precipitation values have been developed by: Dzieżycet al., Grabarczyk, Klatt and Press. Therefore, it is possible to define (estimate) precipitation deficits for specific species of vegetables depending on the temperature or soil weight classification (light, medium, heavy) in various regions of Poland. By recognising optimal precipitation, we can plan, design or introduce irrigation and manage it. The formulas developed by Grabarczyk offer an additional possibility of calculating expected average increase (growth) of vegetable crops as a result of irrigation within various precipitation zones in Poland. ...
The article discusses the problems of reclamation and redevelopment of degraded land in Poland. Conducting corrective activities, related to land reclamation, remains the manifestation of care for the environment and has impact on reducing negative human influence on the environment. The measures used for this purpose should compensate for the lost values. Planning any corrective activities in degraded areas should take place at the earliest possible stage for the reclamation processes to function properly. The problems related to degraded and devastated areas, requiring reclamation or reclaimed and later developed, were analyzed in detail based on the available data about the size of degraded areas. Attention was paid to the size of the discussed phenomenon occurrence in order to determine the scale of the problem, having considered its spatial aspect. The conducted analysis also consisted in specifying activities as a result of which the largest degraded area is created, as well as identifying the leading directions of such reclamation. The article presents an attempt to answer the question about the approach towards reclamation activities in recent years in Poland. ...
In this article the authors present a thermal analysis of winter seasons with temperatures above 0ºC. This analysis was carried out in the period 1981-2010, which was marked by a clear temperature increase in Poland as well as worldwide. The analysis emphasizes the impact of temperature changes on recreational and tourist qualities of rural areas. The material used, featured mean monthly temperature values obtained from 53 weather stations situated in lowland areas. The winter season was defined as lasting from December to February. In all three months 6 different winters were distinguished which had temperatures above 0ºC in terms of mean area values (1987/1988, 1988/1989, 1989/1990, 1997/1998, 2006/2007 and 2007/2008). A typical warm winter with temperatures above 0°C in all three months, is characterized by a longitudinal course of January isotherms from east to west (1 to 3°C). During the warmest month, (Jan 2007) the isotherms had a similar pattern (2 to 5°C). The most important negative impact of global warming during winter is the decrease in the number of days with snow cover and the depth of snow cover. Adaptation approaches present a number of various suggestions and solutions in terms of the existing and forecasted climate changes during ...
The main aim of the research was to present comparative analysis of organization, productivity and profitability of conventional and organic dairy farms. The research was based on statistical data in form of time series from Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN). The study have proved that productivity and profitability of organic farms were significantly lower than in case of conventional farms. Such trend results mainly from two factors: business volume measured by farmland areas and size of stock and apparently lower milk cows yield. ...
