In Polish climatic conditions rainfall constitutes the main source of water for vegetation. The climate of Poland is characterized by high temporal and spatial variation. The total amount and seasonal distribution of precipitation show significant variability. The aim of the study was to analyze spatial changeability of rainfall in Central Poland. Data concerning rainfall were collected during the vegetative seasons of April - October in years 2013 - 2015. Analysis of the results confirms the observation which states that there is a great spatial variability of sum of precipitation, its maximum amount and intensity as well as the length of dry and rainy periods. Significant differences were observed between the stations located very close to each other. On the basis of obtained results it is stated that the rainfall must be measured directly on the area for which the water balance is to be estimated. ...
Progress which can be observed in measuring instruments, calculation techniques, and it in general has considerably influenced the accuracy of mea-surements and as such has proved to be useful in weather forecasting. Agriculture seems to be the most dependent on weather conditions, therefore agrometeorolog-ical forecasting plays an important role in the whole system of decision making re-lated to agriculture and plant protection. A high level of verifiability of weather forecasting is the basic and required condition. The aim of the presented analyses was estimation of the quality of forecasting worked out with mesoscale numerical models. The accuracy of the forecasts (maximum, minimum and mean temperature, rainfall) was compared with the data obtained by automatic meteorological stations for Skierniewice (51º 57' N, 20º08' E), Biała Rządowa (51º 15' N, 18º 27' E) and Białousy (53º 24' N, 23º 13' E). The quality of forecasting was evaluated for the three stations using numerical models: UM and COAMPS. The forecasts were worked out at ICM of Warsaw University. Additionally, another forecast for Skierniewice prepared by Meteoblue from Switzerland, where NOAA/NCEP GFA model was used. The presented evaluation of the forecast of temperature and rain-fall showed a significant space and time diversity between the ...
In climatic conditions of Poland rainfall constitutes the main source of water for vegetation. Total amount of rainfall, its intensity and distribution influence soil moisture which has a major impact on plants' growth and development. Great variability and contrasts of rainfall are one of the main characteristics of Polish climate. The aim of the following investigations was to precisely analyze the spatial changeability of rainfall in Central Poland. Data concerning rainfall were collected during the vegetative season of April - October 2010 in 34 meteorological stations scattered in orchards all over Central Poland (the area between Skierniewice and Góra Kalwaria), and were the basis for the evaluation. Analysis of the data confirms the observation which states that there is a great spatial variability of sum of precipitation, its maximum amount and intensity as well as the longitude of dry and rain spells. Significant differences were observed between the stations located very close to each other - a few kilometers apart. In order to work out e.g. a reliable climatic water balance the rainfall must be measured directly on the investigated object.
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Fruit production plays an important role in both national agriculture and economy. In order to keep the present supply markets, which means the actual production level, we have to ensure the high quality of fruit offered to customers. In our climate soil drought is one of the crucial factor significantly controlling the quantity and quality of the fruit crop. Therefore irrigation of orchards and small fruit plantations has become an indispensable element of fruit production. The de-velopment of irrigation itself is controlled by the shortages of water. It is important to optimize the ways of using our moderate water resources in the process of orchard development. It should be related to not only modern and economical irrigation systems but also with the introduction of rational criteria of irrigation to orchard farms. However, new technologies cannot find their way to predominantly small farms and the lack of reliable information makes the whole situations even worse. The information needed should be collected through surveys conducted during national conferences and fairs. The aim of the investigations was to estimate the area of irrigated orchard and plantations, collecting the information about the technological ideas and practical usage of irrigation criteria as well as the ...
The objective of the study was to examine the influence of supplemental lighting with sodium light and LED on leaf gas exchange and growth of tomato transplants. During cultivation period (September - October) the transplants received supplemental artificial lighting provided by standard high-pressure sodium lamps (HPS) or high-power solid-state lighting modules with red, blue and far-red LEDs. Quantum irradiance in both combinations was maintained at the same level. The third group of plants (control combination) was grown under the natural light (without supplemental lighting). The following measurements were taken: leaf gas exchange (net photosynthesis and transpiration rate) and selected morphological parameters (fresh weight of plant organs, leaf surface area, plant height). The results showed that supplemental illumination using LED or HPS light sources affected growth and physiological responses of tomato plants. The higher rates of leaf gas exchange were found in the plants supplementary lighted (compared to the control ones). Supplemental lighting also resulted in enhanced plant growth, however no significant differences were found between the plants lighted with HPS or LED. The obtained results showed that HPS lamps can be replaced by LEDs in greenhouse lighting systems for tomato transplant production during periods with insufficient natural light. ...
Quantity, intensity and seasonal distribution of precipitation have an indu-bitable impact on soil moisture. Precipitation water could be used by plants only when percolates into soil and is retained as capillary water. In case of excessive amount or intensity of rain, part of water percolates below the root system level or runs off at soil surface. During two years of experiment (2009-2010) quantity and intensity of precipitation were observed and analyzed. Daily and weekly measure-ments of soil water content were done to assess the impact of intensity and quantity of precipitation on soil moisture changes in apple orchard. Total rainfalls for years 2009 and 2010 were higher from the multi-year average. Also, the temporal distribution of precipitation differed within and between the analyzed years, how-ever, the amount of rainfall collected during the vegetative period (May-September) constituted more than 50% of the total yearly precipitation. The results showed low efficiency of small rains. On average, during the vegetative period, minimal precipitation necessary to keep the soil water content at a stable level was 13-14 mm during a week. Efficiency of precipitation depended on the soil surface maintaining system. In case of soil maintained as a chemical fallow the highest efficiency was ...
