Results of studies have shown that yield increased achieved as effect of supplemental irrigation of spring or winter cereals are similar. Yield increases resulting from irrigation depend mostly on the kind of soil, particularly its mois-ture conditions. In the definite vegetation season and in the actual soil conditions the effects of irrigation of cereals varried, and they correlate significantly with the rainfall at growth stage when the requirement of moisture is critical. The problems of irrigation of cereals in Poland should be considered in two aspects: 1. Irrigation of cereals grown on medium and light soils should be consid-ered as interventional, so as to prevent yield decreases caused by drought, and to assure stable crops in the Polish transitory climate condition. That measure can lead to average yield increases: absolute of 0,50–1,00 t.ha-1, relative of 10–30% and unitary of 5–10 kg.ha-1.mm-1. This might not encourage farmers to include cereals in their crop rotation on fields equipped with irrigation systems but cere-als should take a part in an equipped with irrigation systems fields meant for other plants. Irrigated should be the bread varieties of wheat and then malt bar-ley. 2. Irrigation of cereal plants grown on very light ...
The influence of sprinkling irrigation and four nitrogen fertilization doses on the height and quality of grain yield of malting spring barley cultivar Poldek was determined in a field experiment carried out in the years 2006-2008 on light soil at Mochelek, near Bydgoszcz. Total water doses of 90, 30 and 180 mm were used in succeeded vegetation seasons respectively to weather conditions. The sprinkling irrigation of malting barley Poldek significantly increased the grain yield to the average amount of 2,24 t.ha-1 (71,3%). Productive efficiency of applied water was higher comparing to results obtained from domestic experiments car-ried on in the comparable soil conditions. Irrigation also improved the brewery utilization indexes. Grain harvested on irrigated plots have less protein in the contents, higher uniformity and germination capacity than grain harvested as a control. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased the grain yield but worsened its quality for malting utility. Obtained results indicate that the irrigation is one of the main impacts that provide high and good quality grain yield of malting barley in vegetation seasons characterised by low precipitation which causes dry spells in May, June and July ...
In this studies, a plant water needs index was defined as an amount of rainfall, in the period of plant increasing water demands, which didn't increase a yield of an irrigated plants. Such defined optimal rainfall was calculated on the basis of results of long-term field experiments carried out on two kinds of soil in a region of Bydgoszcz. Irrigation needs understood as rainfall insufficiency in the period of plant increasing water demands, were calculated as a difference be-tween optimal and actual rainfall. Homogeneous rainfall data from years 1971-2005 in Mochełek (placed near Bydgoszcz) were used. Calculations of irrigation needs were made in the period of increasing water demands of the followed plants: spring cereals, medium-early potato and maize cultivated for grain. All of them were grown on two kinds of soil: a very light soil of permeable subsoil and a light soil of compact subsoil. Obtained results enabled to classify the evaluated irrigation needs. The criterions were: a number of essential individual water doses and a quantity of forecasted productive effects of the irrigated plants. Re-sults of the studies show that the irrigation needs calculated on a very light soil in the region of Bydgoszcz occurred in 87,7-97,1% (it ...
The aim of this study was to assess the significance of changes of selected climatic indices for irrigation needs of plants in the years 1981- 2010 in the re-gion of Bydgoszcz, located in the zone with the highest desirability of the invest-ment location in terms of irrigation climatic criteria in Poland. The paper uses re-sults of meteorological measurements, carried out in the standard way, in the Research Station of the Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology 'Mochełek', University of Technology and Life Sciences, located approximately 20 km from Bydgoszcz.The study involved 30-year normal period of 1981-2010. A number of me-teorological elements and indicators of meteorological and agricultural drought were taken into account. The calculations were made for the period from 1 May to 30 June. The study results showed no significant trends of change climatic indices for irrigation needs of plants in the Bydgoszcz region over the years 1981 - 2010. In the period 1996-2010 compared to the previous 15 years (1981-1995) it has been stated a while broadening the time variability of precipitation and evapotranspiration, and also of the climatic indices for irrigation needs of plants, calculated on the basis of them. ...
The aim of the study was to compare the deadlines of irrigation established on basis of various atmospheric parameters and indicators and an initial verification of their practical usefulness. The study compares four methods for determining the deadlines of irrigation, using the results of a simple meteorological measurements. Calculations were made for a full season of irrigation, covering the period from 11 May to 15 September. Simulations were conducted for two growing seasons: dry of 2008, and of 2010 wet but with a very uneven distribution of precipitation. Meteorological data from standard measurement conducted in UTP Research Station, located in Mochełek near Bydgoszcz were used. It was found that the indices of water consumption , that have been calculated on the basis of various meteorological parameters differed largely, both in terms of seasonal averages and also extremes, but were characterized by a significant correlation. An irrigation the most saving the water have proved to be controlled by the method of balance by Drupka, and secondly by the method on the basis of precipitation measurements. Most deadlines of irrigation, both in dry and wet season, were established under the balance method using the ratio of water consumption calculated by ...
The aim of this study was to determine the average early potato numerical irrigation needs, displaying their large variability in time and linking those needs with the projected increases in tubers yield under the influence of the applied pro-cedure. In the study a new research method was used, based on the results of many years of strict field experiments conducted at various research centers in the areas of particular shortage of water used for agriculture. These areas include light and very light soils located in the central part of Polish lowland, in the rainfall area during the growing season (IV-IX) limited with the isopluvial line 350 mm. The needs of irrigation were calculated for four places (Szczecin, Bydgoszcz, Poznań, Warszawa) located within the areas of particular water deficit. Precipitation data from the years 1971-2005 derived from measurements of our own and Institute of Meteorology and Water Management were used in the calculations. It was found that the need for irrigation of the potato as a basic yield-forming factor, on very light soil with a drained subsoil, occurs in areas of water deficits in the 80-86% of the years, depending on the locality. In the 20-40 % of the years the ...
The study estimated the needs of emergency irrigation in malting barley and illustrated their high temporal variability. The original test method, based on the results of many years of field experiments was used. Experiments were carried out in the area of particular deficit in the water (region of Bydgoszcz) on two soil types: very light with a drained subsoil and light with a dense subsoil. A total of 17 annual experiments were carried out, in three multi-year cycles, involving 13 growing seasons. There was a significant correlation between grain yield at a non-irrigated plots, and increases in grain yield under the influence of irrigation and the amount of precipitation during the period of increased water needs of barley, including the months May and June. Based on the analysis of these relationships and the total rainfall in May and June in the years 1971-2010, it was found that the great barley irrigation needs, requiring the use of at least 5 doses of irrigation (in total at least 100-120 mm of water) are found in the region of Bydgoszcz on the very light soil in 30% and on the light soil in 12.5% of the years. The use of irrigation in these ...
A field experiment was conducted during the growing season 2010 on sandy soil in Mochełek near Bydgoszcz. The effects of irrigation and the four variants of nitrogen fertilization on yield and quality of grain from brewing barley varieties 'Mauritia' and 'Martha' were inwestigated. Growing season of barley in terms of total rainfall belonged to the wet, however, was marked by an extremely uneven distribution of rainfall in different decades. During the period of tillering and ripening stage of barley rainfall amounted to only 16.3 mm, which resulted in the need for irrigation of plants. A total of five doses of 105 mm of water was used. It was found that yields of barley grain ranged from 3.05 kg.ha-1 to 6.34 kg.ha-1, depending on the variety, irrigation and nitrogen fertilization variant. Regardless of the factors used, higher average yields of 31% was characterized by a variety of 'Martha'. The average increase in grain yield due to application of irrigation was 37.3%. This indicates the high desirability of introducing this treatment to the malting barley production technologies as a factor which increases the amount of grain yield in growing seasons characterized by the occurrence of atmospheric and agricultural dry spells in ...
The research was performed to assess the direction, scope and significance of changes of thermal indices in agricultural seasons in the region of Bydgoszcz. Measurements of air temperature were carried out in a standard way, at the' Mo-chełek' Research Centre of the Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology UTP Bydgoszcz, located about 20 km from Bydgoszcz. The study included the normal period of years 1981-2010. The following agricultural seasons were taken into consideration: farming, growing, intensive plant growth, plant maturity and plant dormancy. The results of the research showed no significant trends among all 15 indicators characterizing the thermal agricultural seasons in the vicinity of Bydgoszcz over the years 1981- 2010. In some cases (5 of the 15) was confirmed a broadening of their temporal variability in the years 1996-2010, compared to the previous 15-year period 1981-1995. This may possibly be regarded as a symptom of the observed climate change. Long-term average values of the thermal indices in agricultural seasons examined during the period 1981-2010 were consistent with normative values for the region of Bydgoszcz quoted in publications, which characterize the Polish climate and agroclimate. It confirms the representativeness of the measurement point in Mochełek. The research confirmed a very high ...
The work was carried out in order to determine the frequency of droughts in the period of increased water needs of spring cereals. In addition, based on the time variation of the standardized precipitation index SPI assessed the needs and the expected production results of the plants irrigated in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie region. Data consisted of the results of standard measurements of rainfall from 1 May to 30 June in the period 1981-2010. Rainfall data were obtained from the branches COBORU in Chrząstowo, Głębokie and Głodowo and also from the Research Station of University and Technology and Life Science in Mochełek. Based on the results of the study, it was found that, during the period of high demand for water of spring cereals, the frequency of drought conditions in the region accounted of 23,3-30,0%, depending on the locality. Extreme droughts occurred in years 2000 and 2008, strong in 1983, moderate in 1989 and weak in 1992, 2003 and 2006. Among the analyzed 30 years, in 4 years were identified very high- and high-level requirements of irrigation in spring cereals corresponding to periods of extreme, strong and moderate droughts (SPI ≤ -1.0). The expected increase in grain yield of spring cereals ...
The aim of the research was an evaluation the impact of sprinkling irrigation, nitrogen fertilization as well as an interaction of the two factors on yield and malting quality of grain of two malting barley varieties‘Mauritia' and ‘Marthe'. A field experiment was conducted during the growing seasons in years 2010-2011 on sandy soil with dense subsoil in the Research Centre of University of Technology and Life Science - Mochełek nearby Bydgoszcz. This is an area in Poland of the highest average precipitation shortages and the needs of use the supplemental irrigation in terms of the climate criterion. On such type of soil, the irrigation had an interventionist role which is typical for the climatic conditions in Poland. It complemented periodic shortages of precipitation during the increased water needs of barley. Research hypothesis assumed that the use of irrigation in the technology of barley cultivation will increase and stabilize yields of grain and contribute to the acquisition of raw material that meets the criteria of brewing, regardless of the agricultural droughts occurring in a growing season. It was also assumed that, in terms of irrigation it would be possible to use higher doses of fertilizer than in conventional ...
The study was carried out in order to determine the frequency of droughts in the period of increased water needs of corn cultivated for grain in the region of Kujawsko-Pomorskie based on temporal variation of the standardized precipitation index SPI. Also were assessed the needs and expected productive effects of the plants grown under irrigation by a significant correlation between increases of yields of grain and the amount of rainfall. Rainfall data were derived from standard measurements of atmospheric precipitation during a period from 1 July and 31 August in the multi-annual period 1981-2010. These data were obtained from the branches of the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing (COBORU) in Chrząstowo, Głębokie and Głodowo, and the University of Technology and Life Sciences Research Centre in Mochełek. The results of carried research showed that the frequency of occurrence of dry spell during the period of increased needs for water of corn amounted to 26.7-40.0% in the region depended on the locality. Strong droughts occurred in the year 1983, 1989, 1992 and 1994, moderate drought in 2005 and weak droughts in 1982, 1984 and 1999. Great irrigation needs of corn which corresponded to periods of strong and moderate droughts (SPI ...
The aim of the research was an agro-climatologic assessment of the amount of rainfall on a local scale, mainly aimed to identify trends in their changes and a possible rise in their variability over time. In the studies also we wanted to demonstrate the impact of the amount of rainfall in the region of Bydgoszcz on the yield of some crops. Material for the study consists of rainfall measurements, carried out in a standard way in the years 1981-2010 at the Research Station of the University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz. Station is located in the village of Mochle, located approximately 20 km from the city centre ( φ=53013' N, λ=17051'E, h=98.5 m above sea level) in sparsely urbanized and industrialized area. We also used data of the yield of selected crops (potato, barley, corn for grain, legumes), from the production in the region of Kujawy and Pomorze as well as from our own experimental field. It has been shown that the average long-term rainfall during the growing season allows for classifying Bydgoszcz region as the area with the lowest rainfall in Poland. Analyzed rainfalls were characterized by a very high variability in time, resulting in climatic risk ...
The aim of the the research was to confirm the need for irrigation as the main yielding treatment in corn production on a very light soil with permeable subsoil in the area of distinct water deficits, and determining the effectiveness of nitrogen fertigation, compared with broadcast application method. Accurate field experiment was carried out in 2008-2010 on the experimental field of the Department of Land Reclamation and Agrometeorology of the University of Science and Technology in Kruszyn Krajeński near Bydgoszcz. During the study period occurred large irrigation needs in corn production, due to insufficient and uneven distribution of rainfall in the particular growing seasons. Seasonal irrigation dose averaged 194 mm.Obtained results showed that the cultivation of corn for grain in the area of distinct water deficits is purposeful only under the irrigation conditions. For non-irrigated variants the yield of dry matter of grain was only 0.87t.ha-1 and did not exceed in any year of the research the level of 1.0 t.ha-1. Under irrigation corn yielded on average 6.55 t of grain dry matter from 1 ha. A worth recommending irrigation system in corn production for grain is dripping system, in which effect of production per unit was higher than effects ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and interaction of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the shape of the quantity and quality of grain yield of malting barley cultivar 'Signora' cultivated on sandy soil with the concise undersoil. Field experiment was carried out in the years 2013-2014 on the experimental field of the Department of Land Reclamation and Agrometeorology UTP, located in Mochełek near Bydgoszcz. During the study period there were average needs of irrigation in barley, mainly due to the uneven distribution of rainfall in the studied growing seasons. Seasonal irrigation dose averaged 72.5 mm. The research focused on grain quality that affects its suitability for malting. It was found that irrigation resulted in a significant increase in grain yield, although the effectiveness of this treatment per unit was lower than those achieved in previous experiments with other cultivars. Barley grain derived from irrigated plots contained significantly less protein and had better indicators of malting, compared to the grains of plants not irrigated. The optimal dose of nitrogen in both the irrigation conditions and the non-irrigated was 30 kg.ha-1. Admittedly, application of top-dressing (variant N3) significantly increased the yield, especially within irrigation variants, but the grain ...
This paper analysed the direction and the degree of significance of changes in selected indicators of climate risk for grain maize in the long-term period of 1985-2014 for the Bydgoszcz region. On the basis of meteorological data originating from the Research Station of the Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology in Mochełek, the following unfavourable weather factors for maize cultivation were determined: a shortened period of plant active growth, the occurrence of late spring ground frosts, meteorological droughts and agricultural droughts. On the basis of the research conducted, a high temporal variability was found for weather conditions that are unfavourable for maize cultivation, as such conditions occurred with varied frequency, depending on the type of the adverse factor and the assumed criterion for its determination. No significant trends were found regarding the changes in the examined climate risk indicators for production of maize grain over the period between 1985 and 2014, apart from an increase in the number of moderate and strong late spring frosts. The research demonstrated an increase in temporal variability of the length of the plant active growth period and the occurrence of moderate and strong late spring frosts, as well as a clear decrease in temporal ...
The aim of the research was an evaluation of the frequency and intensity of agricultural droughts and their effects in the province of Kujawsko-Pomorskie as well as to indicate ways of increasing productivity in such drought periods by applying irrigation. It was found that the drought periods around Bydgoszcz occurred in 17 vegetation seasons out of 30 analysed. They were differentiated by intensity and duration but were also characterized by high irregularity of their occurrence. In the past 30-year period, droughts were especially intensified in the years 1989-1995. In the years 2001-2005 droughts were rare (36%), as compared with the previous 15-year period of 1986-2000 (64%). Crop production of some selected agricultural cultivations in the province of Kujawsko-Pomorskie depended to a large extent on the degree of precipitation shortages in the periods of intensified water demand. The best correlations and determination coefficients exceeding 80% concerned maize cultivations. The occurrence of droughts, expressed by the degree of atmospheric precipitation shortages in June and July, led to a decrease in grain crops in the province by 13%, on average. In the extremely dry year of 2006, a decrease by 27%, in relation to average crops, was observed. Active methods of minimizing effects ...
The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect and interaction of sprinkler irrigation and nitrogen fertilisation on the grain yield and baking value of ‘Monsun' spring wheat cultivar grown in light compacted soil. A field experiment was performed in 2013-2014 in an experimental field of the Department of Land Improvement and Agrometeorology, the UTP University of Science and Technology, at Mochełek, in the vicinity of Bydgoszcz. It was found that sprinkler irrigation significantly increased the spring wheat grain yield. The grain from sprinkler-irrigated stands demonstrated greater plumpness; it contained significantly less protein and gluten and showed a lower sedimentation value, as compared with the grain of non-sprinkler-irrigated plants. However, the protein yield produced under sprinkler irrigation conditions was on average 11% higher, compared to the control conditions. The effect of nitrogen fertilisation on the spring wheat grain yield and quality correspond to earlier findings. Similarly to other research reports, a regular yield increase and enhanced quality of baking features along with an increase in the nitrogen rate were identified. Considering the quantitative and baking features of the grain yield, it was found that the optimal nitrogen fertilisation rate in ‘Monsun' spring wheat, in both water variants, was ...
The objective of the work, carried out as part of research programme on current change of the regional climate, was to confirm the hypothesis about the increasing frequency and intensity of droughts occurring during the high water needs of corn, during the period of June and July, in the region of Pomorze and Kujawy in the years 1981-2010. Furthermore, the aim was to confirm a significant relationship between indicators characterizing meteorological and agricultural droughts. Material for the research was data from five meteorological measuring points located in the region. Statistical methods used in climatological studies were applied, particularly the method of trends. The average multi-annual totals (1981-2010) of rainfall in the period of high water needs of corn (June-July) in the region of the Pomorze and Kujawy were characterized by spatial variability amounts to 22.6%. The frequency of meteorological drought in June through July is 26.7-33.3%. In the analyzed period there were no significant changes in the frequency and intensity of these droughts with the passage of years. Rainfall shortages in corn production extend to maximum of -91 to -124 mm, depended on the locality. The shortages did not show any significant changes in the years of the study. ...
The paper presents results of a field experiment with maize varietas ‘Cedro’ (FAO230) irrigated on a light soil, carried out in years 2000-2008 in Mochełek (near Bydgoszcz. A combination of 90 and 150 kg of nitrogen per hec-tar was applied. Water was supplied by a drip irrigation system using the NAAN emitters. The layout of drip laterals placed in beetwen plants’ rows provided a moisture to the soil in a root zone. In the years of the study an average dose of water of 112 mm was used for irrigation (28 mm in June, 49 mm in July, 28 mm in August and 7 mm in September), but in separate seasons the dose varried from 25 mm (year 2007) to 215 mm (year 2008). Irrigation have increased the yield of corn from 5,62 t.ha-1 to 8,53 t.ha-1, which is 2,91 t.ha-1(52%). The increase of the yield of corn in separate years varied from 0,46 t.ha-1 (year 2000) and 0,60 t.ha-1 (in a cold year 2004) to 8,47 t.ha-1(in year 2006 when the art temperature in July was very high) and 6,26 t.ha-1(in year 2008 when was a rainfall shortage in months V-VII). The results of ...
The influence of drip irrigation and two nitrogen fertilization doses on the height and quality of grain yield of maize cultivars Cedro and Smok was deter-mined in a field experiment carried out in the years 2006-2008 on very light soil at Kruszyn Krajenski, near Bydgoszcz. Results of the experiment have proved that drip irrigation was the basic yield creating factor without which maize cultiva-tion would have been failed while only dependent on the rainfall in June and July. Low yielding of non-irrigated plants caused a high productive effects of the treatment. The average increment of irrigated corn yield was 4,77 t.ha-1(221%) and the efficiency of 1 mm of irrigated water had a mean of 34,9 kg.ha-1. Double dose of nitrogen fertilization used on irrigated plots caused an increase of grain yield of corn (in average of 11%), an increase of the DM grain of corn and pro-tein in grain and decreased the grain moisture content during harvesting. The re-sults of the study and of some previous works have shown, that drip irrigation used instead of sprinkler irrigation cause an increase of individual productive ef-fects and contribute to more efficient water use. ...
The paper presents the results of strict field experiments with irrigation on sandy soil of faba bean (Vicia faba L. minor) varieties "Bobas" conducted in 2005-2009 at the Research Station of the Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences in Mochełek near Bydgoszcz. Subsequent growing seasons were very differential, especially rainfall, which determined the amount of applied irrigation doses. In 2009 there was no need for irrigation, and in 2008 an additional 200 mm of water was distributed. Faba bean seed yield for the control plots ranged in successive years from 0.58 t.ha-1 (2008) to 5.26 t.ha-1 (2009r.). The sprinkler irrigation influenced the significant increase of yield up to 3.12 t.ha-1, it was highly correlated with total precipitation in May-July period and the dose of irrigated water. The lower rainfall and the higher doses of irrigation, the greater were the effects of irrigation production. In the experiment, it was found a high efficiency of irrigation, which ranged from 14.8 to 34.8 kg of an additional yield received from each 1 mm of wa-ter, depending on the year.
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The aim of the study was the estimating of the level of the deficiency of precipitation in the early and late cultivation of white cabbage and carrot in the years 1981-2010 in the region of Bydgoszcz. For this purpose, results of standard meteorological measurements from the Research Station of the Faculty of Agri-culture and Biotechnology 'Mochełek', University of Technology and Life Sciences were used. Optimal precipitations for medium soils were calculated according to Klatt. Precipitations deficiency in subsequent month of cultivation and in critical periods in terms of water supply were calculated by diminish between the real and optimal precipitations. The trends of deficiency of precipitations in the examinated period were estimated too.There was not demonstrated essential changes in the average air tempera-tures and the sum of precipitation in period IV-IX. The precipitation deficiency in vegetation period and in critical periods was indicated. It verify the necessity of the irrigation in the cultivation of the white cabbage and carrot. The precipitations deficiency in the examinated period not indicated the growth trend. Larger climatic risk of cultivation due to precipitations deficiency in the late cultivation of exami-nated species was demonstrated. ...
This paper presents the results of a comparison of the average daily air temperature calculated based on different measurement procedures. Data for the research came from measurements of automatic weather station located at the Research Center of the Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences at approximately 20 km from Bydgoszcz. Series in-cluded data from of the period 2000-2012 with the exception of 2005, 2006 and 2010, due to incomplete series caused by technical service of measuring sensors. Automatic weather station has been programmed for 5-minute sampling intervals, and then the data were stored in the logger memory, as the average of an hour. Hourly air temperature values and the values of maximum and minimum temperatures were used to calculate the average daily air temperature with selected methods. The aim of this study is the evaluation of selected methods for computing average daily temperature in relation to the method that according to the WMO best estimates the daily average (calculated from 24 observation term). Furthermore indirectly determine whether a change in the method may affect the assessment of the current water needs of plants. The research found that the average daily air temperature values calculated ...
The study was carried out in order to determine the frequency of droughts in the period of increased water needs in potato, and to assess the needs and expected productive effects of the plants grown under irrigation on the basis of temporal variation of the standardized precipitation index SPI in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie district. Rainfall data were derived from standard measurements of atmospheric precipitation in between 1 July and 31 August in the multi-annual period 1981-2010.These data were obtained from the branches of COBORU in Chrząstowo, Głębokie and Głodowo, and the University of Technology and Life Sciences Research Centre in Mochełek. The results of carried research showed that the frequency of occurrence of dry spell during the period of increased needs for water of potato amounted to 26.7-40.0% in the region, depending on the locality. Strong droughts occurred in the year 1983, 1989, 1992 and 1994, moderate drought in 2005 and weak droughts in 1982, 1984 and 1999. Great irrigation needs of potato which corresponded to periods of strong and moderate droughts (SPI ≤ -1.0) have been identified in 5 years of the 30 years examined. The expected increase in the yield of potato tubers grown on light soils under irrigation ...
The aim of the study was to assess the rainfall deficits on two- and three-cut meadows the meadows in the vicinity of Bydgoszcz. The research was based on 34-year meteorological data gained from observations made in the years 1981-2014 at the Research Centre of the University University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, located in the village of Mochle, about 20 km from the city center. When assessing the local agroclimate, we used average monthly air temperature and monthly precipitation totals. Calculated for the meadows rainfall deficits and surpluses allowed to estimate the moisture conditions during the growth of the sward on two- and three-cut meadows. The average rainfall total in the growing season is 313 mm and meets the needs of meadow sward at 73%. On the two-cut meadows the largest rainfall deficit occurred during the accumulation of the first regrowth of sward, and on the three-cut meadows in the second regrowth. On the basis of the ratio of the relative precipitation index RPI it was found that at the average rainfall deficit of 113 mm the frequency of occurrence in the category of years was for normal 29.4%, dry 32.4, and wet 38.2%. Rainfall deficits present in ...
The paper compares thermal conditions of air in July 2014 generating heat stress in the areas with different surface coverage - highly urbanized (center of Bydgoszcz), poorly urbanized (peripheral Fordon district) and used for agriculture (Mochełek). Hourly records of air temperature and humidity, wind speed and total solar radiation meteorological from three automatic weather stations were used for the analysis. We compared the averages and extremes of air temperature and perceptible temperature (temperature of effective radiation TRE). The obtained results showed that in the high building downtown occurred an effect of urban heat island. Air temperature and perceived temperature (TRE) in the center of Bydgoszcz were markedly higher compared to less built-up area and especially in comparison to the rural area. The number of days with heat sensation in Bydgoszcz was twice higher as in the comparable areas: peripheral and rural. ...
The aim of the research was the evaluation of sprinkler irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on some selected features of the quality of malt and wort from ‘Marthe' and ‘Mauritia' malting barley grains. The field experiment was carried out in the years 2010-2012 at the Research Station of the University of Science and Technology in Mochełek near Bydgoszcz. As a result of 3-year field experiment and laboratory test of grain, malt and wort, it was found that introducing sprinkler irrigation into the production process of malting barley is a step justified by the obtained quality effects. It was found that in the case of irrigated malting barley cultivations nitrogen fertilization at the rate of 30 kg∙ha-1 provides (in relation to control, non-irrigated treatment) the highest values of such parameters as weight of the technical barley crops, content of protein, extractivity of Pilsen type malt, amount of obtained wort and simplified mashing efficiency. The combination of sprinkler irrigation of malting barley plants with their nitrogen fertilization at the increased rates of 60 and 90 kg∙ha-1, resulted in the following effect - high mass of the usable grain of crops remained but their quality deteriorated. Malt produced from malting barley fertilized with nitrogen ...
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cultivar characte-ristic, irrigation and the four variants of nitrogen fertilization on economic useful-ness of brewing barley grain cultivars. Economic suitability of brewing barley 'Mauritia' and 'Martha' cultivars was define on the basis of plump grains yield, malting productivity and malt weight, which are possible to obtain from 1 hectare of cultivation. A field experiment was conducted during the growing season 2010 on sandy soil in Mochełek near Bydgoszcz. During irrigation, a total of five doses of 105 mm of water was used. From barley grain of thickness over 2.5 mm, Pilsner type malts were obtained in laboratory conditions. It was found that higher eco-nomic usefulness, determined on the basis of grain yield, malts weight and malting productivity was characterized by a brewing barley cultivar 'Marthe'. The intro-duction of irrigation in technology of brewing barley cultivation, regardless of ni-trogen fertilization, has contributed to increased grain yield and malting produc-tivity from unit area. Optimal level of nitrogen fertilization for tested cultivars of brewing barley is 30 kg.ha-1. Increasing the nitrogen dose from 30 to 60-90 kg.ha-1, did not result in significant increases in weight of plump grains and malts.
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The paper presents the results of strict field experiments of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization of winter oilseed rape variety "Californium" conducted in years 2007-2010 at the Research Station of the Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences in Mochełek near Bydgoszcz on sandy soil. In each season of spring vegetation have appeared needs of water supplementation using irrigation, an average of 93 mm were used (pri-marily in May and June), but during the years of research the dose ranged from 55 mm in 2009 to 150 mm in 2008. Two doses of nitrogen fertilizer were used: 125 i 200 kg.ha-1.On average, in the years of the research the rape yielded at the level of 4.41 t.ha-1. Applied the factors resulted in increased yield: irrigation of 1.13 t.ha-1 (29.3%) and nitrogen fertilization, of 0.37 t.ha-1 (8.7%). The largest increase in rape seed yield due to irrigation (1.27 t.ha-1) was obtained in 2008, using the highest dose of water (150 mm). The smallest (55 mm) dose of irrigation water in year 2009 brought the largest (21.6 kg) efficiency of 1 mm of the water. Irrigation resulted in a substantial, compared to fertilization, improvement of yield compo-nents, increasing ...
The paper presents the results of a field experiments with irrigation faba bean cultivar 'Olga' which were carried out on sandy soil in the years 2010-2012 nearby Bydgoszcz in the Research Centre of University of Technology and Life Science - Mochełek. Particular vegetation seasons were different, especially related to rainfall, which determined the amount of applied irrigation doses. The highest-level need for irrigation occurred in 2010, when 180 mm of irrigated water was used; while in subsequent years rainfalls were distributed more preferably thus for irrigation were used 65 mm. Based on the results, it was found that the water needs of faba bean cultivated on sandy soil in the period from April to August amounted to about 400 mm. Seed yield of faba bean collected from control plots ranged in successive years from 1.23 t.ha-1 (2010) to 5.55 t.ha-1 (2012). Irrigation increased the yield significantly by an average of 1.59 t.ha-1, the highest increase in crop (3.66 t.ha-1) was obtained in 2010 by using the highest dose of irrigation. Yield collected from irrigated plots were not stable in the subsequent years, they averaged 5.00 t.ha-1, varying between 3.84 t.ha-1 (2011), and 6.27 t.ha-1 (2012). Based on the results of ...
The paper presents the results of a four-year (2007/08-2010/11) field ex-periment with oilseed rape cultivar 'Californium' grown under sprinkler irrigation, conducted in a sandy soil in Research Centre ‘Mochełek' set in the vicinity of By-dgoszcz, owned by the Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Science.During the spring vegetation of winter oilseed rape in subsequent years occurred uneven needs of irrigation, mostly in May and June. On average 102.5 mm of water was used and seasonal dose ranged from 55 mm in the year 2009 to 150 mm in 2008. In three of four years, the need of irrigation in winter oilseed rape occurred most in late April and May, and May and June. During the years of experiment, the winter oilseed rape yielded on average at the level of 4.19 t.ha-1, but in the consecutive growing seasons the yield was unstable; lowest yield of 2.99 t.ha-1 was collected in 2011, and the highest of 5.45 t.ha-1 in 2009. The use of irrigation resulted in an increase in seed yield by an average of 1.36t.ha-1 (29.3%). The largest increase in seed yield due to sprinkler irrigation (2.00t.ha-1) was obtained in 2011 by applying dose of 130 ...
The paper presents results of air temperature measurements carried out in 2012 using automatic weather stations in three locations. The first station records thermal conditions in the center of Bydgoszcz, the second is installed in the periphery area of the city - in Fordon, and the third station represents the rural area surrounding Bydgoszcz works in the Research Station of the Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, UTP in Mochle. Based on the comparison of temperature records it was found that the highest temperature was registered in the city center, slightly cooler was in the periphery area, and the coldest was outside the city in the rural area. The largest differences were recorded in the summer, and the lowest in the winter. Identified differences in air temperature between the center of the city, peripheral zone and rural area, affected the dates of the beginning, the end and the length of meteorological seasons, the thermal vegetation period and also the attendance of days in terms of thermal conditions. The biggest discrepancies related to the city center and rural area. In Fordon usually were recorded dates in between and intermediate values. In all the locations were found similar number of warm days, ...
The purpose of the research was to characterize the variability of relative air humidity in the growing season in the vicinity of Bydgoszcz in the years 1985-2010. The study was based on measurements taken from a representative meteorological station located within the Airport Bydgoszcz-Szwederowo. Standardized air humidity measurements were carried out in a thermometer shelter, by Assmann psychrometer at the height of 2 m above the ground, on the plateau, about 3.5 km from the city center. The study investigated the nature and scope of changes in mean relative humidity by calculating selected elements of descriptive statistics. Based on the linear function of Regression analysis we determined direction of changes and specified the ratio with time of analyzed indicator. The average relative air humidity in the Bydgoszcz vicinity, especially in the spring and summer months, was characterized by a large temporal variability, appropriate to moderate and transitional climate in Poland. The variability of the analyzed indicator in multi-year period 1985-2010 was not statistically confirmed. It was found a temporary widening of variation in 5 of the 7 examined cases in period 1998-2010 compared to the previous period 1985-1997. ...
For the assessment of the economic efficiency of irrigation in selected crops presented in this paper, we used results obtained from field experiments conducted in 2006-2012 at the Research Station of the University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz by employees of the Department of Land Reclamation and Agrometeorology. These studies were focused on the effects of irrigation on the yield of potatoes, malting barley and corn grown for grain. To calculate the economic efficiency we used the method of calculation the increase in direct surplus. The results indicate that irrigation was economically justified not in the all cases. For potatoes the direct surplus was increasing along with the increasing of the irrigated area, the losses were noticed only in the case of 1-hectare variant. In contrast, there was no economic justification for the use of irrigation in the production of malting barley, regardless of the irrigated area. Same results of economic effects, as in the case of barley, were obtained using drip irrigation in corn grown for grain. The presented calculation shows that the cost irrigation per 1 ha decreases as the irrigated area increases. ...
In the paper, the agricultural drought was defined as at least the 7-days constant period when the reserve of easily accesible water in the root zone is depleted. Calculations based on meteorological data 1996–2005 from Mochełek (near Bydgoszcz) brought the assessment of beginnings of droughts and their classification in regard of duration. The assumptions of balance method for irri-gation forecast were taken into account. Two types of soil (compact and pervi-ous) and five cultivated plants (spring wheat and barley, faba bean, potato, maize) were taken into consideration. Results of the studies confirmed that within 10-year period in Bydgoszcz surroundings 8–16 agricultural droughts occured (depending on the soil and cul-tivated plant type). The majority of droughts were moderate (series of 7–13 days with accesible water deplation). Severe (series of 14–20 days) and very severe droughts (series over 20 days) made 24% of the total number of drought spells. The qualitative assessment of severe and very severe agricultural droughts pre-sents a good compatibility to particular indexes used for atmospheric drought evaluation. ...
To evaluate the economic efficiency of irrigation in corn cultivated for grain, production effects were used, which were obtained from studies conducted by researcher team from the Department of Land Reclamation and Agrometeorology at the Experiment Station of the UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz in 2005-2016. The research covered the effect of irrigation on yielding of the crop. Economic efficiency calculations were made using the direct surplus increase calculation method. In each variant irrigation enhanced production effects. It was not always economically justified, however. The irrigation costs (for drip and sprinkler irrigation systems) per hectare were decreasing with an increase in acreage. Applying drip irrigation was economically unjustified in moist years and on average in the multi-year period. In the years with dry and average precipitation conditions the direct surplus was positive, except for irrigation of 1 ha. As for the sprinkler-irrigation system, a lack of economic efficiency was reported in moist years, whereas in dry and average years as well as on average in the multi-year period, except for 1 hectare acreage, corn sprinkler-irrigation was economically justified. ...
