In the 21st century, at constant economic and industrial development, the efficient and fast management of technical infrastructure is a key element. Its quality and technical condition considerably influence rural development, possibi-lities to acquire capital, create new jobs, etc. One of the key issues is the road infrastructure, i.e., network of commune roads, and its condition, while the possibility of management and promptness of decision making determine and are of key importance for planning further development of the commune.In order to manage the road network efficiently and fast, the commune needs all available relevant information. Data describing road technical parameters are the spatial data. Accumulation of the data in geographical database gives a general spatial picture of the commune road network. All data describing roads are recorded in so called road books. The obligation is imposed on the communes by the Minister of Infrastructure Regulation in the method of numbering and registration of public roads [Journal of Laws, No. 67, Items 582 and 583 of 25 April, 2005].The main objective of the presented paper was the realization of a geogra-phical database of the parameters of road network for the Raciechowice Commune Authorities using GPS receiver and the MapSource and ArcView ...
Dynamics of changes in the Polish agriculture was undoubtedly affected the most by Poland's accession to the European Union. During the first years of the membership the EU agricultural policy based mainly on supporting economic development of agricultural farms in the new member states. After the introduction of Rural Development Policy (RDP) for the years 2007-2013, greater emphasis was put on the natural environment protection, rural development but also on the measures for farm support. The amount of money allocated to this objective in-creased but simultaneously the regulations concerning the requirements a farmer must fulfil to get the payment were tightened. Yearly changeability of cropping structure and acreage causes numerous troubles for farmers who apply for direct payments but also to farms implementing modernization projects because they have to makes yearly reporting concerning cropping structure for ARMA. At present, in order to obtain regional, national or EU subventions agricul-tural holding should submit annual reports of its agricultural activity. The paper suggests the use of GIS techniques to conduct spatial registration of agricultural parcels included in the crop rotation of the farm production. The created database will facilitate an analysis of agricultural farm production providing the information necessary for reporting required ...
Increase of waste and pollutants which degrade the environment is the main problem of civilization in twenty-first century. In the twentieth century it was observed, that amount of waste from agriculture and the food industry was growing. Their chemical composition creates optimal conditions for microor-ganisms growth. In aerobic and anaerobic fermentation process, bacteria are decomposing in organic compounds. The result of this change is the emission of greenhouse gas (CH4, H2S, CO2, NOx) and nitrogen compounds, phosphorus and potassium. There are various types of fermentation, but one of them, may play a special role in renewable energy sources and waste management. It is a biogas production. Firstly in this process the energy contained in biomass is converted into useful fuel (source of clean, renewable energy). Secondly biogas can be burned in a boiler for heat energy used for heating equipment, or it can be used in the electric generator. This method belongs to organic recycling.This paper presents the analyses and results of biogas production from or-ganic fraction of municipal waste in the process of co-fermentation with the mass of agricultural waste. To illustrate the potential of economic aspects of biogas pro-duction, the study was conducted on six mixes, with different ...
Water surrounds us, it is the essential component of all living organisms and all the life on earth is inevitably connected with it. From times immemorial people used to settle close to water reservoirs (rivers, streams or lakes) aiming to have water resources and natural protection against attacks or wars, as well as abundance of food (fish). Only later paths joining subsequent villages changed into roads, small settlements became towns, which later turned into large city agglomerations which we know today. On the scale of Poland there are only several cities which are not situated close to rivers. These are: Katowice, Kielce, Koszalin, Leszno, Łódź, Radom, Siedlce and Wałbrzych. As far as their history is concerned these are relatively young cities and their establishment was conditioned by other factors. Currently they face grave problems of water deficiency. In cities the problem of water supply concerns mainly its purity, but in rural areas it is connected with considerable capital consumption because of greatly dispersed holdings. Formerly water had to be carried into houses in pots and subsequently a technical progress made possible its supply directly to households. This caused a rapid increase in water consumption. Further development through increasing the number ...
The dynamic growth of civilisation requires sufficient access to broadly defined infrastructure. The term stands for a collection of public service devices and installations that are indispensable for providing proper operation of national economy and society's existence [Krakowiak-Bal, 2004]. For centuries, infrastructure has been best developed in the places characterised by highest population density, i.e. mainly in urban areas. This tendency is still noticeable, however, the implemented programs and European Union funds ensure reducing disproportions between rural and urban areas. The main role in this process is occupied by the Rural Development Programme, which enables receiving external funding for the realisation of infrastructure investments most crucial for the region. According to Siemiński [1996], infrastructure, with regard to its scope, is categorised into three groups: utility infrastructure, social infrastructure and economic infrastructure. The present paper considers the issues of utility infrastructure. This type of infrastructure is characterised by unalterable location in an area, general accessibility, functionality and availability. It is considered to be linear, long-lasting, capital-intensive (requiring high investment and exploitation expenditures) indivisible, and its construction requires complex technique and technology. All branches of utility infrastructure (such as waterworks, sewage systems, roads, railroads, etc.) are closely connected with their ...
The Białka stream is a tributary to the Biała river with a basin area of 31.4 km2. In its upper course the catchment is situated on the south-eastern slopes of the Beskid Śląski Mountains. The research was conducted was to compute the area of the Białka river upper catchment limited by a planned dam. The area computations were conducted automatically by GPS device (GARMIN GPS map 76S) from the recorded trace which proceeded along the catchment boundaries. The catchemnt boundaries were marked by the watershed line passing through the highest peaks in this region: Szyndzielnia (1023 m a.s.l.). Klimczok (1117.0 m a.s.l) and Magura (1115.0 m a.sl) and the site of the planned retention reservoir. The conducted measurements comprised the surface leveling of the catchment fragment. The measurement was made using GPS technology for determining location points, whereas the altitudes of points were determined by GPSmap 76S built-in altimeter. The digital barometrical altimeter was calibrated each time prior to measurements to known points of the base line. The points were recorded automatically with time interval of every 10 seconds, whereas the characteristic points were recoded using MARK functions and a description was added. The data was elaborated initially using Trip ...
Biogas, landfill gas originates from fermentation of organic compounds. The fuel contains between 30 and 70% of methane, between 30 and 60% CO2 and small amounts of other components, such as nitrogen, hydrogen or water vapour. Its fuel value oscillates around 17-27 MJ/m3. Biogas is widely used, mainly as a fuel for electricity generators, the source of energy for water heating and after cleaning and compressing also as a fuel for engines. It is manufactures mainly in small agricultural biogas plants. It is obtained by means of degassing post-landfill objects. The investigates conducted by the Authors aimed at determining the amount of biogas possible to obtain from typical fractions which occur in municipal wastes, i.e. potato peelings, cabbage leaves, vegetable peelings, citrus fruit and banana skins and animal wastes. The research considered six kinds of biowastes of plant origin and one control sample randomly mixed of all five kinds of wastes. The fractions were broken and liquefied to dry matter content of about 10%. Biogas was obtained through anaerobic fermentation process in a regulated temperature environment. A chamber with fixed temperature was used for this purpose (the temperature was set at c.a. 33oC – optimal for mesophilic methane bacteria) in ...
The paper presents condition of the social infrastructure allowing of edu-cation. The researches were carried in chosen rural administrative units in the following Provinces: Malopolska, Lodz, and Podkarpackie. The level of infra-structural equipment in these regions was fixed on the open-ended questionnaire. It was directed to the pupils of primary schools. The researches were carried in Przylek and Jazwiny (rural area), Wieclawice Stare (suburban zone) and city of Krakow. The survey form has open-ended and closed-ended questions. There were two important problems. The first concerns the social infrastructure, the second a technical backup for the additional classes/lessons. The pupils could propose their own ideas and suggestions in the openended questions. Such infrastructural analysis is a good basis to apply for co-financing of the leaded educational investments from commune’s resources or EU funds. Recognition of the quality of infrastructural equipment is fundamental for strategic decision making in managing bodies. The role and significant of regional development and planning procedures are systematically rising. From the 1999 there is a new territorial division in Poland. It requires a new, actual stocktaking of local resources, in particular- infrastructure. There is also a need to adapt a Polish model of regional development ...
Spatial statistics is the newest branch of statistics dealing with an analysis of spatial data, and with further description and the investigation of spatial phe-nomena. The methodology of the investigations of spatial phenomena differs from the methodology of the classic statistics, although it was based on methods of clas-sic statistics.The explanation of phenomena considered in the time requires a look in one direction (the past -the future), meanwhile the explanation of phenomena con-sidered in the space requires glances in all directions simultaneously. The opinion of the spatial autocorrelation requires the knowledge on the degree and the speci-ficity of the spatial variety, consisting in differentiation the characteristics of indi-vidual places and geographical regions. The variety appears intensity and the di-rection of the formation of spatial processes. Considering the Tobler's rule [1970] called first right of geography, it can be supposed, that: „all objects are related with themselves, and strength these connections diminishes with the growth of the distance between them". Many of researchers signaled Tobler's rule in the inves-tigations of the multifunctional development of rural areas [Krakowiak-Bal 2005; Woźniak, Sikora 2005] and economic geography [Domański 1988]. ...
The influence of the technical infrastructure, and the internal infrastructure, which is narrow and refers to the buildings, means of transport, machinery and agricultural equipment, has a definite influence on the technical progress [Wo-jcicki, Michalek 2002; Machowski 1998]. Daelemans [1992] said that „good equipment in machines is not the best solution of the problem of the mechanization works, because the size of the farm is the important part of it". In 2004 in Poland, there were about 1,8 million agricultural farms with an area exceeding 1 hectare. The average farm size is increasing systematically and carries out at present 10,02 hectares [http://www.arimr.gov.p from the day 22.09.2009]. Agriculture in Poland is regionally differentiated in terms of level and intensity of agricultural produc-tion. Small farms about the surface 1-5 hectares are predominate. They represent above 50 percent of total farms number, but they occupy only about 20% arable land. The farms with surface above 10 hectares make up 20% total number of farms, but they cultivate above 60% surface of arable land. The largest fragmenta-tion of individual farms is noticed in the southern and south-eastern part of the Poland [Tabor 2001]. In the south, the average Polish farm has 3.3 hectares of ...
The paper presents the application of Moran's I statistics to show the grade of spatial autocorrelation statistic. An additional aim is to show the possibility of illustrating financial resources invested in the spatial objects. The main aim was to show the spatial autocorrelation measure based of diagnostic indicators describing the extra-budgetary funds for investment in the Malopolska province on community level. For this purpose, the data used for analysis were taken from the Central Statistical Office. Spatial autocorrelations of the indicators were illustrated in ArcView, statistical and spatial analysis were done in the R-CRAN. The analysis was carried on the 182 communes of Małopolska province. Based on diagnostic indicators analysis one can conclude that these measures are very useful in economic geography. ...
The aim of this paper was to determine the potential of biogas produced in anaerobic fermentation depending on the COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) in raw wastewater of a cho-sen Brewery. This paper covers two parts, the theoretical and the empirical. Results of re-search work has been developed on the basis of data provided by the brewery. On the basis of the quantity of raw sewage COD content was determined daily and the daily production of biogas. Calculations allowed to get the result of the total energy contained in the fuel and the nominal power of the generator in a cogeneration system ...
The aim of the studies was determining the spatial distribution of premises and the technical means of production resources on farms in the years 1996, 2002 and 2010. The database has been developed for 36 counties of the Śląskie voivodship. The spatial database developed for the analysed voivodships assumed a county as the smallest indivisible unit of the geographical space. The data describing the technical means of production on farms were obtained from inquiries conducted by the European Statistical Office. Diagnostic variables describing the technical equipment on farms included: self-propelled machinery, tractors and usable areas. The analysis of spatial distribution was conducted for the assumed period of time and spatial changes were determined. On the basis of the analysed diagnostic variables the synthetic indicator was determined, which described the multivariate phenomenon by means of one variable. The analysis show that in 1996 agricultural farms were better equipped on the level of the measure of development 0.306 than in 2002, when the measure of development was lower by 0.100. ...
Determining differences in the measurement of agricultural parcels was a purpose of the work with reference to the base on base method. The geodetic measurement was accepted as a point of reference for other methods. Examinations were performed in 4 households, on 43 agricultural parcels for which the average area was 1.21 ha. For better depicting the analysis of the results departments were divided, under the account size of the area, the shape and the membership in belongings. The biggest divergences were observed during the measurement with method the GPS III (manual commercial receiver), next with analytical method what can be caused by rounding calculations of every top at complicated outlines of agricultural parcels. Conducted analysis of the results portraying 2 methods which are rational and they are accomplishing assuming the measuring error, automatic method - the vectorization and the measurement with technical receiver GPS with the outside aerial.
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Agricultural Biogas is a fuel gas obtained in the process of methane fermentation of agri-cultural by-products , residues in food processing and animal manure. The aim of the study was to determine the amount of biogas produced from organic masses derived from the farm and to analyze the chemical composition of the resulting biogas. Four available starting materials were subjected to a moisture content analysis and fragmentation. They made ripples that are on the bench and accepted a retention time of 30 days. The paper presents the results of the quantity and quality of the resulting biogas. Delay observed in each fermentation fermenter . The batch of beet pulp has the highest yield of biogas at 66%. The study showed that analyzed the organic mass can be successfully used as a substrate for biogas plant. ...
The production of biogas in Poland each year is increasing its share in renewable energy in the country, it is n excellent method of waste disposal as well. Biogas produced in the process of methane fermentation is used to produce electricity and heat. Determining the amount of biogas produced as a result of methane fermentation of available biomas generated from a selected farm household. This research disseratation was written on the basis of the available literature concerning the production of biogas and renewable energy sources the research methodology was based on the German standard DIN 38414. Using the available materials and research studies, a 350 kW piston generator was chosen; the total energy possible to be generated is approx 2806 MWh. As is clear from the foregoing, farm household under study can engage in the production of biogas,, which will provide addi-tional income for farmers. ...
Biogas production depends on: the type, quantity and quality of administered substrates. Consequence in the substrates supply has a positive effect on stability of the methane fermentation. The selection of the right kind of substrates is very important for the efficiency of biogas plants. The main aim of this thesis was to determine the efficiency of co-substrate used in agricultural biogas plant. Substrates used in biogas plant were: maize silage and pig slurry. The study has also determined the amount of electricity produced and the efficiency of fermenters. The analysis was conducted based on one month of biogas plant operation. The analysis proved that usage of additional substrate (pig slurry) has a positive effect on the yield of biogas. In the days when pig slurry was in use, biogas yield increased. The highest biogas yield per ton of co-substrate was equal to 210 (Nm3). The smallest biogas yield per ton of substrate was 178 (Nm3). ...
Renewable energy sources have been amongst crucial elements of the European Union policy for a long time. Currently, they have become significant in terms of possibilities of the technology development, whichmay limit the effects and duration of the economic, energy and climatic crisis. The Directive 2009/28/EC obliges the increase of the share of Renewable Energy Sources in the final energy consumption up to 20% (inPoland up to 15%) by 2020. Sewage sludge is waste that significantly affects the aspects of environment. The research considered the rationality of using the waste for the production of biomethane. The purpose of the work was to determine the dynamics of biogas production from sewage sludge of municipal origin. Its scope included a review of the literature based on the Polish and European law. Issues of technology, production and use of biogas and residue were presented. The research was based on determining the properties of sewage sludge - raw and after stabilization, and carrying out a fermentation process for a period of 30 days. The validity of using sewage sludge as substrate for biogas production was confirmed. ...
The purpose of this study was measuring geographic coordinates using GPS manual device for specific economic activities of Raciechowice commune in order to make their spatial catalogue. The results of these measurements were transferred directly to the topographic map of scale 1:10000, and the company attributes (owner, type of activity, location, house number) are described in the table placed in this work. The data obtained here allow to assign each company in Raciechowice commune precised location. This allows us to create a database and map with companies placed on it. The database gives us opportunity to find specific company, locate it on map and check information about the company.
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Temperature is a scalar physical quantity, one of the principal parameters determining the state of a thermodynamic system. It corresponds to the average kinetic energy of the motion and vibration of particles in the system. One of the popular methods of temperature recording is the measurement of electromagnetic (infrared, thermal) radiation parameters emitted by a body of a temperature above the absolute zero (0 K or -273.15°C). The measurement is defined as thermography and it is used to produce images of the distribution of temperatures on the surface of an object (objects) with the use of an infrared radiation detector. The main advantage of this type of measurement is its non-invasive nature. Due to the use of a thermographic camera, it is possible to detect most construction defects without interfering in the structure of a building partition. Thermography allows the measurement of temperature in the spaces that are not easily accessible or those where traditional methods are impossible to employ. Thermography is used in a variety of research specialisations. The article presents the results of research relying on the use of thermogram analysis in the estimation of thermal insulation of chosen external building partitions. Much attention was given to façade ...
The objective of the study was comparative analysis of production and technical cir-cumstances of the functioning of two producer groups aimed at pig production. A significant difference between the compared producer groups was observed, in the group from (G1) mean livestock size was 48.93 LU∙ha-1 AL. Whereas in the second group (G2), the livestock was at the level of only 19.45 LU∙ha-1 AL. Within the compared groups (G1; G2) a significant dis-crepancy between the number of some machines is noticeable, such as: manure spreader, seeder, rotary mower, collecting balers. Farms of the G2 group had more extensively equipped machine stocks and the difference primarily stems from the size of the cultivated area AL, since in the producer group of (G2) the mean AL value was 30.80 ha and only 17.30 ha in the second studied group (G1). The conducted detailed analysis allowed to demonstrate that the group from Pałecznica (G1) should be assessed as the better one in terms of the productivity of fixed resources. In this group, the fixed resource productivity index indicates, that 1.07 thousand PLN∙ha-1 AL of the production value corresponds to 1 unit of fixed resource value, i.e. 1 thousand PLN∙ha-1 AL, whereas in the compared ...
The paper aims to determine the level and diversification of logistic costs in an agribusiness enterprise. Applied were selected indicators of logistic costs assessment on an example of a micro enterprise. The logistic costs breakdown by nature was used for this assessment. Proposed assessment indicators are plain and unambiguous to interpret.There was stated that in the presented agribusiness enterprise the value of logistic costs is affected mainly by: remuneration costs (they cover 45% of total logistic costs), costs of external services and costs of materials and energy consumption, in which fuel makes up the highest percentage. The calculated indicators inform that the amount of logistic costs is on a satisfactory level, comparing with food sector trends. The proposed approach simplifies logistic cost analysis. It does not require additional records or accountancy and is possible to apply in practice. Limitation of this method is associated with proper evidence and distinguishing the logistic cost in the overall company costs. ...
Results of air temperature measurements in the 1957-2014 multi-annual period were analysed in the paper. The data originated from Jelcz-Laskowice locality situated in the south-western part of Poland, at the flat part of the Lower Silesia, on Silesian Lowlands. Average annual and monthly air temperatures and the number of days of thermal seasons duration were analysed. Trends of changes were set and extreme values of average monthly air temperatures were analysed. Mean annual air temperatures in the studied multi-annual period revealed a tendency to increase. Average monthly extreme values of the analysed factor revealed a similar direction of changes; however, more apparent changes occurred for the maximum values. Over the analysed period, average monthly air temperatures revealed a tendency to increase. The most serious changes occurred in July, slightly lesser in August, May and April. The number of days in the years 1957-2014 in the interval limited by the air temperature threshold values: 0oC, 5oC and 15oC was greatly diversified. Analysed results had a clear growing tendency for the summer, slightly lower for the spring, but evidently declining for the autumn. ...
Inequality in saturation and spatial diversification of rural areas in respect of farm technical infrastructure development causes specific difficulties in planning the development of individual region in the scale of the whole country and in the scale of single provinces. The diversification, at the same strategies of development for the whole regions and macroregions, may cause even more differences in regional development. Presented estimation of technical infrastructure of farms will help launching a proper strategy of development for individual regions in order to equalize chances. A problem of communes' classification due to many features and indices which may describe the level of infrastructural saturation is a typical problem of multivariate comparative analysis. At this point a notion of taxonomic structure should be mentioned as a configuration of points of multidimensional space which is a set of objects characterized by means of various attributes. Finally, after initial verification of informative values of attributes, 13 indices describing technical infrastructure on farms were selected for analysis from the available set of diagnostic attributes.The assessment was made basing on a synthetic measurement of development which is an aggregate diagnostic attribute. Assuming in the conducted research that αj = 1, i.e. ...
Determining infrastructural potential of a municipality is possible by measuring a number of diagnostic features describing this potential in the municipality – the number of these variables depends mainly on the purpose of the analysis. 13 variables considered as diagnostic were used in this paper to illustrate diversification of agricultural infrastructure of farms on the municipality level. The set of these variables marks a point in the multidimensional space, which is characteristic for each investigated object but differentiating objects among themselves. The potential was estimated on the basis of synthetic measure of development which is an aggregate of diagnostic features. The computed synthetic index reduces multidimensional data to a single number and replaces the point in the multidirectional space by a point on an axis in one-dimensional space. The goal of the article is to show if the picture of a population of municipalities in their many dimensions and original shape seen through synthetic coefficient is similar to the original and whether the obtained one-dimensional distance properly reflects distances in the initial space of the studied infrastructure potential. In the presented work the information quality provided by the synthetic coefficient computed for the studied districts has been analysed using multidimensional ...
The paper presents an assessment of the influence of biological conditions for farming in selected agricultural districts on the quantity of basic and specialist means of production on farms described by many authors as agricultural infrastructure of these farms. The conditions of crucial importance for the method and results of farming are the indices of soil agronomic usability, size and agrarian structure and other natural conditions, e.g. agroclimate, area relief and aspect, water conditions, etc. Spatial analysis comprises spatial distribution of agricultural infrastructure potential as a synthetic index of development and subsequently, considering this index as a measure of development, determining a portion of groups similar considering soil quality and other biological conditions of agricultural management (spatial evaluation index). For comparison, technical infrastructure of agricultural holdings was characterized using aggregated synthetic index of many diagnostic features, whose construction bases on Hellwig development measure. Data for the analysis were taken from the results of Agricultural Census 2002 and data on agronomic usability of soils and biological framing conditions supplied by IUNG at Puławy. Proper technical infrastructure of agricultural holdings is one of more important factors affecting the character of agriculture. In many cases the infrastructure on farms of Polish villages is ...
Apparent diversification of the malopolskie province area in respect of its topography and unequal financial resources at the disposal of individual communes and districts may determine the level of their infrastructure development. At present, when Poland became the European Union member state and entered its financing structures, spatial development of the infrastructural potential is affected by the activities of local self governments. Intensive development and modernization of infrastructure favour local concentration of communes with high values of the indicator. Technical infrastructure is an element strictly connected with space and its level is affected by social, financial and human factors, which provides a basis for an analysis of the influence of local spaces on its development or lack of it. In the article local diversification of communes was made using Local Moran’s Ii statistics. Local statistics my verify whether a commune is surrounded by neighbouring objects (communes) with similar or various values of analyzed variable in relation to random distribution of these values in space. It allows for identification of spatial effects of an agglomeration. Such analysis of local indicators of spatial association LISA was suggested by Anselin [Anselin 1995]. The article aims at presentation of local indicators of spatial dependencies ...
Autocorrelation is a branch of statistics dealing with an analysis of spatial data and with further description and investigation of spatial phenomena. Methods of spatial statistics are also called explorative spatial data analysis – ESDA. Spatial statistics are an efficient method to identify the dependence of individual phenomenon occurrence on geographical space. Measures of spatial autocorrelations show the dependence of variables in respect of spatial localization. Spatial correlation (positive autocorrelation) allows to determine that intensification of a given phenomenon is more perceivable in the adjoining objects than in located far away from one another. Two types of measures are used by spatial statistics: global and local measures. The Authors used a global measure to illustrate the spatial dependence of water supply and sewage disposal infrastructure occurrence. The global measure was computed using R CRAN program. The global measure of Moran’s I statistics was computed for various spatial weight matrices. The data for analysis, evidencing the state of water supply and sewage disposal infrastructure in 2005, were obtained from the Main Statistical Office in Krakow. Moran’s I statistics allows to identify global autocorrelation measures in spatial objects with reference to the assumed weight matrix. The global measure is a one number ...
Implementation of new provisions concerning road inventory imposes an obligation on Communal Units of Local Self-Government to create and keep Road Books. The regulations state the new scope and principles of keeping inventories of public roads and bridges. They change fundamentally the scope and degree of precision concerning description of data necessary for a road inventory. The information pertains to among others: road safety barriers and road acoustic screens, bus stop bays, exist and roadside objects, etc. Due to the required preciseness of detail of Road Books, one of the most labour consuming but most important stages in the process of creating, keeping and practical application of the inventory is the stage of collecting data on road technical parameters. The work presents the method of collecting and archivization of data on technical parameters of a road section using GPS technology, GIS and SIP software. The developed method allows for simple and fast acquisition, using MapSource programme functions, of necessary spatial information collected using GPS appliance and then process it to the required tabular format. The paper contains precise data of a road book creating and addresses some issues which have been omitted in the interpretation of the law. Irrespective of ...
Galvanic batteries and electric batteries which occur in large and smallsize forms are among the products which once run down become hazardous wastes, dangerous for the environment and human health. Constructed of highly processed materials, they contain harmful substances, such as lead, cadmium or mercury. Management of waste batteries is especially difficult due to the fact that they are present as sources of electricity in a variety of appliances used in many spheres of life. It leads to a considerable dispersion of places where wastes are generated and processed. A commonly used practice involves penetration of wastes, such as batteries and vehicle batteries, particularly small-size ones, into the municipal solid waste stream leading to their deposition on municipal landfills. It results in the extraction of hazardous substances by precipitation waters filtrating the soil mass into the underground waters leading to their dangerous contamination. On the other hand these wastes can be valuable secondary materials. Recycled they may provide the resources protecting natural deposits. Currently there are three main groups of chemical sources of electricity, used in almost all spheres of life: a) primary batteries and remaining secondary batteries, b) nickelcadmium, large and small-sized vehicle batteries, c) lead-acid vehicle batteries. The ...
Amount of generated municipal wastes depends on many factors, witch themost important are: life standard, population's rate and goods' consumption scaleand intensity.The kind of produced wastes depends on the area where the wastes aregenerated, population denisity, buldings' types, objects of public utility, trade outpostmagnitude and intensity of industry and services.In this paper there was verified dependence between municipal wasteproduction and one of the social-economic factor which is structure of economicactivity (by Polish Classification of Activity - PKD).The researches were conducted in communes of Malopolska Region. Theaverage amounts of produced wastes in different business communes's type andsignificance of differences among average were defined in the analysis.There was indicated that the biggest waste production (per capita) havecommunes, where the dominant business activities are financed (or insurance),transport or tourism. The least wastes are generating with construction, energeticand agriculture as the main economic activity. ...
The municipal waste is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes col-lected by a municipality within a given area. EU waste management principles were defined in the Waste Framework Directive 74/442/EWG. In 2007 in EU countries 261 Mio Mg waste (522 kg*(capita*year)-1) were generated. In Poland the production index was lower and came to 322 kg*(capita*year)-1. 179 communes of Malopolska were choused as the research area. Jenk's method (natural break algorithm, also known as the goodness of variance fit (GVF).) was used in the analysis. This method in the best way describes spatial data arrangement. The Jenks optimization method was used to classify features us-ing natural breaks in data values. It was used to minimize the squared deviations of the class means. Optimization was achieved when the quantity GVF was maxi-mized.There was made a spatial analysis of the waste production, numbers of inhabi-tants and population densities in Malopolska communes by means of GIS soft-ware. Based on the gotten results there were defined the average quantities of generated waste in the specified communes' classes. ...
The work analyzed the functioning of the existing logistics system in the field of packaging waste management in the urban-rural commune of Wadowice. The analysis was carried out taking into account the efficiency of the planning, execution and monitoring processes of the packaging waste stream. In order to collect the material for research, mainly the available documentation in the resources of territorial self-government units, interviews carried out in logistic enterprises involved in the waste collection and transport system from the surveyed area and interviews conducted with the inhabitants of the commune (waste producers) were based. The research was carried out in 2013-2016. The results of the tests were tabulated, presented graphically and basic statistical measures were calculated. The obtained results allowed to evaluate the logistic processes carried out in the aspect of packaging waste management in the studied commune. The selective collection points of municipal waste were mainly collected in multi-material packaging waste, plastic packaging and mixed packaging. The percentage of packaging recovered by organized occasional collections was negligible. ...
The paper presents the possibilities of growing energetistic plants and its ecological and economic effects anticipated. Emphasized is the potential contained in infrastructure of Polish countryside, i.e. unutilized farm buildings, areas out of agricul¬tural production, unma-naged side-crops and free manpower. Listed are plants to be designed for energetistic purpos-es and and ways of their utilization. Potential advantages of using liquid wastes for irrigation of the energetistic plants, as well as impediments involved, have been pointed to. The ways of the countryside deve¬lopment described call for engagement of local self-government communities and adequate financial means ...
The paper analyses results of measurements of precipitation amounts in the Widawa River basin in the multi-year period 1956-2012. Analysed were annual, monthly and daily precipitation totals and the numbers of days with precipitation in a year and in a month. Trends of changes were determined and extreme monthly and daily precipitation totals were analysed. Annual precipitation totals over the analysed multi-year period were very strongly diversified. Despite a considerable spread of results, the distribution in time did not reveal any clear tendency of changes, the trend line was almost horizontal. The number of days in a year with precipitation revealed an obvious decreasing trend, particularly within the fraction of days with precipitation <1mm. Average daily precipitation obtained from the ratio of annual precipitation total and the number of days with precipitation showed a growing tendency. December was the month in which the highest number of days with precipitation was noted during the multi-year period 1956-2012. Considering the fewest number of days with precipitation, similar results were obtained for three months. In May and September the least number of days with precipitation was registered eleven times. Only once a less often mentioned number of days occurred in October. A summary ...
