Zeszyt: 2013, vol. 10 / 04 / 2 (Dec 2013)
The article aims to assess the territorial distribution of foreign tourist traffic in Poland and identification of provinces similar with respect to the inbound tourism structure considering the tourists' country of origin. The analysis used well-known methods of taxonomic analysis.Foreign tourists' arrivals to Poland are to a great extent spatially diversified. The leading provinces concerning the number of accommodated tourists are Mazowieckie and Małopolskie. The next ones, in view of the intensity of the analysed phenomenon, are the provinces of the western wall, except Lubuskie. The provinces situated mainly on the eastern wall proved to be the least numerously visited by foreign tourists.It should be also noticed that German tourists were particularly fond of the Zachodniopomorskie and Dolnośląskie provinces. Tourists from the other analyzed countries use bed places mostly in the area of the Mazowieckie and Malopolskie provinces. Russian, Ukrainian and Lithuanian tourists provide an exception, since they also travel to Podkarpackie (Ukraine), Lubuskie (Russia and Lithuania) and Dolnośląskie provinces (Russia).Obtained classification of the provinces allowed to divide them into six groups, characterized by a similar structure of foreign tourists using sleeping facilities, but also similar in view of intensity of inbound tourism. The presented results reveal a considerable degree ...
The article discusses the issue of spatial planning in communes. The opportunities of making spatial databases for the purposes of record of planning permission are presented. The presented solution allows for the collection and processing of spatial data in geographical information systems at the local, regional, and national government level.The analysis shows the possibilities of creation of database on the example of selected rural commune. This commune has not kept a record of the planning permission in electronic version. The case study used in the research allows presenting the sample spatial database that can be used in the commune management. This is due to the fact that geographical information systems are becoming an increasingly popular tool for the administrative decision-making process in commune offices. These tools allow for easier access to data and faster and multi-faceted use of it in the office work.An example of the Szczutowo commune shows the possibility of using a spatially referenced data resource in the electronic way. However, it is important that local authorities after hearing about this kind of tool wished to use it in their daily work. The ArcGIS software was used in the presented example, but it can be replaced by open ...
In the late Holocene (4 thousand years ago), there were favorable environmental conditions for the growth of beech and spread of beech forests formation in the western regions of Ukraine in a warm and humid climate. Continuous and disjunctive area of beech forest covered the area of 1,445 thousand ha, within which beech forests expanded in an area which was around 525 thousand ha. During the past two centuries due to various types of human impact beech forests have changed significantly both quantitatively and qualitatively. Those changes had negative impact on their coenotic structure. Within the natural habitat of beech forest the beech area decreased by 129.9 thousand ha, or 22.2% (relative to their current area). Ukraine is one of the least wooded countries in Europe (forest cover is only 15.7%). The reproduction of beech forests and the expansion of beech forest area is an important silvicultural and economic aim. Real opportunities for beech forests exist in moderately humid climate zone of West Ukraine. In Ukrainian areas of Roztochya, Opillya and Podillya, remains of natural beech forest are preserved. These phytocoenoses line out the Eastern European border area of beech forests. There is an interest to determine their dynamic trends ...
The weather conditions in winter 2011/2012 in Poland caused severe frost killing of winter crops (in most areas up to 90%) requiring spring resowing. This brought about a considerable impact of chemical plant protection. The paper presents results from two farms, belonging to a State Treasury company, with intensive agricultural production, located in the Wielkopolska voivodship. The number of plant protection treatments increased due to resowing from 39.9 to 81.4%, depending on the farm, and the amount of used p.p.p.(plant protection products) increased from 51.9 to 153.7%. Costs of used p.p.p. increased overall by 28.5%. The value of multi-criteria index of pesticides negative impact on the environment increased from 18.8 to 39.8% in farms 1 and 2. Identifying extremes in plant protection will allow more accurate than only on the basis of average values, planning and calculation of effect in production, as well as projections of adaptation processes to the changing conditions of production caused by the on-going global climatic changes. ...
The paper presents results from an experiment focused on the establishment of total grass biomass amount grown in the house garden during the growing season and volume of the domestic composter required for biomass treatment.Grass in the experimental part of the garden (area 43.75 m2) was cut at regular intervals (1x2 weeks) during the growing season. The cut green biomass was mixed with wood shavings at a volume ratio of 3:1 and the mixed material was placed inside a home composter (volume 300 dm3). During the composting process, the blended biomass was mixed and aerated for 1x4 weeks.The total amount of grass biomass from the experimental plot was 44.8 kg; the amount of added wood shavings was 13.9 kg. The total volume of raw mixture (fresh) was nearly 370 dm3 but due to the composting process during the growing season, the volume of composted raw materials was reduced at the end of the growing season to about 168 dm3.The measured and calculated values show that the composter volume required for the treatment of grown-up and cut grass biomass per 1m2 of garden lawn is 3.83 dm3. Due to fluctuations of grass biomass production in individual years, it is recommended to ...
This paper presents the results of a detailed inventory of the historic manor park in Łęczna in the Lublin Voivodeship, conducted in the year 2011. This object is an example of combining elements of the eighteenth-century Italian garden with the nineteenth-century landscape park. The park area is 12 hectares. A user of the area is the King Casimir School. A detailed dendrological inventory of the park revealed 932 items, including 852 trees and 25 large groups of shrubs. Tree stand of the park in Łęczna is represented by 32 species and varieties of trees. In terms of numbers prevail: Tilia cordata Mill., Acer platanoides L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Carpinus betulus L. and Robinia pseudoacacia L. Rare species of the foreign origin are Acer platanoides ‘Schwedleri', Acer saccharinum ‘Wieri', Cladrastis lutea Rudd., Gleditsia triacanthos L., Platanus ×hispanica 'Acerifolia', Quercus macrocarpha Michx. and Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold. The possibilities and directions of restoration presented in this work are based on the collected data. ...
The analysis of variability of riverbed elevation recorded at three selected gauging cross-sections: Czchów on the Dunajec River and Olchowice and Rzuchów on the San River is presented in the paper. The studies concern the period of more than one hundred years. The focus is on the analysis of the river course maintenance at selected gauging stations. The research shows that the river course may change spacially and temporally with varying intensity. In the period of 50 - 100 years, these changes can be slight, but permanent changes in the direction of the river channel development can be also observed. The paper presents the trends of riverbed changes during the long period of time of the selected mountain tributaries of the upper Vistula River, which were studied on the basis on the variability of observed mean annual water stages. In the paper there are given the reasons for the observed changes in the river course and channel geometry. These changes were caused by river regulation consisted of the shortening and narrowing of the river channel and the sediment exploitation as well. The method of assessment of the variability of the river channels level in the long period ...
The experiment was carried out to determine the effects of different irrigation water levels on yield and some quality parameters of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. Var. Longifolia cv.) under greenhouse conditions. Irrigation water was applied through drip irrigation method with 7 days interval during the total growing season. Irrigation treatments consisted of six different water levels (I1: non-irrigation, I2: 25 %, I3: 50 %, I4: 75 %, I5: 100 % and I6: 125 % of cumulative evaporation measured from Class A pan). The amount of irrigation water ranged between 0 and 106.3 mm among the treatments. Evapotranspiration (ET) values varied from 69.1 to 158.5 mm for the treatments. The highest yield was obtained from the I5 followed by I4. A significant polynomial relation (R2=0.77) was obtained between the yield and irrigation water, and linear relation (R2=0.99) was obtained between the yield and ET. This indicated that when irrigation water increased, yield also increased to a certain point. However, when the amount of irrigation water exceeded the plant water requirement, lettuce yield decreased. Yield response factor (Ky) was determined as 1.97. Since Ky ˃ 1, lettuce was very sensitive to water deficiency. In addition, the highest water use efficiency (WUE) and ...
The analysis of time variability of riverbed elevation recorded at eight cross-sections of the Upper Vistula River is presented in the paper. The variability is analyzed on the base on the observed low annual water stages and the cross-sectional geometry variation observed over decades. Furthermore, the analysis of riverbed changes in the years 2001 - 2011 was done in 16 cross-sections located between the Koło and Zawichost gauging stations. Based on the analyzed changes in the riverbed elevation of the eight tested gauging stations it should be noted that since the beginning of the observation period, that is from about the beginning of the 20th century to the mid 1960's, in the Upper Vistula River riverbed erosion can be observed with a slight tendency for accumulation. As a result of technical regulations of the river channel of the Vistula River from km 247 +000 to 295 +000 carried out in the years 1975 to 1982, intensive processes of riverbed erosion has occured. In most of the 16 profiles it was found that in the years 2001-2011 the river channel was deepened. The occurrence of local riverbed deepening at the river banks was also observed. ...
Successive closing down of filled-up large municipal landfill sites or those which no longer fulfil the legal regulations, compel local governments and enterprises dealing with waste disposal, to undertake activities aimed at designing and construction of new waste management plants. One of these is a municipal solid waste sorting plant where the waste stream is divided into sub-screen and screen fraction. The screen fraction after removing ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass and other impurities and crushing to an appropriate particle size constitutes an alternative fuel. The most frequently alternative fuel is manufactured from selectively collected plastics, rubber, textiles and waste paper. Alternative fuel is also manufactured from municipal solid waste in mechanical waste treatment plants. Municipal solid waste is characterized by a non-uniform morphological composition (depending on many factors), which may result in variable parameters of the manufactured fuel. If the waste fuel manufactured in this way and supplied to cement plants does not reach certain quality standards, its price is low, or the product is not accepted for energy recovery. The work presents results of analyses of selected properties of alternative fuels generated from solid municipal waste stream with regard to the type of communes from which the waste ...
Apart from the basic input, the right course of fermentation process is determined by the appropriate microorganism populations and the parameters such as: pH, particle size, ionic strength (salinity) and concentration of nutrients and toxic compounds. Three microorganism groups are involved in the process of anaerobic transformation of organic substances in fermentation gas: acid forming bacteria, acetate bacteria and methanogenic bacteria. The first two phases are dominated by the bacteria which are both obligate, facultative and absolute anaerobes (Clostridium spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Streptococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Aerobacter spp., Alcaligenes spp, Escherichia spp, Lacto¬bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp. czy Flavobacterium spp.) [Nimmrichter, Kuebler, 1999]. Their number during the mesophile fermentation is estimated for between 108-109 per 1ml [Hartman, 1999]. The rate of bacteria growth at both phases fluctuates from 5 hrs, in the presence of carbohydrates to 72 hrs during fat decomposition [Heidrich, Nieścier, 1999]. Presented research aimed at determining the quantity and quality of biogas depending on the microbiological environment in fractions originating from agriculture and agro-food industry. To achieve the objective of research, was evaluated the number and biodiversity of microorganisms that inhabit selected agricultural raw materials used in the production of biogas. A very important ...
