Zeszyt: 2011, vol. 8 / 11
Since the half of the 1990's, the development of rural areas was directed into a multi-functional form. Apart from main agricultural functions, dominating in the central steering period, different forms of non-agriculture activity started to develop in rural areas. In new conceptions of rural areas development, of important meaning was tourism, including agrotourism. The main aim of this paper is an attempt to discuss the role of tourism in multi-functional development of rural areas, especially in the Świętokrzyskie voi-vodship. In the Świętokrzyskie voivodship, a considerable development of agrotourist farms, with that of cooperating institutions, like agrotourist associations, con-sultative teams and agrotourist chambers is recently observed. The agrotourism is very important function of this area. First agrotourist farms were organized in 1993. Most of them are small and are not profitable, thus most of their owners became part-time farmers. The income outside the agriculture can be for them just the agrotourism. At present the Świętokrzyskie voivodship is visited by many tourists from various part of Poland. Agrotourism is a real chance for the Świętokrzyskie voivodship farmers, to ameliorate their difficult economic situation.
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The municipal waste is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes collected by a municipality within a given area. EU waste management principles were defined in the Waste Framework Directive 75/442/EEC. A transfer station is a building or processing site for the temporary deposi-tion of waste. Transfer stations are often used as places where local waste collection vehicles will deposit their waste cargo prior to loading it into larger vehicles. The primary reason for using transfer station is to reduce the cost of transporting waste to disposal facilities. There are many countries in Europe using this solution in waste management system, for example: Germany, Belgium, Austria, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland. Waste transfer stations play there an important role in a community's total waste management system, serving as the link between a community's solid waste collection program and a final waste disposal facility. In Poland only several waste transfer stations exist, but none of them fulfils the role like this station located in EU or United States of America. This article includes characteristics and role of solid waste transfer stations (located mainly at rural area) in waste management systems.
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This paper presents the process of creation of the Wzgórza Strzelińskie (Strzelin Hills) Natural-Landscape Complex. It describes the rationale, the idea and the process of consultations and work on the resolution to establish the Complex, from the concept, through consultations to the adoption of the resolution. The paper discusses elements of natural and cultural values of the Complex that were the reason behind making Wzgórza Strzelińskie a legally protected site. Recommendations are presented concerning nature protection as well as prohibitions in force in the Complex. The paper lists potential threats to the natural environment, landscape and cultural resources of the Wzgórza Strzelińskie Natural-Landscape Complex.
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The aim of this experiment was to establish the effect of the ProBio Origi-nalTM preparation (hereinafter "preparation") on the composting process of bio-logically degradable waste in garden composters. The first stage of research was focused on the effect of different concentrations of the preparation onto the com-posting process in garden composters. Monitored parameters were the effect of the preparation on the course of temperatures during the composting process, material volume decrease and effect on the quality of the composted material. The input raw material was freshly cut grass provided by Centrální kompostárna (Central Composting Plant) Brno, a.s. The experiment was carried out in five garden composters (290 L) for a pe-riod of 13 weeks. Three composters were enriched with the preparation at different concentrations, two of them were reference composters. During the experiment, the course of the composting process was monitored (temperature, loss in material volume) as well as the compost quality (C/N ratio, nutrients, heavy metals).During the experiment, a positive influence was observed of the preparation on the course of temperature in the composters. The enriched composters reached in the mineralization phase the thermophilic temperature ranges for a period of two weeks. The rate of composted material volume reduction ...
The aim of this study was to present basic trends in population processes in rural areas of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. With the period of 2003-2008 the main subject focused on changes in population size, elements responsible for the character of population changes with components of natural and migratory move-ment. Changes in the labour market against changes in the number of people em-ployed and unemployment were also discussed. The analysis proved considerable spatial diversification of the processes in question.Positive population-related phenomena were recorded in municipalities located in a suburban zone, whereas negative phenomena occurred in the outskirts of the area and locations of economic restructuring.
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The aim of the paper is identification of the relationship between the amount of expenditure for tourism born by mountain communes (gminas) in Poland and intensity of tourist traffic in their areas.The analysis of tourist traffic in mountain communes in Poland in the first place allowed to establish that an average intensity of tourist traffic is greater than generally in Poland. The observation does not refer to the whole of the analyzed area, since tourist traffic reveals a very high concentration, reaching extreme cases in the communes where not a single tourist used bed-places. Registered increase in tourist traffic intensity did not apply to the whole area of mountain communes in Poland. Mountain communes only to some extent get involved in realization of expenditure on tourism - less than half of communes participated in them in 2009 and only few communes spent considerable amounts of money. Average expendi-ture from commune budgets on tourism, both total and per one tourist using bed places in mountain communes, were higher than the average for all communes in Poland.None of the applied methods of identification of correlative dependence al-lowed to establish its occurrence on a significant level, therefore the number of tourists in mountain ...
Problems of the retention capacity of the landscape and related runoff con-ditions are at present, at the time of the occurrence of frequent storm floods, a topical problem. Our research was aimed at the evaluation of effects of physical-geographical factors on hydrological conditions of the Fryšávka River drainage area occurring in the southern part of the Žďárské vrchy CHKO (Žďárské Hills Protected Landscape Area) depending on the current position of the landscape cover. Preparation and analyses of source data were carried out in ArcGIS 9.2 in the ArcView software product by means of the set of integrated software applications ArcMap, ArcCatalog and ArcToolbox. To determine hydrological conditions at the absence of hydrometric observations a method was used of numbers of runoff curves CN in a modification of the DesQ-MAXQ deterministic episode model. Based on hydrological characteristics, potential retention was monitored as well as the volume of flood wave, concentration time and peak discharge. Hydrological modelling was carried out on a design storm precipitation with the return period of 100 years. The significance of physical-geographical factors affecting the landscape retention capacity and runoff conditions was quantified by the statistical method of multiple regression and correlation analysis on the set of 95 ...
Intensified production of apples makes a fruit grower establish an orchard immediately after grubbing up an old one. Then, if replanting does not occur, stands for new trees can be significantly affected by soil properties conditioned by a long- term way of its management. Another problem in horticulture is water deficit. Due to diminishing water reserves there is a need to improve sorption capacity of soils. The use of polymer supersorbents provides one of possible solution to the mentioned problem. The aim of the work was the assessment of the effect of a long- term appli-cation of herbicide fallow, black foil, black agrotextile and pine bark in trees rows in an old orchard, on growth and fruiting of apple trees ‘Ligol' planted immediately after grubbing up the old trees. Research also involved potential modification of the above effect caused by rootstock type: M.9, M 26 and P 60, as well as by addi-tionally applied agrogel. The growth and yielding of young trees ‘Ligol', related to a long-term system of soil management in the old orchard, was highly diversified and depended on the type of rootstock and agrogel applied. Yielding of the trees was also connected with the year of cultivation.
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Agrotourism plays a huge role in the activation of rural areas. Its position and market power affects a number of external components and mechanisms. And although its positive impact on the economic and social development rural areas is noticeable, it also reveals a number of barriers related. An important aspect is to strengthen awareness of local communities concerning benefits resulting from the development of this non-agricultural source of income. Only then it will trigger a multiplier effect that will eventually lead to reduction of unemployment, job cre-ation in sectors serving tourists, revenue growth and will improve both living standard and working conditions of the population actively involved. Improving the visibility of rural values, processing, traditional crafts, rural buildings can become a powerful magnet for tourists, tourists looking for new unconventional forms of recreation. Benefits of the development of rural tourism can become real if there is visible involvement and close cooperation between both - service providers and local authorities (government).
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Samples of excess sludge from wastewater treatment plants were investiga-ted in order to determine the dependence of rheological parameters of sewage sludge on lime addition. Hydration of the sludge is one of its main features which determine sludge management and waste disposal cost. The rheological behavior of sludge is a key characteristic, since it determines the treatment processes. This research has evaluated the use of rheological properties for characterization and control of sludge and lime mixture flow behaviour. A laboratory investigation was conducted using rotating coaxial cylinder and several different gravimetric on-centrations of the investigated sludge. In order to describe the rheological charac-teristics, the 3-parameter Herschel-Bulkley model was applied. Rheological cha-racterization is of great importance in sludge management, both in terms of biomass dewatering and stabilizing properties, and in terms of design parameters for sludge handling operations.
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