Zeszyt: 2025, vol. 20 / 1 / 1
Water is a crucial natural resource, influencing plant productivity and sustaining ecosystems. Black locust, known for its drought resistance and adaptability to unfavorable conditions, is frequently used in the recovery of degraded regions. During juvenile phase, black locust requires sufficient soil moisture for proper growth. The objective of the research was to assess the water needs of black locust in the second stage of growth on reclamation plantations, specifically starting three years after planting. Water requirements were evaluated for five regions in Poland between 1 June and 31 August in 1981-2010. Water requirements, quantified as crop evapotranspiration, were determined by multiplying the plant coefficient by the reference evapotranspiration. The Blaney-Criddle equation, with the plant coefficient adapted using the Żakowicz method, was applied to estimate reference evapotranspiration. It was found that the average water requirements from June to August were 370 mm. Rainfall deficits were observed in all regions, with the highest shortfalls in central Poland. Additionally, all regions demonstrated an upward trend in water requirements for this species. The results provide valuable insights for planning and implementing irrigation strategies for black locust cultivated in reclamation plantations in Poland, supporting the sustainable management of water resources in the region. ...
The aim of the study was to attempt to estimate the demand for water for strawberry grown in the Chojnice county depending on expected climate changes. The study takes into account two scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) for the period 2021-2100. It was found that in the reference period, the total rainfall deficits during the strawberry growing season in the Chojnice county - in the average, moderately dry and very dry years - amounted 31 mm, 127 mm and 192 mm, respectively. The largest monthly rainfall deficit during the strawberry growing season of the reference period occurred in June. The amount of rainfall deficit - in the average, moderately dry and very dry year - was on the level 19 mm, 39 mm and 53 mm, respectively. In the forecast period (2021-2100), the largest monthly rainfall deficits during the strawberry growing season will occur in July. These rainfall deficits under the RCP 4.5 scenario - in a medium, moderately dry and very dry year - will amount 15 mm, 40 mm and 58 mm, respectively. In the light of the RCP 8.5 scenario, rainfall deficits in July will be even higher and may amount to 17 mm, 43 mm ...
Air analysis was carried out in selected vegetable storage rooms to assess the level of contamination by indicator microorganisms - general bacteria, fungi, staphylococci and actinomycetes. The air quality inside the storage facilities was compared with the external environment (control points near the storage facilities). The analysis also included the physical factor of air pollution, the PM2.5 and PM10 dust fractions. The tests were carried out over eight months: before the start of vegetable storage in the storage facilities, at the beginning, during and at the end of this period. It was planned to verify the existence of a relationship between the concentration of microorganisms and the other variables being determined. Due to the lack of applicable standards, the determined numbers of microorganisms were referred to the reference values from legal acts withdrawn in 2015. The results regarding dust concentration were compared with the applicable Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 24 August 2012 and the air quality index of the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection. As this study has shown, the environment of vegetable storage facilities is inhabited by potentially dangerous microorganisms, mainly mould fungi, and high dust levels, which raises doubts in the context of the ...
The aim of the study was to assess the drug resistance profile of E. coli bacteria isolated from municipal waste. It was visible whether among the collected isolates there are strains resistant to ESBL mechanisms (extended spectrum β-lactamase) and whether they are resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. Analysis of the use of disk diffusion methods, using 7 final results for β-lactams (including 2 penicillins, 5 cephalosporins). The obtained comparative results with the KORLD (National Reference Center for Antimicrobial Susceptibility) and EUCAST (European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) standards. The analysis distinguished that among 70% of isolates there is no resistance marking to unconfirmed from the tested antibiotics. On the contrary, 30% of strains were resistant to more than 1 antibiotic. Intermediate susceptibility to cefazolin is characteristic of 80% of E. coli strains. The largest number, as many as 20% of strains, were resistant to this antibiotic. In contrast to 100% susceptibility compared to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, which should be used for penicillin. The ESBL mechanism is not a habitat. It has been found that municipal waste is a place of residence of E. coli bacteria resistant to antibiotics. It is very important to continue research on this source of drug ...
Efficient water management is critical in modern agriculture, particularly in the face of increasing water scarcity and climate variability. Maize, a major cereal crop worldwide, is highly sensitive to water availability, making irrigation management a key factor in sustaining both yield and grain quality. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of deficit irrigation, including partial root-zone drying (PRD) techniques, on the grain quality parameters of maize. The experiment evaluated the effects of different irrigation levels 100% (full irrigation), 75%, 50% (with and without PRD), and 25% on key biochemical attributes of maize grain. Results revealed a significant influence of irrigation level on most grain quality parameters. ADF content increased progressively with reduced water application, peaking at 3.90% under 25% irrigation, while the lowest value (3.43%) was recorded under full irrigation. Conversely, NDF and hemicellulose contents were highest under full irrigation (19.13% and 15.70%, respectively) and decreased under severe water stress. Starch content also declined with increasing water deficit, with the maximum value under full irrigation and the lowest (63.33%) under 25% irrigation. Protein content was highest in the fully irrigated treatment, though differences among treatments were not statistically significant. Oil content showed a similar trend, with maximum values ...
The aim of this study was to estimate the water demand for sugar beet in Chełmno County, depending on projected climate change. The study considered two scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) for the period 2021-2100. Based on the calculations, it was concluded that sugar beet plants will require the most water in July for proper growth and development. Daily water demand in this month - in average, moderately dry and very dry years, respectively - will be amounted 4.3 mm, 4.7 mm and 5.2 mm under the RCP4.5 scenario, while in the RCP8.5 scenario they will be higher - at 4.4 mm, 4.9 mm and 5.3 mm, respectively. Sugar beet water needs throughout the growing season (April 21 - September 30), if climate change unfolds according to the RCP4.5 scenario - in average, dry, and very dry years - will be amounted 475 mm, 523 mm, and 570 mm, respectively. However, under the RCP8.5 scenario, they will be higher, reaching 492 mm, 541 mm, and 590 mm, respectively. The linear regression equations determined for the forecast period (2021-2100) indicate that the water needs of sugar beet are expected to increase. For the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, the water needs ...
The aim of this study was to estimate the water demand for purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.) on a green roof in Bydgoszcz urban aglomeration, depending on projected climate change. A scenario of climate changes for Poland SRES: A1B was taken into account. Water needs of purple coneflower were determined by the method of plant coefficients. Based on adopted assumptions and performed calculations, it was found that in the forecast period (2021-2050) there will be greater variability in the water needs of the Purple coneflower. In the forecast period, a clear tendency towards increasing water needs of the purple coneflower is expected ( every 8.9 mm in a decade). Total rainfall deficiencies for the entire growing season of the purple coneflower (11. May - 10. July) - in an average, moderately dry and very dry year - are expected to decrease to a minor extent, from 205,9 mm, 259,4 mm and 301,9 mm in the comparative period to 198,6 mm, 254,6 mm and 298,5 mm in the forecast period, respectively (which results from more rainfall in June and July in the scenario of climate changes, which was used.) ...
Greenhouse activities are increasing in the Mediterranean region and constitute a large portion of agriculture. Climatic conditions can be controlled in greenhouse activities. Wind, one of the most important parameters, is less effective inside the greenhouse than outside through natural means. The study was conducted in experimental greenhouses on the Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University campus. Three experimental greenhouses were 3x12 m in size. The first greenhouse featured a transparent cover material (CG), the second utilized a blue cover material (BG), and the third was equipped with a blue cover material and inhabited by bumblebees (BBG). Following these treatments, parameters such as plant width, length, weight, stem diameter, total yield, marketable yield, average fruit weight, and leaf chlorophyll content were determined. It was determined that the BBG greenhouse achieved the highest yield, plant height, and fruit equivalent diameter values. Furthermore, the BBG variant achieved the lowest fruit firmness values. This is thought to be due to its faster development and faster maturity compared to other greenhouses. Therefore, it has been determined that both the blue color and bumblebees positively affect tomato plant development parameters in the BBG greenhouse. Therefore, we believe that implementing good agricultural practices to achieve higher yields is ...
Rural development in both Europe and China has undergone profound transformation in recent decades, shifting from a productivity-oriented model toward one embracing multifunctionality and sustainability. This paper reviews and compares the conceptual frameworks, policy instruments, and practical implementations of multifunctional and sustainable rural development (MSRD) in these two regions. Drawing upon policy documents, academic literature, and international development reports from 2000 to 2025, the analysis highlights similarities in the pursuit of rural diversification, environmental protection, and social inclusion, yet underscores distinct institutional pathways shaped by governance systems and cultural contexts. The study concludes that mutual learning between European and Chinese rural policies can foster more integrated, resilient, and inclusive rural futures. ...
This study was conducted during the 2020-2021 growing season at the experimental field of the Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University. The objective was to evaluate the adaptation, herbage yield, and forage quality of selected barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties under the ecological conditions of Kahramanmaraş province. Ten barley cultivars (Compagne, Ibaona, Arconda, Yalın, Çetin 2000, Asil, Aydan Hanım, Bozlak, Misket, and Akar) were used in the experiment. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results revealed no statistically significant differences among the varieties for the traits evaluated, except for crude ash content. Green herbage yield ranged from 1046 to 1506 kg/da, while dry herbage yield varied between 334 and 484 kg/da. Dry matter content ranged from 29.66% to 33.30%, crude protein content from 11.9% to 14.0%, and crude ash content from 6.48% to 8.67%. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) ratios ranged from 62.30% to 68.17% and 32.05% to 36.58%, respectively. Digestible dry matter (DDM) values ranged from 59.58% to 64.42%, dry matter intake (DMI) from 1.76% to 1.93%, and relative feed value (RFV) from 83.28 to 95.34. Among the cultivars, Compagne had ...
The aim of the study was to assess the root system distribution of two Catalpa species - Catalpa bignonioides and Catalpa ovata - grown in row plantings on light soil under subsurface drip irrigation. The soil profile method by Oskamp was used to analyse the vertical and horizontal root system structure, including root diameter classes. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design with two irrigation treatments (W1 - irrigation at -40 kPa soil water tension; W2 - at -20 kPa) and compared with a non-irrigated control (W0). For both species, most roots were located within the 0-30 cm soil layer; however, C. ovata developed a deeper root system, reaching 60 cm under intensive irrigation (W2). Irrigation increased the number of fine roots (<1 mm), which dominated the root structure and accounted for more than 60% of all roots. Both species showed a clear response to the applied irrigation variants, with a stronger effect observed in C. ovata. The results confirm that subsurface drip irrigation promotes root development in the surface layer and increases the total number of roots, which may support tree survival and stability in light soils and water-deficient conditions. ...
Oregano is a valuable essential oil and spice plant from the Lamiaceae family that has a history of thousands of years and was a symbol of nobility, courage and wealth in ancient times. This study was carried out to determine the agronomic characteristics of some oregano genotypes (Origanum sp.) in Kahramanmaras central conditions. The study was established according to the randomized block design with 3 replications using five different oregano genotypes (Denizli 1, Denizli 2, Oguz variety, Origanum majorana L. and Antalya genotype). Plant height, green herba yield, drog herba yield, green leaf ratio, drog leaf ratio, drog leaf yield, the drug leaf/stem ratio and essential oil ratio values were examined in thyme genotypes that underwent the necessary agricultural maintenance and had a year of establishment. In the study, two cuttings were made from thyme genotypes in one season and when the average values of the two cuttings were examined; plant height was determined as 38.02 - 50.07 cm, total green herb yield was 1158.44 - 2641.94 kg da-1, drog herb yield was 495.22 - 917.16 kg da-1, green leaf ratio was 61.40-70.06%, drog leaf ratio was 57.55 - 63.47%, drog leaf yield was 134.21 - 582.40 kg da-1, the ...
The aim of the study was to forecast sugar beet yield increases under the influence of sprinkler irrigation in the Bydgoszcz region, depending on three climate change scenarios. Three climate change scenarios were considered: RCP4.5, RCP8.5, and SRES A1B. Sugar beet root yield increases under the influence of sprinkler irrigation (Q) depending on precipitation during the critical period (PVII-VIII) were determined using the equation Q = 0.356 (241 - PVII-VIII). Calculations were performed for the forecast period (2021-2050), with the 30-year period 1991-2020 as the reference period. The possible yield increases for sugar beet roots over the forecast period (2021-2050) ranged from 34.9 t·ha-1 to 63.0 t·ha-1 in average years, 45.1 t·ha-1 to 67.5 t·ha-1 in moderately dry years, and 50.2 t·ha-1 to 69.8 t·ha-1 in very dry years. From the three climate change scenarios analyzed, higher production effects of sprinkler irrigation on sugar beet are achievable under the SRES A1B model. The presented very high production effects of sprinkler irrigation on sugar beet can become the basis for assessing the economic effectiveness of ...
In regions with Mediterranean climates, high indoor temperatures, particularly during the summer months due to high solar radiation, limit plant growth in greenhouses. Due to the inadequacy of natural ventilation and shading practices commonly used to reduce indoor temperatures during these months, evaporative systems have become widely used in recent years. However, in regions where water is scarce, the high water volumes required for evaporative cooling are an issue that greenhouse operators should not overlook. The aim of this study was to determine the cooling effect, relative humidity effect, cooling efficiency, and water consumption of fan and pad cooling systems under Mediterranean climate conditions. For this purpose, measurements were taken in a Gothic-roofed greenhouse between June and September, when temperatures are high. The pad area used in the greenhouse was 7.5 m2, the water flow rate was 10 L per minute per meter of pad, and the air change rate was 0.066 m3m-2s-1. The average cooling effect, relative humidity effect, cooling efficiency, and water consumption in June were determined as 7.9 °C, 19.4%, 60.7%, and 9.82 L·m-2, respectively. In July, these figures were 5.6°C, 21.9%, 52.1%, and 9.73 L·m-2, respectively; in August, 5.4°C, 14.5%, 50.9%, and 10.2 L·m-2; and in ...
In Türkiye, greenhouses without regular heating typically begin cultivation in March due to ecological reasons. However, low temperatures that occasionally occur during these months negatively impact cultivation. This study aimed to monitor inside climate parameters in high-tunnel greenhouses and evaluate measures to be taken. To this end, inside and outside temperatures, relative humidity, dew point temperature, canopy surface temperature, water condensation on the canopy's inner surface, light intensity, solar radiation, and photosynthetic active radiation were measured in March in the high-tunnel greenhouse and evaluated for cultivation. Data logger measurements revealed outside temperature and relative humidity values ranging from -5.7 to 11.0 °C and 53.4% to 91% throughout the trial. Inside temperature and relative humidity values ranged from -4.7 to 27.7 °C and 52.4% to 85.9%. Considering the low temperatures and high relative humidity values encountered during these periods, heating and ventilation of greenhouses becomes essential. Otherwise, the cover surface temperatures will drop below the dew point, causing condensation. Depending on the difference between inside and outside temperatures, water condensing on the inner surface of the cover can reach up to 90.1 g/m²/h. Furthermore, this condensed water on the cover surface has been determined to promote fungal diseases and reflect 67% ...
