Zeszyt: 2017, vol. 14 / III / 1
In this paper we propose to look at rural landscape from the perspective of heritage. The issue of landscape is presented in the context of contemporary factors which result from the evolving approach both to the notion of heritage itself and to the rules of its conservation. It was noted that activities which identify not only the natural value of landscape but also its historic, cultural, visual, aesthetic and symbolic values, as well as activities which define a heritage community should become a permanent component of current works on integrated rural development. Rural landscapes are cultural landscapes emerged as a result of a long interaction of environmental factors with the activities of a community living in a given area. In these landscapes traces of the past can be seen in a form of landscape patterns. Identifying and defining landscape heritage should be an important component of spatial planning processes. Landscape is shaped on a local scale. In the spatial planning system existing in Poland it is local governments which are the authorities with the largest responsibility over spatial planning. The mere conservation of landscape resources without any measures which aim at planning and managing these resources is not sufficient as ...
Drought, water scarcity and climate changes are very important threats for agriculture on a global basis. Remote sensing (RS) is accepted as a technique to collect data and determine water stress indices. Water Stress Indices (WSI) are useful tools to prevent drought and determine irrigation scheduling. The water stress indices are primarily identified as the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) and the Water Deficit Index (WDI). The effect of soil background is major problem to establish CWSI especially during early growth stage measurements of canopy temperature (Ts). Hence, WDI is a better index when it comprised with CWSI because of Ts. CWSI and WDI can be determined by two different techniques. These are determined by using measured by using traditional components to collect data and estimated methods by applying RS components to collect necessary data. Estimated method has many advantages when this method compared with measured method. However, estimated method needs some RS components which are infrared gun (IR), sling psychrometer, Spectro radiometer. With the help of these tools, the necessary data are obtained and WDI is determined. By using Spectro radiometer vegetation indices are defined. Among the many vegetation indices, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is mostly used ...
The aim of the study is to analyse and compare the changes in land use in rural areas in the Lubelskie Voivodship at the time of implementation of the Rural Development Plan (RDP) during the period 2004-2006 and 2007-2013. The assessment of changes in land use was made based on aggregate voivodship lists of the land and building register covering the years 2004-2013. In detailed analyses the changes in the register area of particular lands in 20 districts. For the purpose of research presentation QGIS software was used, which allowed to present the changes in land use in the form of a cartogram.The research shows a decrease in the acreage of agricultural land and waste land at the time of implementation of the two programmes, at the expense of, among others, forests, wooded and bushy lands, urban and built-up lands, ecological lands and various land. The effect of financing activities related to the reduction of the human impact on the environment during the period 2007 - 2013 in Lubelskie Voivodship can be observed in the changes of ecological land acreage. It was observed the overall area increase of 22,21%. Ecological lands constitute a very small percentage of the lands in ...
The paper assesses the development level of water and sewerage infrastructure in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodeship in the period of 1999-2014. The analysis included the infrastructure in 144 communes. The outcome has ascertained large irregularity in water and sewerage network coverage saturation in particular years, especially in southern and eastern parts of the voivodeship. The growth dynamics of the sewerage network surpasses the water network growth in the analyzed period but still does not reach the development degree of the water system. The Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodeship has the second densest water network in Poland. However, taking into account sewerage network density, it is ninth. Disproportion in both networks development degree is mitigated by building household sewage treatment plants, especially in the communes with lower population density, in which building sewerage network is too expensive. In 2014 two communes had no sewerage network at all and two others had that network very sparse (over 100 km of water network per 1 km of sewerage network). The most intense water and sewerage infrastructure development was recorded in 2007 and 2014, mainly in rural and urban-rural areas. It is related to increased expenditure on water and sewerage infrastructure within the Regional Operational Programme in the ...
Many agro-technical factors are of great importance concerning the amount of crop in corn production. One of these factors is nutrient supply. Plants are supplied with macro-, meso- and microelements. Nowadays cultivated plants cannot always obtain enough microelements from the soil, therefore the importance of foliar fertilization increased. Applied at the right time, foliar fertilization might increase the resistance of corn against biotic and abiotic factors as well. In the experiment the authors examined the effect of three foliar fertilizer products and their combinations on the important elements of the crop development of corn, and their application from economic point of view. The experiment was set in three repeats in random blocks on meadow soil in 2015. The nitrogen supply of the soil is good, the phosphorus and potassium supply is very good, however the zinc content of the soil is low. The corn yield without foliar fertilisation was 6.39 t/ha. The highest yields were achieved after the following treatments: Amalgerol + Fitohorm Turbo Zn (7.50 t/ha), Fitohorm Turbo Zn (7.35 t/ha), and Algafix + Fitohorm Turbo Zn (6.94 t/ha). Treatments with products containing Zn resulted in the best amounts of yields indicating that the low Zn levels of the ...
Over the past 50 years the use of air conditioning in non-domestic buildings has become a norm and an indicator of status. Today the rediscovering of the natural ventilation is a part of rediscovering the buildings' energy efficiency, or maybe even a part of a wider approach, which is a desire to be closer to nature. The main task of all ventilation systems is to maintain an appropriate indoor air quality and to improve the indoor environment. Natural ventilation systems could do the above using less energy than mechanical systems. However, it requires also the implementation of other passive measures. The most important of them are: the reduction of the harmful air contaminants, the control of heat gains, the exposition of the building's thermal mass and utilisation of the night cooling. Because of energy efficiency and thermal comfort reasons, in temperate climate ventilation systems have to work according to at least three scenarios: spring/autumn, winter and summer. The thermal comfort parameters in naturally ventilated buildings are usually more variable than in air-conditioned ones, what does not mean that the occupants will experience thermal discomfort. Therefore, thermal comfort in passively ventilated buildings should be evaluated according to the adaptive comfort standard, ...
The main purpose of the paper was to determine the influence of catchment management on the bottom sediments quality of small water reservoirs as well as to determine toxic metal content in rushes. Samples of bottom sediments were collected in winter 2013 year, form 4 sediment layers (0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm) at three points along the body of water. The 48 samples were collected. Soil material was prepared according to the procedures used in soil science, the analysis was performed for the fraction with a particle diameter of less than 1 mm. Plant samples from single species aggregations were randomly cut from 5 to 10 locations of 20-50 m2 area. From these samples the average composite sample was prepared. The total content of such elements as Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (using the Thermo Scientific iCE 3000 series spectrometer) after prior digestion in the mixture (5:1) of concentrated acids HNO3 (65%) and HClO4 (60%). Total Hg content was determined by the AMA 254 analyzer. Between the small water reservoirs adjacent to the areas where organic farming is used, and the reservoirs adjacent to the areas with mineral fertilization ...
According to the social expectations, the natural aggregates post-mining area in Waryś should be revitalized towards the water function and serve as a recreational area. The paper identified the features which characterize the post-mining area of "Waryś" mine and its surroundings. On the basis of these features evaluation of opportunities for recreation and leisure functions was conducted. The conducted analysis indicates that although this feature seems to be attractive for many reasons, from the point of view of economic efficiency it is not justified, as the necessary revitalization works will require incurring high capital investment costs necessary for proper formation of the recreation and leisure space and its surroundings. At the same time the possible financial benefits probably will not balance the amount of costs incurred for the maintenance of the infrastructure and objects serving the recreation and leisure functions. However, the risk of failure of the revitalization may be decreased by diversifying the form of shaped space, because various revitalization modes and/or functions may efficiently coexist with each other, thereby forming a synergy effect. ...
The paper presents an analysis of the influence of the moisture content in autoclaved aerated concretes on their drying. The tested material consisted of 60 cubic samples (10 x 10cm) of fly ash aerated concrete and sand aerated concrete, types 400 and 600. The analyzed physical parameters of the samples, such as specific density, bulk density, porosity, tightness and absorbtivity, were presented in the paper. The tests revealed that the rate of autoclaved aerated concrete drying depends in the first place on its structure and the moisture content. The drying period of samples soaked with water was the shortest for the sand aerated concrete type 600. The longest drying period was observed for the samples of the fly ash aerated concrete type 600. The results of conducted analyses allowed for distinguishing two phases of autoclaved aerated concrete drying: the first - up to 10 days, when an intensive decrease in mass wetness takes place, and the second - from 10 to 25-40 days, when a slow decline in mass wetness is observed. ...
The main purpose of this work was to determine the degree of negative impact of heavy metals accumulated in the water sediments to aquatic organisms. Samples of sediments were collected in winter 2013, from 4 layers of sediment (0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm) at three points along the water reservoir. Sediments were prepared for analysis in accordance with the procedures applied in soil science. The analysis was carried out for the fraction with a particle diameter less than 1 mm. The total content of such elements as Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn, was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (using the Thermo Scientific iCE 3000 series spectrometer) after digestion in a mixture (5:1) of concentrated acid HNO3 (65 %) and HClO4 (60%). The total Hg content was obtained by using the AMA 254 analyzer. Only the lead content in the analyzed samples of bottom sediments exceeded the contamination value given by polish law (the Regulation of the Minister of Environment). According to the classification of PGI samples of sediments are classified mainly as medium polluted sediments (Class II), with the exception of zinc and lead concentrations (Class III). Due to the value of the indicator ...
Land use is the part of the earth's surface that is used in a uniform manner. The information on the extent and type of land uses is entered into the register of land and buildings. The data contained in this register are the standardized descriptions of the physical characteristics of the objects in question. Pursuant to the applicable legislation, these data should be kept up-to-date through the processes of updating, modernization and periodic verification of the records. The implementation of the said processes often requires the introduction of land use changes. These changes bring about important consequences, especially in land taxation.This paper is an attempt to outline the basic problems related to the determination of the extent and type of land uses. It discusses, inter alia, the issues of limitations resulting from the plans of forest management and the area permitted to be excluded free of charge from agricultural and forestry production for housing purposes. The author also draws attention to the very general legal regulations regarding the determination of the boundaries of the contours of land use zones in rural and urban areas. The conducted studies also include the analysis of the updatedness of the cadastral data on land ...
The paper, as a part of broader studies on the practical usefulness of public registers enclosing the databases on real property, in tasks related to the property appraisal, includes results of research on the scope of data collected in the Register of Prices and Values of Real Estates and its essential relationship with the needs of appraisal in comparative approach. The appraisal procedures need to recognise the features of sold properties that can have an influence on the property price variability. Evaluations of these features underlie a detailed local market analysis. Therefore, the degree of meeting the appraisal needs by the above mentioned Register data was submitted to an examination. Presented analyses are demonstrated on the examples of extracts of registers, conducted by the offices of the district authorities in Lublin Voivodeship. In the summary, a generalized picture of accomplishment of governmental tasks in the mentioned scope was presented. Needs of changes in the scope of institutionally collected real estate market data, as well as possible ways of their implementation, were also indicated. ...
We evaluated how organic manures (farmyard manure, dung water and poultry slurry), different doses of mineral fertilizers (three treatments), combinations of manures with mineral fertilizers (three treatments), and potato varieties (four varieties) influenced potato tuber yields in our long-term fertilizer experiment in Prague, established in 1954.According to our crop rotation, potatoes were planted every ninth year, starting in 1962. Four potato varieties were used since then (Krasava, Radka, Korela, Dita), all of them were medium-maturing and consumable.The average potato yield was 19.1 Mg ha-1 at the beginning of our experiment (1962, var. Krasava) and 37.5 Mg ha-1 in 2007 (var. Dita), showing low suitability of the experimental site for potato production. The mean tuber yield of varieties Krasava, Radka, Korela and Dita was 18.5, 17.1, 30.2 and 37.5 Mg ha-1, respectively. The effect of organic manures was principally comparable with mineral fertilizers. Increasing doses of mineral fertilizers were not related to appropriate increase in tuber yield. Therefore, application of N, P and K around 50, 50 and 144 kg ha-1, respectively, gives fair yields in such non-optimal production area, as is our experimental site. In the case of warm and dry seasons, even high doses of the mineral fertilizers can't ...
The aim of the study was to evaluate the contents of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu in shoots of willow (Salix viminalis L.) cultivated in the vicinity of a coal ash and slag landfill. The landfill is surrounded by arable lands and meadows. There are two major negative influences of the landfill - dusting and flooding. The result of these interactions is the systematic reduction of agricultural value of the land. A field with an area of 9600 m2 were chosen. The land is located east to the landfill. A total of 40 samples of biomass was collected. The contents of analysed elements were determined by FAAS using a Unicam Solaar M6 spectrometer. Distance from the landfill affects the contents of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu in the tested willow shoots. However, there is no single concentration pattern for all the investigated metals. An increase in willow cultivation on the described area can bring a good environmental effect and become an example of proper management of the ash and slag landfill neighbourhood. ...
The paper analyses potential applications of modern car transport on farms with area over 20 ha agricultural land (AL). A vast majority of farms are capable of using transport by means of truck with load capacity between 8 and 10 tons. The greatest difficulty is a possibility of performing a safe 360° turn. In this respect only 45.90% of farms have this option, however their percentage is growing with increasing farm area. On the other hand, in case of on average 21.31% of the analyzed farms the entrance may be hindered at some times due to the access from a field track. The width of the entrance gate and the culvert bridge bearing capacity (in 8.20% it was too low) have only slight influence on the discussed issues. ...
The objective of this research was to examine the concentrations of crude protein, P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn of 5 triticale genotypes and 2 barley cultivars (two-row) at different growth stages. The experiments were carried out at Süleyman Demirel University farm in Isparta during the growing season of 2012-2013. Three hexaploid triticale lines (SDÜ-21, SDÜ-27, SDÜ-43) and 2 cultivars (Karma-2000 and Tatlıcak-97), and two-row barley cultivars (Hamidiye and Cumhuriyet) were used in the experiment. The experimental design was a randomized split block design with three replication. The genotypes were used as main plots and growth stage were used as sub-plots. The basic pre-sowing fertilization rates for all plots were 30 kg N·ha-1 and 50 kg P·ha-1, the rest of 30 kg N·ha-1 was applied at the early spring (stem-elongation stage). Plants were harvested at four stages, stem elongation, milk development, dough development and mature stage. Samples taken from each plot were dried to constant weight at 65°C in oven. After cooling, the samples were milled for crude protein and mineral element analyses. According to the results of variance analysis, the nutrient concentrations of triticale and barley genotypes showed variations depending on the genotypes and different growth stages. The ...
The aim of this study was (1) to assess relationships binding hydroclimatic factors and radial growth of pedunculate oak and European ash growing on active terraces of river valleys; (2) to compare the growth reaction of these species from this location. Research site was located in a floodplain valley, within mid-course of the lowland section of the Warta River in the Lasy Czeszewskie Forest, Poland. The Warta River (length 808 km, basin area: 54,529 km2) is a mid-size European river, a tributary of the Odra River draining the North European Plain to the Baltic Sea. The sampled forest stand was an old growth composed of pedunculate oak and European ash mixed with other mature tree species. The main conclusions are: (1) ash in com-parison to oak growing on the same site located on floodplains appeared to be both more sen-sitive to hydroclimatical features and less ecologically flexible as far as monthly pattern of wa-ter requirements is concerned, therefore adaptation to changing climatic conditions and drought may be a greater ecological challenge for ash than for oak in river valleys; (2) stream-flow could be considered as the parameter that substituted precipitation well, or even was more important than precipitation, as far ...
