Zeszyt: 2015, vol. 12 / IV / 3 (Dec 2015)
The research aimed to learn if and to what extent extraneous waters, occasionally flowing into sanitary sewer system during atmospheric precipitation, change proportions of selected pollution indices which are significant regarding biological sewage treatment. The following proportions between pollution indices should be maintained in the sewage subjected to biological treatment process: COD:BOD5 ≤ 1.8; BOD5:N ≥ 4.0, BOD5:P ≥ 25; COD:P ≥ 3.6. Investigations conducted in two sewer systems located in the Małopolskie voivodeship revealed that extraneous waters infiltrating the intercepting sewers during wet weather negatively affect all proportions between pollution indices. Increasing amount of extraneous waters in sewer systems caused the greatest changes of BOD5:N and BOD5:P proportions. On the basis of conducted research it was found that considerable quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds are supplied to the sewer system with extraneous waters, which in biological denitrification and dephosphatation processes may lead to a deficit of organic compounds causing a necessity to provide an external source of carbon for the reactor chambers, such as methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, glucose or others. During the conducted investigations it was demonstrated that extraneous waters in interceptors cause not only sewage dilution, but also significantly change its chemical composition. ...
The paper presents the optimization process of obtaining plantlets of Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro culture conditions and describes the method for adjusting the rooted plants to ex vitro conditions. The low viability of seeds and poor germination are the reasons of difficulties in commercial cultivation of this species in Poland. Plant tissue and cell cultures are the techniques helping to overcome these limitations. Numerous shoots were obtained using sterile nodal segments that were cultured on solidified MS media and supplemented with phytohormones. Elongated shoots were transferred onto the rooting medium. Thus in vitro regenerated plantlets were acclimated to greenhouse conditions. The highest efficiency of shoots proliferation was observed at presence of 0.5 mg dm-3 BAP. The longest stems and the largest number of leaves and the greatest width of leaf were observed when 0.5 mg dm-3 GA3 was applied into medium. The process of rhizogenesis was intensified by the 0.5 mg dm-3 IBA contained in the nutrient medium. Under the influence of this phytohormone roots were the most numerous and the longest. At the stage of acclimatization 1/4 MS salt solution was used for irrigation of plantlets what supports increased of the process from 46% to 70% in comparison ...
The work presents the data on the productive efficiency of water used for evapotranspiration by the sward of mountain grasslands. Mean grassland water productive efficiency for the vegetation period in the Małe Pieniny Mts. region fluctuates from 14.1 to 33.4 kg•ha-1•mm-1. The efficiency of water use under the discussed conditions is significantly influenced the amount of produced yield. Water was the least efficiently used by low-yielding sward. Water was the least effectively utilized by the low-yielding sward. Efficiency of water utilization by grasslands is growing with increasing yielding. Maintaining constant ground water level in the meadow habitats at the depth of 0.6m in the Pieniny region leads to a decrease in productive efficiency of water used for real evapotranspiration. ...
Stage correction is currently the most frequently used type of the Carpathian streams training. It aims at decreasing the channel slope and limiting the bottom erosion, which over the last years led to a considerable channel deepening. The aim of the paper is the analysis of the stage correction effect on changes of the channel development and its functioning against its evolution during an over a hundred-year period. The investigations were conducted in the lower section of the Mszanka channel, a right tributary of the Raba River, which was wholly trained by means of stage correction. The training was conducted in three parts in the years 1977-2013. Available archival cartographic and photographic records, results of geomorphological research, etc. were used for the analysis. Information about the present functioning of the channel was obtained from geomorphological mappings conducted in 2004 and 2015. In result of training works, formerly braided Mszanka channel became transformed into a single thread and sinuous channel. 25 concrete drop structures and many steps were constructed in the bottom. The riverbanks were reinforced. In result of stage correction application the bedload was caught between the drop structures, whereas the channel below was underloaded with material. Therefore it ...
Vascular flora of the investigated plant associations is characterized by a considerable biodiversity, unique character and occurrence of protected and threatened species, therefore playing an important role in the natural environment and being an important element of shaping the natural landscape. The assessment of the requirements of edaphic species of the investigated associations allowed for a characterization of the soil habitat as soils with granulometric composition from rubble, scree and gravel to sandy loams and silt deposits. These are mainly moderately poor (mesotrophic) to poor (oligotrophic) soils, prevailingly alkaline (pH>7), dry or to a lesser extend fresh. Climatic conditions in the presented habitat are characterized by full or moderate insolation. They are thermally privileged areas or moderately warm. ...
The paper presents an analysis of energy absorption and the costs of the energy for heating single family houses situated in the city of Jasło. The conducted research demonstrated a considerable diversification of material and construction solutions of the walls and the applied heating systems. Values of the heat transfer coefficient for exterior walls exceed the currently applied standards in most buildings. Heating systems are mostly hard coal fired. Warm water preparation supported by solar thermal collectors was used only in several houses. Analysis of the research results revealed a lack of correlation between the energy costs and heat transfer coefficient for the external walls. ...
Preliminary results of the investigations conducted in a deep-litter barn were presented in the paper. The research was carried out during the summer season, from June till August 2014. Results of continuous measurements of the indoor temperature and air humidity revealed considerable diversification of the temperature and humidity conditions in the barn. Exceeded limit indoor temperature was registered, particularly in July when the ambient temperatures were high. The most unfavourable indoor conditions in the building occurred in July during 24 days of animal rearing. In the other analysed months (June and August) the recommended value of the indoor air temperature was noted during 13 days of animal rearing. The indoor air relative humidity also exceeded the maximum permissible values, although the animals remained on the pasture for a major part of the day. ...
This article is focused on the problematics of compost oversize fraction composition. The main aim was to determine the ratio of woodchips in oversize fraction of sieved compost for its further energy utilization. Ten compost oversize fraction samples of the weight of 100 kg (each sample) were collected at Central Compost Plant Brno in the period from 10.11.2014 to 20.3.2015. The samples were manually sorted to four fractions: 1) soil, 2) wood, 3) minerals, 4) other parts. The fraction analysis revealed that more than 70% of oversize compost fraction consist of soil while the ratio of woodchips is less than 14% only. The ratio of minerals and other parts is less than 10% or 5% respectively. ...
Modern techniques related to the creation of topographic and cadastral plans of land areas are based on the use of digital data received as a result of aerial photography. This article discusses three core technological issues in the application of UAVs in topographic aerial photography connected to the stabilization of the UAV during the flight: maintenance of a constant speed, maintenance of a straight line of flight and the reduction of tilt. This article presents the results of a study of the aerial photography errors and describes the ways in which the latter can be addressed. ...
The analysis of variability of riverbed elevation recorded at five selected gauging cross-sections of Nida River, and at three gauging stations of Czarna Nida is presented in the paper. The studies concern the period of 60 - 80 years of observation. The trends of riverbed changes during the study period at the selected gauging stations were calculated based on the variability of observed minimal annual water stages. The reasons for the observed changes in the river course and channel geometry are given. These changes were caused by river regulation consisted of the shortening and narrowing of the river channel. Moreover, grain size distribution analysis in the selected gauging stations of Nida River and characteristic diameter variability of sediments along the river course examination are presented. These analyses were to evaluate the variability of characteristic diameters along the river course in connection with observed changes in cross-sections' geometry. Additionally, to confirm the process of erosion or deposition recognized in the examined river channels, hydrodynamic equilibrium was determined. Three methods were proposed and used: the mean velocity and critical velocity in the main river channel comparison, the stream power value calculation which defines the character of the river channel, and the WWK ...
Construction of forest roads on swampy terrains poses many problems and is expensive, therefore the Authors compared the method so far used to achieve road passability owing to the application of rubble with a modern method, where the main element is a geotextile with a track reinforcement of additional fibres. In the presented experiment the geotextile was embedded into the surface structure as a flat layer or as a semi mattress and covered with variously grained sand or crushed granite. Four variants of the surface construction obtained in this way with additionally established reference stretch of the rubble surface were tested using a light weight dynamic deflectometer (LWD) before and after rainfall. The obtained results demonstrated an approximate bearing capacity of the road surface in the tested technologies, clearly exceeding bearing capacity of the reference stretch of road. The rainfall caused a decrease in bearing capacity on all tested sections, however, the greatest decrease of bearing capacity was observed on the reference stretch. The tested technologies do not allow to achieve road surface bearing capacity suitable for the heavy vehicles carrying timber, but they may provide the base layer for this type of roads or form an independent surface on ...
The objective of this research was to study the seed stalk morphology, cluster yield and quality of 20 mono- and multigerm breeding lines as well as cultivars of red beet. The seed plants derived from the roots of the two sizes, during 2012 and 2013 in field conditions, were evaluated. Large stecklings formed plants with a higher number of shoots and lower percentage of the single seed stalks, and produced higher yields, and thousand-cluster weight compared to small stecklings. The monogerm genotypes developed higher plants with higher number of shoots and a lower number of a single seed stalks than the multigerm ones. The open-pollination and hybrid cultivars, as well as the cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) and their maintainer fertile lines, mostly presented comparable values of the studied traits. The cultivars yielded better and formed higher plants, and produced seeds with better quality than the CMS lines, which in turn formed more shoots and a higher number of bushes with the main stem plants compared to the cultivars. The characteristics of the generative plant development stage of different genotypes of red beet will be useful in breeding programs designed to create new, especially, monogerm hybrid cultivars. ...
