Zeszyt: 2015, vol. 12 / IV / 1 (Oct 2015)
The study was aimed to verify the Punzet formula to flood frequency (Qmaxp) in two rivers: Lepietnica in cross-section Ludźmierz and Koprzywianka in cross-section Koprzywnica. The verification was aimed to assess the usefulness of the Punzet formula in hydrological calculations, in relation to current hydrometric data. The data- the long-term observation records of the annual maximum floods (Qmax) from the period 1980-2013 - were obtained from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute in Warsaw. The obtained data were evaluated considering their homogeneity and independence using Mann-Kendall-Sneyers test. Qmaxp was calculated using the statistic method of the Pearson III type distribution with maximum likelihood method of estimating the parameters of distribution.The calculations Qmaxp for the Lepietnica River obtained with statistical methods and the Punzet equation, where Qmax50 was calculated with the Carpathian formula, have shown that differences between the results were insignificant. However, the calculations for the Koprzywianka, where Qmax50 was calculated with the Punzet formula for non-Carpathian plain catchments, have shown substantial differences between the results obtained through empirical and statistical methods.This justifies the need for verification and updating the Punzet formula to calculate Qmaxp in non-Carpathian plain catchments of the upper Vistula basin. ...
The paper presents analysis of hygrothermal characteristics of insulated external partitions in residential building in municapility of Michałowice. The study showed a high diversity of material and structural solutions in existing buildings. The value of heat transfer coefficient for external walls of buildings before thermomodernisation was surveyed as mostly about 1.00 W∙m-2∙K-1. Thermomodernisation contributed to reduction in heat transfer coefficient through the walls to about 0.30 W∙m-2∙K-1. Hygrothermal calculations showed a great risk of condensation in non-insulated exterior walls. Modernization contributed to elimination of condensation of water vapour in the carrier layer of the wall. The result of thermomodernisation was increase of temperature of inner surface of the partitions, which reduced the risk of water vapour condensation inside the baffles and on their surfaces. Another result of thermomodernisation was about 3-fold increase of thermal resistance in studied buildings in municipality of Michałowice. ...
The aim of the study was the analysis of types of the storage of livestock manure from farms in the typical agricultural village. The research was conducted in the Paśmiechy village, Kazimierza Wielka commune. The field research range included an inventory of the farms areas and existing manure warehouse facilities. Among the farm group also carried out the questionnaire survey which referred to types of manure storage from agricultural production and planned investments and modernization.Based on the results analysis it was found that livestock density in livestock units totaled 150.7 LU. It was calculated that the density of animals produce the total of 4198.4 tons of manure and 8642.1 m3 of liquid manure and dung water per year. Despite the so large amount of excreta, the farms do not have the facilities for warehousing and storage of natural fertilizers. As many as 74% of the surveyed farmers stores the manure directly on the ground. However, a statement of intent to modernize or construction of dunging gutter and tanks for liquid manure or dung water had made 52% of the surveyed households. ...
The paper presents the variability in tap water consumption in a 17-thousand poviat town located in the eastern part of the Lesser Poland voivodeship. The recipients were divided into households, industrial plants, service facilities along with other recipients. Based on the analysis conducted in a multi-year period of 2000-2012, with a decrease in the total water consumption by 15.0%, the water consumption indicators were determined in relation to one connection to the water supply network of individual water consumers. Their mean values were 0.744; 60,359 and 1.606 m3× d-1, respectively. During the study period the mentioned indicators decreased - by 31.2% in the case of households, by 43.8% for service facilities, while in the case of industrial plants they increased by 15.0%. The conversion water consumption per capita in households was also determined as an average of 82.96 dm3× d-1. This ratio decreased from 91.08 dm3× d-1 in 2000 to 79.57 dm3× d-1 in 2012 (reduction by 12.6%). In the structure of water consumption, households were the predominant users (52.0%) followed by industry (30.8%) while the remaining amount of water (17.2 %) was consumed by service facilities along with other recipients. ...
The paper compares thermal conditions of air in July 2014 generating heat stress in the areas with different surface coverage - highly urbanized (center of Bydgoszcz), poorly urbanized (peripheral Fordon district) and used for agriculture (Mochełek). Hourly records of air temperature and humidity, wind speed and total solar radiation meteorological from three automatic weather stations were used for the analysis. We compared the averages and extremes of air temperature and perceptible temperature (temperature of effective radiation TRE). The obtained results showed that in the high building downtown occurred an effect of urban heat island. Air temperature and perceived temperature (TRE) in the center of Bydgoszcz were markedly higher compared to less built-up area and especially in comparison to the rural area. The number of days with heat sensation in Bydgoszcz was twice higher as in the comparable areas: peripheral and rural. ...
Flood risk management and river training made with use of bed stabilization techniques followed by straitening and shortening of river corridors caused increase of the fall. As the effect hydrotechnical structures emerged with the aim of utilisation of water energy by damming the water movement. Such a structures break a river's continuity and fish migrations upwards the river is impossible. Regaining river's connectivity requires use of additional hydrotechnical solutions having purpose of making possible for fish to navigate obstacle in their migration up rivers and streams. Over the time development of the solutions in the field of fish migrations leaded to variety of constructions among them only some number really functional. The necessary compromise is needed to met all the expectations for any type of the fish pass, among them minimal and maximal water velocities, high energy losses, geometrical limitations especially considering the fact their interconnected.The paper proposes separation of particular elements generating energy losses in water movement described by energy dissipation formulae. Measurements were taken on an existing rock ramp fish way on the Tuszymka River in the Kamionka settlement and consisted of fish way geometry and water velocities. Water velocities measurements location concentrated along the places with maximal ...
The paper presents the assessment of the operation of a sewage treatment plant in Haczów before and after its modernization. The analysis of results was conducted based on data data for the period from January 2011 to March 2015. The paper describes the process line of the studied object and the qualitative assessment of treated sewage based on three basic sewage contamination indicators: BOD5, CODCr and total suspended solids. Moreover, the amount of sewage flowing into the treatment plant over the period of four consecutive years was analyzed. The operation of the sewage treatment plant was assessed for two periods, i.e. before and after its modernization. The conducted analysis showed a significant improvement in the quality of treated sewage after the modernization of the treatment plant. After the modernization, the mean value of the BOD5 indicator in the treated sewage was 8,4 mgO2.dm-3 and was more than seven times lower than in the period prior to modernization. Similar situation was observed for CODCr as its mean value for treated sewage after the modernization was 61,7 mgO2.dm-3 while before the modernization it was 227,9 mgO2.dm-3. A significantly lower value of the mean total suspended solids concentration was also observed in treated ...
The Krzczonówka stream is left tributary of the Raba River. In 2014, during the period from April to September, the project related to the lowering of the existing debris dam was carried out. Heavy rainfall resulting in high flows occurred shortly after the start of work. In effect, large amount of debris was moved from the reach located upstream of debris dam to the reach downstream of it. This work aims to present the influence of flood discharges on the morphology of the stream channel under conditions of high sediment supply. Observations on the changing conditions of water flow and sediment transport will also be presented ...
A forest is the form of natural storage reservoir and it by this can be perceived as mainstay of small water retention. The prognoses of unfavourable climatic changes (growth of air temperatures, diminishing of precipitations, frequency increase of extreme weather phenomena) causing a necessity of compensations these the unfavourable phenomena by a technical and un-technical undertakings to increase water storage in forests. The building of devices of small retention has reason both: natural (i.a. assure in forest ecosystems biodiversity) and economic aspects. Indicatory cost water storage 1 m3 of water in objects of small retention is ten times smaller than in great storage reservoirs. Permission to building of objects of small retention is required for damming height 1,0 m or for every investment situated on protected areas. More than once its very increased the costs of investment. Therefore building a small objects is pragmatic, e.g. a cascade systems reservoirs. The building of objects damming and slowing outflow from catchments is focused to protection of the valuable natural habitats and it can be use full in strategy of protection of areas - may be the essential element Nature 2000 (e.g. forest bogs ecosystems, moist or flood plain forest). In Poland at ...
The work concerns analyses of the water outlet through the hypothetical dam break in the dam of the dry reservoir „Rzymówka" on the river Kaczawa, which is currently in the project. One analysed two variants of dam erosion: overflowing water through the dam crest (variant 1) and hydraulic piping (variant 2). In the modeling one took into account different breach parameters based on parametric methods. The results of numerical simulation shows, that in case of the overflowing water through the dam crest will arise the dam break about width 74-78 m, and the duration of washing will be 0,8-2,1 h. However, if the dam break will be created as the result of the hydraulic piping, width would carry out 75 m. Magnitude of the water outflow through the gap has estimated on level 2337-2597 m3/s for variant 1 and 1590-2492 m3/s for variant 2. ...
In spatial planning literature there is a lot of papers refered to spatial conflicts problems. They are generally case studies and consist mainly of conflicts arising in adjacent areas. In the process of creating spatial plans, in conflict situation, it is necessary to identify the parties and subject of the conflict. Then local authorities should consider which preventive instruments to use and how to minimize the effects of emerging conflicts.Usually the owners and landusers are the conflict parties. The argument arises when they have different plans of the land function. Conflict situations can also be associated with use of neighbouring areas, particularly at a time when the investments are the source of increased noise emission, pollution, and other negative externalities. Another group of conflict situations arise when eminent domain procedure is implemented.Land use suitability analysis is a key factor in spatial planning. Using land use suitability analysis in Poland could significantly improve planning documents development and could help to predict spatial conflicts. The authors, in this study present definitions and typologies of land-use conflicts and attempt to analyze legal and technical conditions implementing such analysis to planning procedures in Poland. ...
The article presents the method for land-use evaluation of the areas located within ecological corridors in order to assess their performance in the ecological network. The method was applied for the ecological corridor located in the central part of the Góra Kalwaria commune, connecting areas of Chojnowski Forest and the Vistula Valley. The existing and future land use of the area was analyzed in terms of maintaining ecological connectivity. The study results enabled to point out several hotspots, where natural connectivity is under threat, mostly on an account of settlement building development and road infrastructure. The evaluation results can be the basis for the verification of the commune' spatial policy in terms of the location and boundaries of ecological corridors. The analyzed corridor in Góra Kalwaria commune enabled to display formal and practical problems associated with the maintenance of ecological corridors. ...
The purpose of the research was to indicate lands suitable for development on the basis of analysis of soil conditions. It was assumed that in rural areas soil conditions constitute one of the most important factors that influence development and the inevitable city sprawl. Detailed research based on soil-agricultural maps at a scale of 1:5,000 and the base map was effected for the geodetic units of Koprki and Michałówek, Ożarów commune, Western Warsaw poviat. Multi-criteria analysis was performed, on the basis of which the terrains most suitable for development were indicated, taking into consideration land bearing capacity, moisture content, land protection and public transport connections. Similar research for the whole Western Warsaw Poviat was performed afterwards. The analysis was based on data derived from soil-agricultural map at a scale of 1:50,000 and from Topographic Objects Database BDOT 10k. The research showed that due to advantageous location, short distance from Warsaw and good public transport connections arable lands of highest quality and agricultural suitability, protected under the Act on Protection of Forests and Agricultural Lands, are often designated for development. The availability of digital data and GiS tools that facilitate spatial analysis allow to consider various environmental factors that influence the ...
The process of land consolidation is very complicated, time-consuming and labor-intensive partially due to the size of the area covered by this process. This is usually covered by a few hundred hectare area, one or several villages included. Effective organization of a new structure for such a large area must be supported by specialized tools. Therefore, the article presents examples of the use of GIS (Geographical Information Systems) tools in the land consolidation and exchange process. These tools can be helpful in designing an overall consolidation plan, especially for the creation of thematic maps. Also in the preparation of a comparative estimate of land, where GIS analysis (the overlay tools) can be used as well. What is more, the data aggregation tools allow to merge plots of the registry unit. This can be helpful in showing the consolidation design to participants. GIS software enables also three-dimensional visualization of data, which can be used in presentation the consolidation design as well. ...
The aim of this study was to determine of influence of atmospheric precipitations in flow to sewer system on temperature and the amount of raw sewage flowing into the sewage treatment plant. Studies carried out in the sewer system with a length of 15 km and a diameter of from 200 to 315 mm. Were chosen two characteristics winter study periods. The first period was from 01 to 31 January 2011 year and the second period was from 01 to 29 February 2012 year. The analysis found that as a result of accidental water inflow (rain water) occurred lowering the temperature of the influent wastewater to the treatment plant from 2.1 to 2.2 °C. Water flowing random (rainy water) is defined as the share of accidental waters in the total volume of waste water treatment plants result in an increased volume of sewage from 37.5 to 40.0%. To prevent negative phenomena which are reducing the temperature of plants and their increased volume as a result of the entry of rain water drains should be taken to detect and elimination of illegal connections residential gutters and sealed sewer system. ...
Real estate management is a series of actions specified in a relevant normative act, which are taken by public authorities in order to obtain the optimal status of all types of real estate. All major real estate management processes are derived from the Real Estate Management Act, and they are particularized in the relevant secondary legislation. They define the methods and conditions for the management of space and its objects, creating, in a sense, a set of procedures for enforcing the provisions of spatial planning documents.The Real Estate Management Act provides the legal basis for the three fundamental surveying and legal processes. These include subdivision, merger and subdivision, as well as expropriation. Basically, they are performed for real estate located within the area for which a zoning plan has been adopted or a decision on conditions of site development has been issued. It happens repeatedly that these processes can not be implemented without prior designation of the real estate on which they are to be carried out. Then, works to determine the location of the boundaries and the area of the real estate must be performed. Most frequently, these are delimitation and the restoration of boundary points - described in ...
In the cities, the temperature may be a few or even several degrees higher than the surrounding area. The result is called" urban heat island effect" which is due to heating of the surface of concrete, asphalt and steel. One of the solutions that can help reduce this phenomenon are green roofs. The aim of the study was the analysis of temperature changes of different roof surfaces (board, intensive roof substrate without plant cover, substrate covered with plants (shrubs - tawuły). The study was conducted on the roof of the building of the Faculty of Modern Languages, University of Warsaw. The measurement was performed using the FLIR SC620 thermal imaging system. The study showed that the smallest differences in average temperature between the surface covered with vegetation and a terrace amounted to 1,9oC (in the morning), while the largest reached 16 °C. The measurements made on the substrate without plants showed that the average radiation temperature is between the average temperatures from the terrace and shrubs. The results were discussed with the meteorological data (air temperature, wind speed). ...
Air pollution, noise, omnipresent traffic and the accompanying stress make an adverse effect on human life in the city. In addition, buildings and related umpermeable surfaces, enhance the urban heat island effect and cause problems with the management of rainwater. Therefore, modern housing developments must meet the challenge of ensuring a high quality of life for residents. This effect can be achieved by putting on the green, including green roofs, and the construction of ponds in the form of rainwater management systems. Another challenge is to maintain the quality of water in the reservoir. The paper presents the results of two reactive materials laboratory scale tests, for their use in order to maintain the level of phosphorus in the water. According to the FLL guidelines (2011) for swimming ponds, phosphorus concentration below 0.01 mg/L will provide transparent and visually attractive water. Studies have shown that the opoka turned out to be more effective sorbent for phosphorus than dedicated to this goal commercial product FerroSorp®. ...
Rivers and mountain streams are dynamic fluvial systems, which are constantly changing through the space. Especially rivers and streams, located in Southern Poland, are characterized by a tendency to deepen its bed, as well as to change its position in the plan. This is due to the landform and frequent occurrence of floods, which cause the movement of the material forming the bed cover. The evaluation of a series of flow parameters should be done to determine the hydromorphological balance (Bartnik and Florek 200). The hydromorphological balance of riverbed is a condition when the same amount of bed load is drained down by watercourse that was delivered to the cross - section of the valley. The aim of the paper is the analysis of the hydromorphological equilibrium conditions and description of the dominant morphological processes occurring in the bed of the river. The KamienicaNawojowska River is a braided river (in the upper part),in the lower part it is regulated. This river marks the boundary between the Beskid Niski, located to the north-east of it, and the Beskid Sądecki, located to the south-west side of the river. The Kamienica Nawojowska River enters the Dunajec River as a right tributary. It is ...
