Zeszyt: 2015, vol. 12 / III / 1 (Jul 2015)
An important effect of temperature increase due to global warming is the possibility of decreasing agricultural efficiency of atmospheric precipitation as well as the change in the fundamental components of water balance due to increase in evaporation, which is accompanied by the absence of clear precipitation trends in the temperate European zones. The subject of this article is to determine the values of atmospheric precipitation, which during the drought phase should be supplemented with irrigation values so that it does not lower the moisture of the active soil layer in terms of the recent mean levels. We should also take into account different temperature scenarios (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0°C). The multiple-step regression model that has been calculated taking into account the level of soil moisture, air temperature and precipitation indicates that for a mean 10-day period (decade) during the growing season (April-October) the values obtained are 2.2, 3.6 and 5.2 mm, as well as 46, 76 and 109 mm in the entire growing season respectively. This particular model was devised for the city of Poznan and its vicinities, which is situated in north-western Poland. ...
Assessment of soil moisture conditions on permanent grassland in Poland is made within the nationwide monitoring of water deficit and surplus in agriculture performed by Institute of Technology and Life Sciences from 2013. Soil moisture index SMI is used to categorize soil moisture in the end of each 10-day period during the vegetation period (April-September), using the original classification proposed by the authors. SMI enables the comparison of moisture conditions in soils with different water retention and the objective evaluation of soil drought and water excess. Assessment is made for grassland in wet, moist, periodically dry and dry habitats in 2013-2014. In wet and moist habitats soil moisture was in the optimal range for grassland plants and meteorological conditions affected in small degree. In periodically and dry habitats soil moisture was more differentiated and was affected by actual meteorological conditions greater. Soil droughts dominated. ...
Vegetables generally have large water demands and high sensitivity to water deficiency, especially in a growth stages crucial for the yielding. In deficiency of the precipitation, irrigation in appropriate: term and amount, as well as with suitable method significantly improves the quantity and quality of the crop and reduces the development of physiological diseases. Popular in the world, albeit low economical methods are: flood and furrow irrigation; in Poland generally sprinkle irrigation is applied. More and more often in field conditions, drip irrigation is introduced - efficient, water and energy saving method, allowing for precision irrigation and fertilization. Increasingly limited access to the water sources, soil erosion and contamination of groundwater tend to conduct researches into more economic and efficient, simultaneously environmental-friendly methods of irrigation. In the paper the results of the latest worldwide research on irrigation of tomato and cucumber in the field conditions were presented. The most important issues related to the water requirements of these popular vegetables were depicted, compares the effects of different irrigation methods and solutions aimed at increasing of the efficiency of irrigation were presented. ...
Utilisation of plants or their parts for detection of Phytophthora from soil and water was the interesting object in the second part of XX century. Using of fruits, seedlings, seeds of different plant species gave possibility to detect the most dangerous pathogens. In this study the effectiveness of rhododendron leaves as the bait for detection of Phytophthora, Cylindrocladium scoparium, formae spec. of Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani from water and horticultural substrate was estimated. During the detection of Phytophthora from river, canal and water container rhododendron top leaves were placed on the surface of water and after 4-5 days number of necrotic spots/leaf was estimated. Parts of necrotic spots were transplanted on PDA medium for isolation and identification of species. In the detection of other species from substrate, rhododendron leaves were placed in the water suspension of soil and after 3-5 day-incubation number of necrotic spots /leaf was calculated. The necrotic spot parts were transferred on PDA medium for isolation and identification of fungal species. Results obtained indicated on rhododendron leaves as satisfactory bait for detection of the most dangerous pathogens from water and soil. The method is easy for application and may be used for all year ...
Green areas near communication routes not only retain rainwater, beneficially influence on the local microclimate but cleanse the air effectively too. Greenery planted along the roads and streets is exposed to biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Abiotic stress factors such as air and soil desiccation or extreme temperature have the greatest impact on plant development. The use of chemical and mechanical means to keep roads in good condition in winter negatively affect on the condition of trees and shrubs along the road zone. Proper management of green areas is to weaken the negative impact of urbanization, providing the water needed for the growth of plants and reducing maintenance costs. The basic functions of greenery and advantages of plants presence in urban landscape were presented in this paper. Solutions improving habitat conditions of greenery functioning in the vicinity of communication routes were also discussed. ...
The aim of the study was to assess the rainfall deficits on two- and three-cut meadows the meadows in the vicinity of Bydgoszcz. The research was based on 34-year meteorological data gained from observations made in the years 1981-2014 at the Research Centre of the University University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, located in the village of Mochle, about 20 km from the city center. When assessing the local agroclimate, we used average monthly air temperature and monthly precipitation totals. Calculated for the meadows rainfall deficits and surpluses allowed to estimate the moisture conditions during the growth of the sward on two- and three-cut meadows. The average rainfall total in the growing season is 313 mm and meets the needs of meadow sward at 73%. On the two-cut meadows the largest rainfall deficit occurred during the accumulation of the first regrowth of sward, and on the three-cut meadows in the second regrowth. On the basis of the ratio of the relative precipitation index RPI it was found that at the average rainfall deficit of 113 mm the frequency of occurrence in the category of years was for normal 29.4%, dry 32.4, and wet 38.2%. Rainfall deficits present in ...
The influence of working of the unused sub-irrigation system on air-water conditions of peat-moorsh soil is presented in this paper. Measurements of moisture content, ground and open water levels were carried out in period July-September 2013. Top layers of the analyzed peat soil were characterised by wide range of moisture content changes. The analyzed part of the sub-irrigation system ditches and the river drain flowing through the analysed plot showed the drainage character. The ground water levels on the plot used as a meadow were observed higher to the soil surface than in case of abandoned part of peatland situated behind the river. ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and interaction of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the shape of the quantity and quality of grain yield of malting barley cultivar 'Signora' cultivated on sandy soil with the concise undersoil. Field experiment was carried out in the years 2013-2014 on the experimental field of the Department of Land Reclamation and Agrometeorology UTP, located in Mochełek near Bydgoszcz. During the study period there were average needs of irrigation in barley, mainly due to the uneven distribution of rainfall in the studied growing seasons. Seasonal irrigation dose averaged 72.5 mm. The research focused on grain quality that affects its suitability for malting. It was found that irrigation resulted in a significant increase in grain yield, although the effectiveness of this treatment per unit was lower than those achieved in previous experiments with other cultivars. Barley grain derived from irrigated plots contained significantly less protein and had better indicators of malting, compared to the grains of plants not irrigated. The optimal dose of nitrogen in both the irrigation conditions and the non-irrigated was 30 kg.ha-1. Admittedly, application of top-dressing (variant N3) significantly increased the yield, especially within irrigation variants, but the grain ...
The response of three raspberry cultivars (‘Beskid', ‘Laszka', ‘Latham') to water deficiency was examined by evaluating selected physiological parameters. Plants were subjected to two different water regimes: optimal irrigation (control), and reduced irrigation. Leaf water potential in all cultivars was decreased as a result of limited water availability. Genotypes differed in their response to water deficiency. Under water shortage conditions, the rate of CO2 assimilation was the highest in ‘Latham' and ‘Laszka'. On the other hand, the severe inhibition of photosynthesis was observed in ‘Beskid'. Taking all data into consideration it was concluded that cultivar ‘Latham' and ‘Laszka' appeared to be more drought resistant which was reflected by enhanced physiological parameters. ...
The aim of the study was to evaluate the growth dynamic of Scots pine on the post arable ground under mulch in the third year of cultivation. Planting were carried out on the basis of post arable ground located in the Agro and Hydrometeorology Observatory of the University of Life Sciences in Wrocław. Scots pine plants in the third year of cultivation increased in height from 68.8 cm to 102.5 cm, ie. by 33.7 cm about 49%. The growth rate of pine was the highest in the first part of the growing season (until June 10), when the plant height increased by 30 cm, accounting for about 90% of the total, the annual increment in height. The second biometric parameters studied - the diameter of the trunk - increased in the third year of growing pine from 28.0 mm to 39.9 mm (about 11. 9 mm, ie. about 42%). The growth rate as a trunk diameter was different from that recorded in the case of plant height, because in the first part of the growing pine, wherein the largest increase its height, stem diameter increased by only 29% of the annual growth (ie. about 3.4 mm). ...
Two field experiments were strict founded in 2004-2006 on a farm in Chlebówek. Locality is 20 km from Stargard and 5 km north-east of the village commune old oak wood - 53027'N and 15010'E. In the experiments, the effect of irrigation, tillage system and fertilization on yield and selected parameters of the physical properties of the soil. We tested two varieties of faba bean: The conducted experiments show that the use of irrigation and increasing doses of mineral fertilizers increases the yield of faba bean seeds of both varieties, traditional - 'Nadwiślański 'and modified -'Titus'. The use of simplifications tillage reduces, to a greater extent, yielding traditional varieties of faba bean. Increased mineral fertilizers under field irrigation increased water consumption, and thus decreased the supply layer to 50 cm. Improving water logging top soils decreased soil bulk density in a variation of 'Nadwiślański' and increased the variety 'Titus'. The use of simplified tillage systems, especially direct sowing, increases the bulk density of the upper layers of the soil. ...
The study presents the results obtained from the univariate series of laboratory experiments, conducted in 2009-2010. In the experiments, the effect of water constant magnetic field stimulated and unstimulated water on germination and initial growth of seedlings of pea, maize, yellow lupine and cucumbers were studied. The results confirmed the reaction varied seed plant species assessed on the type of water used. Beneficial effects of the use of magnetized water highlighted to boost growth and germination of seed maize and cucumbers. And in the case of the latter species also increases in the dry weight of the aboveground parts of seedlings. For the adverse effect of magnetized water should be considered to reduce the amount of seedlings of pea and yellow lupine and the dry weight of the underground part of the seedling corn. ...
The aim of this paper is to acquaint the problem of phytosanitary threats in the context of crop irrigation. This paper shows a series of reports that refer to the problem of pathogens spread through irrigation and irrigation systems. Irrigation may influence directly or indirectly the plants health condition. It may affect the conditions in which the infection may occur, but also create conditions that promote fungal sporulation and overall spread of the pathogen. Irrigation favors the plants growth, which vegetative mass is more developed, lush, but at the same time the tissue covering the plant is more sensitive towards any infection. A more intense plant growth affects the density which favors the occurrence of many diseases. In general irrigation may cause a negative or positive affect or may not influence the crops at all. In this paper, we also take point out the problem of irrigation water quality which may be the main source of infection of pathogens that could belong to various taxonomic units. To the most predominating phytopathogens in irrigation water we may include the Phytophthora and Pythium genus. Irrigation water may also contribute to the occurrence of many viruses and fungi. In order to limit the ...
Nowadays in Poland as well as in many parts of the world a number of research, aiming at comparing the quality of raw material produced by organic and conventional agriculture is being conducted. Relating to that, in this study the size and quality of potato tubers, wheat grains and carrot roots cultivated in two agricultural systems: organic and conventional have been compared. Research has been performed on raw material samples, gathered from five production fields located in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivoidship (in years 2010-2012), two of which have been organic while three conventional. The representative samples of plants considered in study were analyzed for the content of: total protein in winter wheat grains and nitrates(V) and starch in the fresh mass of potato tubers and carrot roots. According to obtained results the yield of starch and total protein has been calculated. Conducted studies have proved that the yield and the amount of total protein in carrot roots, wheat grains and potato tuber varied depending on different agricultural system. The highest yield have occurred in conventionally farmed crops. Total protein content was highest in organically farmed carrot roots, while the highest nitrates(V) level was detected in conventionally farmed potato tubers. Wheat ...
One of the most important problem of the Polish agriculture is soil acidification and the low content of basic nutrients as well as high mobility of heavy metals. The research was conducted on the basis of a long-term (38 years) field experiment, which was located on the area of the UTP Research Station in Wierzchucinek that was found in 1974 on Podzolis (WRB 2014). Natural fertilizing or liming were not applied in the research. The effect of the 38 years' application of high doses of nitrogen (N83, N167, N250) and potassium (K0, K53, K105, K158) as well as the fodder-industrial crop rotation was soil acidification. The fertilization applied in the experiment significantly determined the contents of the assimilable forms of copper and zinc in the examined soil. On average, independent of a dose of potassium applied, the highest values of the parameters observed were found after the highest doses of nitrogen (N250) were applied. Essential correlations between the contents of the examined microelements in soil samples and their basic chemical parameters were also determined. The contents of the assimilable zinc and copper were significantly lower than the national average, but they all were in the low and average soil ...
The purpose of the study was the analysis of chosen vegetables on the basis of national production and one of the Groups Vegetables Producers and production trends in 2011-2014 as well. The data obtained were from the Central Statistical Office and directly from the company ‘Daukus'. In the period 2011-2013, taking into account the whole country the highest prices were recorded in 2013, which could have the effect of increasing crop acreage and yield in 2014. ‘Daukus' produced most product in 2014 and it had an impact on increasing the area and favorable conditions weather. Vegetable prices in 2014 significantly decreased by increasing the supply and political factors. In the production of vegetables in Poland is visible intensification, which means that there are fewer farms, but those that exist to increase the amount of vegetables produce. ...
The aim of the study is to analyze the productivity and efficiency of two types irrigation systems. First one, with using traditional hose, and second one, with using drip line system. The study was conducted in specialized vegetable farm in Karpicko near Wolsztyn, in years between 2009 to 2011, in two tunnels with an area of 180 m2 either. Cultivation areas of tomatoes, however, took up respectively 87 m2. In each of tunnels 400 tomatoes' seedlings (Nita® Nickerson - Zwann variety) were planted. The volume of water used for irrigation was checked by two independent water meters, whereas the crop took place once a week. The scope and labour intensity of treatment, protective attendance, and associated works with fertilization based on the actual number of man-hours were recorded. The efficiency of water production was much higher in the drip line system; in order to obtain one kilogram of tomatoes the system needed 33 liters of water, whereas the traditional system almost 58 liters. It means that production efficiency of drip irrigation was about 75% higher than using the traditional irrigation system. ...
