Zeszyt: 2014, vol. 11 / II / 3 (Jun 2014)
The aim of the research was an agro-climatologic assessment of the amount of rainfall on a local scale, mainly aimed to identify trends in their changes and a possible rise in their variability over time. In the studies also we wanted to demonstrate the impact of the amount of rainfall in the region of Bydgoszcz on the yield of some crops. Material for the study consists of rainfall measurements, carried out in a standard way in the years 1981-2010 at the Research Station of the University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz. Station is located in the village of Mochle, located approximately 20 km from the city centre ( φ=53013' N, λ=17051'E, h=98.5 m above sea level) in sparsely urbanized and industrialized area. We also used data of the yield of selected crops (potato, barley, corn for grain, legumes), from the production in the region of Kujawy and Pomorze as well as from our own experimental field. It has been shown that the average long-term rainfall during the growing season allows for classifying Bydgoszcz region as the area with the lowest rainfall in Poland. Analyzed rainfalls were characterized by a very high variability in time, resulting in climatic risk ...
The article raises the question of problematic aspects of the legal instruments working in Poland. These instru-ments are aimed at preserving the greenery ( trees and shrubs) on terrains different from woodlands by focusing on the citizen participation in greenery's preservation. Proceeding for the obtainment of tree removal permit excludes the citizen participation what by contrast is required in creation acts of the town-and-country planning as greenery's shape regulations.In rural and agricultural landscape the environmental damage caused by felling of trees is especially visible. The citizen participation in decision-making proceedings should guarantee the better resolutions and preclude social conflicts. This article is an attempt to answer the question about the opportunity for citizen participation in polish legal system in the preservation of greenery belonging to rural territories. ...
The aim of the study was analysis of the reliability of the municipal sewage treatment plant Bioblok PS -50. The sewage treatment plant is in Gruszow in municipality Palecznica in the Malopolska province. Time of research was from 2008 to 2010 year. During this period, collected and analyzed the physico- chemical 18 samples of raw sewage and treated with an average frequency of once every two months in accordance with the reference methods. The evaluation of the effectiveness of contaminant removal in this treatment was determined using the Weibull reliability theory elements. The studies included pollution indicators specified in the authorization issued of law for this object: BOD5, COD and total suspension. Moreover determined regarding the reliability of wastewater nitrogen. On the basis of the assessment of the reliability of operation of the facility in relation to the indicators of the primary group: BOD5, COD and total suspension has been shown that the probability of exceeding the limit values can be from 3 to 8 days in the year. Number of days with possible exceeding of the limit values of indicators of pollution indicates that the test treatment meets the level of technological reliability. With respect to the reliability of ...
One of the biggest agriculture problems in the Southern and South-East Poland (although it applies in a smaller scale also the other regions of the country) is an excessive fragmentation of farm grounds, combined with their relatively small surface. A large number of cultivated plots, which are characterized by a small surface and often unfavorable shape, in practice makes it impossible to conduct a profitable agricultural production. The presented article introduces the results of the grounds fragmentation analysis for the Myślenicki administrative district, which is located in the southern part of Małopolska voivodeship. For the research purposes 246 thousand plots had been analysed. This enabled the ranking compilation of all parts of the district, due to the value of the proposed indicator, which apart from plot surface, contains also the farm areas structure and plots belonging to individual registered groups. Identification of the areas with excessively fragmented land structure is one of the elements of land consolidation programming process, for which the provincial government is responsible. The proposed solutions may constitute an important element in enabling the detailed diagnosis of the status of the existing spatial structure in rural areas.
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In this paper the scope of hydrological investigations and the results obtained in year 2013 on monitoring station at the Tuczno forest inspectorate was presented. The analyzed area is located in the north-west part of Poland in Pomerania province. Three of four components of water balance were directly measured in vertical profile : precipitation (P), evapotranspiration (E) and changes of water retention (soil moisture) (ΔR). The outflow (H) was computed by use of following equation: H = P - E - ΔR. In order to measure above mentioned parameters we have used set of instruments consisted of: tipping bucket rain-gauges A-STER and WXT510 meteorological station (precipitation); - eddy covariance system (anemometer CSAT 3 and Li-7500 IR gas analyzer) - evapotranspiration; - and few reflectometers CS616 (TDR method - soil moisture). Changes of water retention in 30 minute periods, calculated on the basis of soil moisture fluctuations indicate that they show synchronous fluctuations in the respective sums of precipitation. The amplitudes of soil moisture fluctuatons are inversely proportional to depth the u.s.a. Computed average value of specific outflow oscillate between normative values for this region.
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Open-cost mining of natural aggregates deposits, causes considerable negative change of the natural environment: geological, hydrological, pedological, surface features, decrease of biodiversity. Surface mining industry by the reason of huge scale of transformation, caused is very often negatively perceived by society. The aim of this study was creation of concept of demoted post-mining areas development of natural aggregates open pit Sitno in community Rzewnie. Preparing of redevelopment concept was preceded by the analysis of natural and geological values, localization of the object as well as the records of local development plan. On the base of the results of analysis, introduction of proper vegetation was suggested, first of all, creation of psammophilic vegetation garden, which will constitute a recreation - holiday park, which would fulfill educational functions and bring up esthetic values at the same time. Manner of developing of water bodies, creation of the network of ways and boulevards as well as residential objects were proposed. The creating a new function of territories on natural aggregates open pit will increase ecological, tourist, and landscaping value of Rzewnie commune. ...
The following study concerns an assessment of ways of the littoral zone management in both small and middle lowland watercourses on the composition of hydromacrophytes in water communities. The research was performed between 2007 and 2012 in 20 study sections located in Lower Silesian watercourses. The research included an assessment of the development of the littoral zone and identification of water hydromacrophytes and determination of the level of their bottom coverage. Each study section had a Shannon-Wiener biodiversity, Pielou evenness and species shortage indexes calculated. Results of the following study indicate that ways of using the littoral zone have a significant influence on analyzed vegetal indexes. The highest values were observed in study sections where littoral zones were such as:. uncultivated lands such as wetlands, bushes and tall herbs. While the lowest observed values in all compared indexes were noted in forest sections. ...
The paper presents results of air temperature measurements carried out in 2012 using automatic weather stations in three locations. The first station records thermal conditions in the center of Bydgoszcz, the second is installed in the periphery area of the city - in Fordon, and the third station represents the rural area surrounding Bydgoszcz works in the Research Station of the Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, UTP in Mochle. Based on the comparison of temperature records it was found that the highest temperature was registered in the city center, slightly cooler was in the periphery area, and the coldest was outside the city in the rural area. The largest differences were recorded in the summer, and the lowest in the winter. Identified differences in air temperature between the center of the city, peripheral zone and rural area, affected the dates of the beginning, the end and the length of meteorological seasons, the thermal vegetation period and also the attendance of days in terms of thermal conditions. The biggest discrepancies related to the city center and rural area. In Fordon usually were recorded dates in between and intermediate values. In all the locations were found similar number of warm days, ...
The natural and man-caused climate changes are the cause of hydrologic disturbance. Throughout the last decades of XXth century, particularly at the beginning of 8th decade of XXth century a groundwater level decreased over 6,000 ha area in Kaliska Forest District. The hydrologic disturbance lasted until the mid-9th decade of XXth century and the study on hydrological restitution project was undertaken at that time. The project had been implemented since 1996 to 2003. As a result the rise of groundwater level has been observed over the area of 5,000 ha. The surface water storage and ground water level has been monitored for the period 2012-2013 after thawing at the early Spring till the next late Autumn first snowfall. Groundwater storage sates undergo long and short-term changes. Short-term changes are the result of meteorological conditions and uptake of water by the vegetation. Long-term variability is caused by e.g. forest stand dynamics. Due to relatively short period of the groundwater level monitoring, the paper discusses solely short-term variability of groundwater level. ...
Last before 1945 spatial transforming the municipal part in Lądek Zdrój took place in 1922. . The essence of changes resulted from incorporation the Nieder Thalheim village. In 1945 , identity of the entity , so far successively shaped ,was given up. A question is a problem: to what extent, contemporary spatial forms initiated only at the beginning of 70ties are making rich or distorting the formed figure of area.A land development is an object of deliberations neighboring the main communications artery (Ogrodowa street), linking municipal part from spa, and area of the housing estate of one-family individual houses. Detailed analysis is pointing, that: Ogrodowa street was changed; the area was developed locating multi-occupied residential buildings representing different figures; they applied different, mutually inconsistent spatial concepts. It is pointing, that location of the commercial supermarket "Biedronka" is a distinct symptom of cohesion of the spring and municipal part.A housing estate of the single-family housing are detached buildings laid out in the spatial arrangement radial - belt-shaped. At diversifying forms, a kept certain uniformity of the architectural format stayed. Currently row houses carried out are representing the determined complementary character with the canon of the native style. ...
Shrinking cities/towns is a relatively new research problem. Depopulation refers to a growing number of cities/towns, especially in Western Europe, Eastern Europe and the United States. The continuing outflow of population causes many economic, social, infrastructural, environmental and planning problems. Until now don't exist proven, universal methods of preventing and counteraction shrinkage of the cities/towns. The article presents the results of a survey conducted among inhabitants of Görlitz and several neighboring villages concerning ruralization of the town outskirts proposed in the article. The results of the survey and conducted analyzes confirm the need to reduce the administrative borders of the shrinking town and reinstatement a status of rural area to the outskirts of the town - in the framework of the wider application of the ruralization concept as a method of counteracting the negative effects of the town shrinkage. The study is a continuation of earlier analyzis of the impact of reduction of the state border function on the development of border towns Zgorzelec and Görlitz and analyzis of cross-border spatial planning in these towns (Ładysz, 2005, 2008). ...
It is currently expected that rural areas will constitute attractive and interesting places for working, living, leisure and agricultural activities, as well as havens of unique natural, landscape or cultural values. Development of rural areas is to facilitate the improvement of countryside spatial planning. Soil conditions and relief significantly influence rural development policy, including, without limitation, rural management works. The purpose of the research was to develop the desirable functional and spatial structure of the investigated area, taking into consideration its soil conditions and relief. It was assumed that natural conditions determine, in considerable degree, possible directions of multifunctional development of rural areas. The analysis allowed to indicate the possible guidelines for further development of Giedlarowa, as well as the necessary actions that will improve living and agricultural conditions in the village. On the basis of the performed analysis, certain important solutions were suggested in the draft plan of the functional and spatial structure. On the one hand, the traditional agricultural function was preserved, but it was enhanced by organic food and energy crops production. On the other hand, certain areas were designated for construction of buildings and technical infrastructure in order to promote non-agricultural functions, such as forest tourism, ...
The soil quality is one of the factors which to the greatest extent affects the possibility of obtaining high incomes from agricultural production. This factor is independent of the other elements affecting the profitability of agricultural production, such as lots fragmentation, farm areas structure and economic conditions. Soils classification provides information on potential land productivity in analyzed area, which knowledge is essential, inter alia, in land consolidation programming process or spatial planning. The acquisition of soil quality and suitability data is possible on the basis of the agricultural soil maps analysis or based on the data of the ground and building registration. The presented article introduces the results of the analysis of variation in the soils quality and suitability for the Myślenicki administrative district, which is located in the southern part of Małopolska voivodeship. The indicator values defining the average soil classification have been calculated for each of the 71 parts of Myślenicki administrative district. The obtained results may represent a valuable source material, which can be used in many other studies or analysis. The small changeability of the ground and building registration data containing soil classification information, causes that they have high usability. ...
The paper discusses the issue of restoration of wetland areas. Wetland ecosystems are considered as the most endangered. The main scope of research was to develop a program - set of task which employment would trigger reestablishment of the environment conditions similar to natural. The range of research methods included inventorying of vegetation, and flora species, inventorying relief of terrain, measurment of water discharge and water stages, identification of peat layer depth and pond depth. Temporal damming was performed. Archive cartographic material was analyzed. The investigated area included the meadow environment, pond, and four peat bog areas located in forest-rural landscape in Kołtki-Kierzkowo in the central Pomerania region. It was indicated that for all investigated sites water conditions were transformed by anthropogenic activities. The main factor affecting hydrologic conditions was drainage of water by drainage systems constructed in the past for porpoise of improvement of land productivity. The results of temporal damming, analysis of local physiographical conditions showed that program of restoration of hydrologic conditions throughout stopping of surface flow can bring out required environmental effect. Proposed activities of active protection include preparing of damming constructions and stimulation of vegetation succession in direction to restore natural wetlands. ...
The study was aimed to verify the selected empirical formulas to calculate SNQ, SSQ and Qminp% flows in four catchments of the rivers: Cicha Woda-Biały Dunajec, Czarny Dunajec, Ochotnica and Wielki Rogoźnik which are located in the Dunajec basin. The verification was aimed to assess the usefulness of the analyzed empirical formulas to calculate minimum and mean flows in relation to current hydrological data. The data were obtained from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute and include data string from the period of 1980 - 2009. Hydrometric data were evaluated considering their homogeneity and independence using Mann- Kendall-Sneyers test and the trend analysis was performed using Mann-Kendall Statistic S. The Gumbel's method was used to calculate the probability of not exceeding minimum flow thresholds. Based on the obtained results the comparative analysis was conducted between the calculated values of SNQ, SSQ and real flows from the period of 1980 - 2009. The calculations have shown significant differences between the SNQ, SSQ and Qminp% values calculated by empirical formulas and the values determined based on hydrological data. This justifies the need for verification and updating the empirical formulas used previously for the calculation of minimum and ...
The aim of the study was to determine the population density and group composition of soil mites (Acari), and especially species composition of oribatid mites (Oribatida), in rhizoboxes with apple trees, and to investigate the potential effect of biopreparations on the Acari fauna. The investigations were conducted in 2011-2012, on the basis of a glasshouse experiment established at the Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice in 2009. The acarological examinations were carried out in rhizoboxes with apple cultivars ‘Topaz' and ‘Ariwa' grafted on M.26 rootstock and growing in the following combinations: C - control (without fertilization), N - mineral fertilization (standard NPK mineral fertilization, in doses of 70/60/120 kg of respective ingredient per hectare), O - fertilization with manure (at 30 t/ha), M - application of the biopreparation Mycosat (20 g/plant + ½ dose of manure, i.e. 2.5 g per rhizobox), H - application of the biopreparation Humus Active 2% + Aktywit PM 1%.The average total number of soil mites in the different experimental combinations was in the range from 10.70 (combination C) to 12.97 thousand indiv. ∙ m-2 (combination N). Within the hierarchy of mites, the predominant group were oribatid mites, which constituted from 73.9 ...
The aim of the research was to determine the population density and group composition of soil mites (Acari), and in particular the species composition of oribatid mites (Oribatida), on strawberry plantations mulched with wood chips. Field studies were conducted in the experimental field of the Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice in 2011-2012. The plots selected for examination were mulched with wood chips as follows: ZC - chips without additives, ZT - chips with the addition of the biopreparation TSB (unidentified Gram-negative rod bacteria), ZG - addition of the biopreparation 7GII (unidentified Actinobacteria). The control plot was a patch of grass near the experimental plots.On the plots examined, the most abundant were oribatid mites, 16.11-18.84 thousand indiv.∙m-2. They accounted for 64.3% of all the mites in the grass patch, but significantly more of them (86.8-89.5%) were found on the strawberry plantations mulched with wood chips. A total of 17 species of oribatid mites were identified on the strawberry plots, but only 9 in the nearby patch of grass. Punctoribates punctum dominated in the grass-covered soil, while the dominant species in the mulched soil were Ramusella mihelcici or Tectocepheus velatus (depending on the experimental combination) .The high abundance and species diversity of ...
The study was conducted in the experimental field of the Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice, on strawberry plantations mulched with wood chips and in a nearby patch of grass. Seasonal dynamics (in spring, summer, and autumn) of the occurrence of soil mites (Acari), especially of oribatid mites (Oribatida), were studied on 6 occasions during the seasons in 2011-2012.Already in the first season of the study, high numbers of mites - 26.91 thousand indiv. • m-2, were found in the mulched soil of the strawberry plantations. Among these arachnids, the predominant group were oribatid mites (98.2%). The density of mites, especially of the Oribatida, in the wood chips during the vegetative period was more uniform than in the grass patch. The mulch used in the experiment provided favourable environmental conditions for the development of most Oribatida species.There were 12 species of Oribatida found on the strawberry plantations, and 9 in the nearby grass patch. The number of species in the grass-covered soil ranged from 5 to 8 in the successive seasons. In the wood chips, by comparison, there were 7 taxa at the beginning of the study, and at the end of the cycle the number increased to 11. The differences ...
Leachates in the landfill site both result from direct flow of water from atmospheric precipitations and arise during the process of biochemical changes, most frequently organic compounds. The aim of the research was presentation of several selected heavy metals content in the leachate from landfill site posing a hazard to the environment. The landfill site is situated in Wola Suchożebrska, in the eastern part of the Mazowieckie voivodeship in the Podlaski county. It receives waste from the city of Siedlce and several neighbouring communes. Leachates were collected in compliance with the PN-ISO 5667-10:1997 standard taking in to consideration the vertical stratification of the leachate quality. The research covered concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr and Hg. No elevated concentrations of any of the analyzed indices was assessed over the 2007-2012 period in industrial waste supplied to the sewer system. Obtained results confirmed that during the recent years of the landfill exploitation it has been receiving only wastes whose storage does not pose a potential source of environmental pollution with heavy metals, on condition that proper accumulation and treatment of leachates is maintained. ...
Currently, the control of supplement payment to agriculture concerns on verification of size of agriculture crops, proceeding of suitable agricultural culture. The size of tillages is defining using law resolution ortophotomap according state of terrain before months (even years). Permanent demands of European Committee Union relating repayment of supplement money for polish agriculture, show that the method applied so far and the supervisory procedures are insufficient. The aim of the article is to present the optimum control methodology of applications relating direct supplement payment to agriculture, on the basis of remote sensing and geodetic data. Thanks to the presented methodology, an effective and giving the unambiguous results control system will be possible to construct. Building and application of interpretative keys as well as the comparative patterns in expertise system for data analysis, will enable the quick identification and the technical description of the crop area. It will be possibleby applying of Unnmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) imageries. ...
