Zeszyt: 2014, vol. 11 / II / 1 (Jun 2014)
Basing on four 49-year time series of daily flows in the Mała Wisła catchment, two methods of creating flow duration curves (FDCs) were analysed: a traditional method where one FDC is produced (period-of-record FDC) using all flow from N-year period, and mean annual FDC created as the average of N annual FDCs. The latter FDC differs from the former especially in the area of minim flows. In this area, for assumed exceedance durations p = 60, 70, 80 i 90%, a Qp taken from a mean annual FDC is higher from about 10% for p = 60% to even more than 20% for p = 90%. This increase and its amount are of value for selecting threshold flow when defining drought and for water supply design.The application of the second method implies that instead of a single value of exceedance time, p% or 365p days, and a single value of flow Qp, an N-element set of exceedance times of a fixed flow value, and an N-element set of flows Qp for fixed p are given. These set exhibit the variability of both the exceedance time and the flows Qp for fixed p. Both variabilities were studied and were shown to ...
The paper concerns the problem of possible contamination, which can be dangerous to the ground and surface water, because of an inappropriate localization and protection from leaching of harmful substances. The tests were carried out on a closed municipal landfill site in Chełmek, located in the west part of Małopolska Province. Issues concerning water circulation through the cells and landfill ground were analyzed. Using Giryński's field method a permeability coefficient was determined for wastes and ground soil. Granulation, compaction degree, bulk density and natural moisture content were also determined. Based on the obtained results a maximum distance of migration of harmful substances with a wide range of viscosity was calculated.While analyzing the results it was stated that the landfill is located too close to the Przemsza river. In case of an insufficient ground sealing there is a risk of leaching of harmful substances from the landfill and fine sands that are in the ground are not a sufficient barrier to contamination migration that will happen along with the ground water. ...
Poland is considered to have scarce water resources and to be one of the few countries in Europe which are in danger of a water deficit. Surface water resources in the Lubelskie Province are significantly lower than the country's average and are among the lowest in Poland. This calls for sustainable and sparing water-resources management, combined witch particularly intensive protection of their quality and quantity. The most successful and effective way of forming water resources is surface-water retention aimed at mitigating the water deficit, especially in periods of drought. Catering for the continuously-growing food demand is a primary objective for agriculture in Poland and in the Lubelskie Province (good types of soil). The drainage infrastructure and hydro-engineering buildings are the key factors in increasing the efficiency of production. It allows the sustainable use of water circulation in an environment shaped by man for agricultural purposes. The article includes the condition, selected examples of, and the requirements for, the hydro-engineering buildings to be used in drainage systems for sustainable water management in agriculture.
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At the work a topicality of the methodology of designing forest road networks in mountain areas is being analysed. Adapting individual stages of the design and detailed procedures of the current system of functioning of forest districts in Poland is being discussed, also needs of modern forestry and contemporary design possibilities and the form of initial materials. Using analyses in current studies and processing are being underlined with the GIS processing of data included in the LMN standard. The stage of stocktaking and the location of new roads in net is using well new opportunities of these analyses. The inconsistency of procedures in the stage of determining the optimum density of the road network because of the kind and contents of some-currently available-initial data is being pointed. The stage of the economic appraisal of the planned solution also requires updates because of economic facts change, assumed in analysis of estimated arrangements, as well as using inappropriate sizes incurred costs. The method in its current shape is not used in all, and only some procedures are being involved in thematic studies. New arrangements of criteria of making tree stands available and an indexation of at least some functions ...
The study presents the results of research pertaining to transport infrastructure (linear and nodal) of the farms under analysis. The means of transport owned calculated per 100 ha of cultivated land outside the group with vocational education in higher groups of education decreases significantly proportionately to the increase in the level of education. Internal transport distances are quite large with the average value of 15.25 km and the variability among the distinguished groups ranging from 8.03 to 18.82 km and no relationship with the owner's education is observed. On average, 47.42% of the surface for internal transport are paved roads in average condition, their share between the distinguished groups ranges from 43.30 to 51.92%. In 63.86% of cases, the access to the field - the final section of the surface is a dirt road and only in 7.23% of the cases - a paved road. In this area, the situation of farmers with higher education is the most advantageous. On average, there are 20.19 plots (from 15.31 to 26.46 pieces), the surface area of the average plot is 1.30 ha on average. Only in 31.33% of farms, a tractor with a trailer can turn back in a collision-free manner in ...
The study included storage facilities located in the municipality of Skalbmierz in towns: Sielec Kolonia, Szarbia Zwierzyniecka and Baranów. The research involved making a detailed inventory of architectural and construction and the storage of questionnaires to selected objects. The study area is dominated by regular cold storage, they are 77% objects used for the storage of vegetables and 64% of facilities for storage of fruit. The study characterized and evaluated solutions architectural and construction and material and construction of these facilities. Prevail there nearby terrestrial objects (77% of the storage of vegetables and 72% fruit storage). Due to the form of building the most common objects were freestanding cold storage. Work carried out in the analysis of material and structural bulkheads showed that most of the vault was double-layered exterior walls, made of slag concrete hollow with styrofoam insulation, and lightweight ceilings with cooling panels. Also analyzed specific technical and operational indicators. The study showed large differences in the size of storage chambers. This was caused primarily by adaptation of existing buildings for livestock and farm for storage. Improving storage base consisted mainly of larger potential of storage facilities through the commissioning of new facilities and modernization of existing ...
The aim of the paper is to evaluate the usefulness of opoka rock and reactive material made of it to remove phosphorous from surface water and wastewater. Presented results concern the effects of calcium (Ca) contamination in the reactive material (heated opoka) and it impacts on the value of the maximum sorption capacity Smax. Six batches of material (O1-O6) which come from deposits located in Belzec (south-east part of Poland) is characterized by variable amounts of Ca, which is 238,6-520,1 g∙kg-1. The maximum sorption capacity Smax estimated by Langmuir isotherm model equals 12,3-25,5 mg P-PO4 g-1∙kg. To assess the relationship between the content of Ca, Fe Al and Mg in composition of the reactive material and its ability to retain phosphorus correlation coefficients was used and showed that calcium (Ca) is associated with phosphorus sorption capacity (r=0.99126). Also, Fe2O3 and Al2O3 content have an impact on the ability to bind phosphorous. In contrary, the contamination of MgO has no significant effect on the value of Smax.
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The approved and implemented Environment Management System is a subject's showcase which adds to its prestige and attractiveness. One of the elements of EMS is creating and publishing of an Environmental Report which is a competent and reliable source of information delivered to the public and other parties showing interest in the state of the environment especially the environmental influence, protection level and its constant improvement within the subjects activity. Environmental management are the aspects of general management of a subject which regard controlling and steering the influence the subjects activity has on the environment. This term includes all of the problems regarding the influence the company's activity has on the environment which are of importance to the company's strategy and competitiveness. The necessary condition for the environment management system to work is it's integration with the general management system of the particular subject. The environment integration system can not function properly if it's created and implemented independently to the subject's goals, priorities and existing procedures. It applies to the ecological policy which should be an integral part of the company's general policies and also any practices, procedures, processes and means used by the company. The article presents the ...
Basing on four 49-year time series of daily flows in the Mała Wisła catchment, the influence of the adopted POT-type drought definition on the stationarity of four drought characteristics: drought starting time, inter-drought time , duration T and deficit V, as well as their mean characteristics were investigated. The drought definition depended on three parameters: p, Tmin and min, i.e., the mean percent exceedance time of the given threshold flow Qp (p = 60, 70, 80 i 90%), minimum drought duration T¬min and minimum inter-drought time min; (Tmin, min) = (7;7), (14;7) and (14;14) days. The mean characteristics exhibited regular (in some cases very regular) dependence on p. It was shown that the monthly average number of drought starting times has clear minimum in March, and the null hypothesis on the zero slope value of the time regression for the remaining three characteristics, , T and V may be accepted in most cases.
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The aim of the work was to evaluate the condition of trees planting along the main road S7 in central Poland. There are many examples that trees along roads and highways in Poland grows badly and mortality of plants within one or two years after planting is on a very high level. This caused great losses of public means and huge, non-valuated losses for the environment and countryside. Results of this study where the evaluation of trees planting along road S7 between Jedlińsk and Grójec was undertaken, shows that almost 50% of trees died or vanished within 2-3 years after planting. Total number of trees planted on the studied area (8 species) was about 1775 units, and 887 out of them are lost. This made losses on 134000 PLN only on this segment of road. Value of trees planted along S7 road between Jedlińsk and Grójec was calculated on 287000 PLN, the coast of trees consisted on 169000 PLN. ...
Rural areas are an attractive alternative to the rest of the population of cities and towns. Contact with nature, clean environment and the fact that the proximity of these areas to eliminate the long and often tedious journeys are on their attractiveness. Assessment of the fitness for use of various land in accordance with the specific function requires the analysis of a number of criteria . Developed areas , species of plants , the presence of water bodies and other interesting objects can decide the attractiveness of areas and assign them to specific functions . In the process of decision-making on the selection of the site for the function selected optimum variant that meets the highest degree certain expectations . Entity analysis defines a set of criteria , or more variants of a set of criteria , which are analyzed by mathematical support decision-making. The term criterion is understood feature space by which they are classified and evaluation of physical phenomena in a given geographical area.The paper presents a fragment of the proposed methodologyprocedure for proceedings to determine the suitability of forest land to perform certain social functions and recreational activities.
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Land and building registers, the principal source of spatial data, support policy-making activities at all levels of land management and undergo continuous change. The observed changes are prompted by a variety of political, legal, organizational, economic, social and technological factors. At present, land and building registers are amended and modernized to ensure the effective implementation of the INSPIRE Directive in Poland. This paper analyzes various factors that affect the Polish cadastral system, with special emphasis on legal regulations adopted in 2010-2013 and their influence on the functioning and change trends in the Polish land and building register. ...
The article presents the development and condition of the sewage system in five rural communities in the powiat of Jelenia Góra in the years 2002-2012. Values of density of sewage network, the population using the network in the general population were examined, the results are presented in tables and cartograms. The article presents the legal situation of the examined communities in terms of belonging to agglomeration and municipalities involved in projects related to the construction of the sewage network. The spatial scope of research includes rural communities of the powiat of Jelenia Góra, these are: Janowice Wielkie, Jeżów Sudecki, Mysłakowice, Podgórzyn and Stara Kamienica. Analyzed data refer to communities, without specifying the localities.The study showed a heterogeneous state of development of the sewage network,different growth of network, as well as variability in the share of the population using the sewage network. In the analyzed period, the network most intensively developed in 2008-2012, due to the participation of some communities in projects for the development and construction of the sewerage network.
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The implementation of the Spatial Data Infrastructure Act in 2010 contributed to the dynamic development of spatial services. Public authorities are under obligation to create access to information in registers of spatial resources and services with the involvement of technology platforms that facilitate data search, downloading and browsing (Web Map Services - WMS). The goal of rural development policies is to improve living standards, promote social and economic development and support land management practices in rural areas in accordance with environmental protection regulations. The achievement of those goals requires access to reliable and up-to-date spatial information that can be obtained from national, regional and local WMS applications. This paper describes the applicability of WMS for rural development policy-making, with special emphasis on applications that are already based on cadastral data. ...
The conducted study was aimed at answering the following question: is it possible for the industrial function to coexist with the curative function? Was it justified to convert the spa town into an industrial centre? The authors took into account the still-existing curative potential of the former Jastrzębie-Zdrój spa. The second half of the 1940s and the beginning of the 1950s was a time when it flourished as a therapeutic centre, with the curative facilities built before the second world war being rebuilt and modernised. The local authorities considered this to be a priority, as the spa town was the single large employer in this small town. Despite its glory as a resort in the years following the war, due to social, political and economic decisions as well as due to the exploitation of black coal which began in the 1960s, the rather miniscule town of over 8 000 inhabitants transformed into a large industrial city with more than 100 000 citizens. At first, its curative function coexisted with the rapidly developing industrial function. It turned out that it was possible for them to accompany each other, though it might have seemed before that they were mutually exclusive. The spa ...
This article shows the influence of the European Union funds in stimulating initiatives of the rural communities in the świętokrzyskie voivodship. It also presents ideas and activities of local action groups with a view to implementing the LEADER initiative. This paper highlights their role in the implementation of innovative Programs carried out in the coun¬tryside. The sustainable development of rural areas is not possible without a wide and direct participation of the inhabitants of villages. The human and social capital is thus the foundational of rural development. The ac¬tivities that integrate and stimulate the initiative of rural communities are shown in the paper. They are based on the example of theme villages. In the świętokrzyskie voivodship there is a problem how to increase local community participation in communes or in regional socio-economic life of particular localities. This is the main area of interest on the part of members who are organized in intersectorial cooperation, in local stocks and local development management. The necessary condition for encour¬aging local population involvement in the development of local areas and for better use of their resources is to build social capital in rural areas. At the end, the article provides conclusions and practical recommendations. ...
