Zeszyt: 2013, vol. 10 / 04 / 1 (Dec 2013)
Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the Warmia and Mazury voivodship. However, unsustainable tourism is not environmentally neutral. The increasing trend in the tourism industry to obtain the maximum benefit from tourism industry to fight for each area of interest for tourists. Very rarely remembers the obligation to care for the preservation of the environment. Are caused by damage, which often have irreversible consequences.The attention to maintaining high environmental values requires a coherent and consistent policy environment. It is also important to ensure access to environmental information and environmental education. Degradation caused by the escalation in tourism, should be an incentive for action in the areas of forecasting and environmental planning and setting tools that enforce implementation of sustainable tourism development. Control impacts of tourism on the environment should take into account the behavior of small scale tourism, especially in the areas of high natural value.The study contains the determinants of tourism development area and the risks to the environment arising from the implementation of tourism and non-compliance with the principles of sustainable development. Based on the analysis of available literature sources has attempted to identify strategic objectives were identified in the tasks to be performed, for ...
Small farms are all over the world, and their number is estimated about 85% of all households. The purpose of this paper is to determine the definition of a small farm. The article examines the domestic and foreign literature to determine the definition of a small farm. It was also the number of small farms in Poland, according to the adopted criteria and benefits of the occurrence of these farms. The study used the method of analysis of the literature and analysis was performed using statistical data from the Central Statistical Office. On the basis of the literature concluded that currently there is no one comprehensive definition of a small farm. ...
In field conditions, direct measurement of plant interception is still a difficult task, especially because of methodological limitations and also that of technical and organizational nature. [Olszewski, 1984, Kossowska-Cezak et al., 2000].The way to deepen the knowledge about the determinants of interception in forest areas is research in controlled conditions [Anzhini et al,. 2007], which could provide the data for the identification of the mathematical models. Pei et al. [1993] performed a laboratory simulation of precipitation on a set tree surface by changing the intensity of the rain ten times in the range of 47.4 to 147.6 mm/h. Similarly, Keim et al. [2006] applied a rate of 20 to 420 mm/h by changing the droplet size of the simulated precipitation from 1.0 to 2.8 mm. These amounts of precipitation are not likely to occur in the Polish climate. The essence of the research was to spray trees with simulated rain with certain characteristics, according to the methodology previously developed and tested on mockups.To carry out the research on trees interception of simulated rain in the range of 2 to 11 mm/h autors had to design and build a sprinkler device [Klamerus - Iwan et al., 2013] taking into ...
In the work presented and discussed the results of the study of groundwater in the area of the landfill site, which has been done in the years 2004 - 2008 in three piezometer points. For the analysis were taken into account the value of the reaction, electrolytic conductivity, TOC, Cr + 6, Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn and PAH. The results of the test of groundwater are normative values of Polish Standards, as well as the comparative analysis was taking into account the direction of their flow. The topic of the work was to assess the quality of these waters at the stage of the operation of the municipal landfill site. Tested waters in area of the landfill site was characterized by variability of their composition. In particular, an increase in the content of cadmium has confirmed influence of waste in underground waters on their outflow and on their qualities in result limited proficiency of drainage system of the landfill site. However, increased contents of product of incomplete combustionof organic product on inflow so as well outflow of this water it has exerted relationship with interaction of the effects of anthropogenic. ...
Rural areas account for a large part of the surface of the Polish. These areas are home to almost 39% of the population. In Poland, rural areas for many reasons often developed much more slowly than urban. They are largely neglected. This situation has improved significantly after the Polish accession to the EU and raising funds for the development of agriculture. These actions caused the rural areas began to grow much faster. Their structure has been corrected. This document presents a comparative analysis showing the changes that have occurred in these areas in Poland, Austria and the Czech Republic. The article also made reflections on the essence of the concept of rural areas. In the paper the method of logical analysis and narrative based on Polish and foreign literature. ...
The aplication of selected methods of the hydrogeochemical statistical analysis is presented in the paper. Statistical methods were applied to initially identify of the formation processes of water chemical composition of groundwater within the Lesser Poland Voivodeship area. As results of the cluster analysis three clusters' set of forming the chemical composition of groundwater's was distinguished (fig. 2). A set of three factors forming the chemical composition of groundwaters was distinguished as a result of the factor analysis (fig. 3, tab. 1). All statistical methods used were found out to be susceptible upon hydrogeochemical anomaly. Taking into account the observed susceptible of cluster analysis its application makes it impossible to describe enough correctly the formation of the chemical composition of groundwaters within the study area. Using the factor analysis attained the best results but this method is also susceptible upon anomaly cases. The statistical methods used were found out as helpful. However, the interpretation of research results without the additionally factors is intractable, especially for the case of hydrogeochemical anomaly. ...
The paper attempts to evaluate effectiveness of treatment of wastewater in sewage treatment plant in Paczków which is used in hydroponic technology. In order to determine the efficiency of wastewater treatment for the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended solids, BOD5 and COD, results of analyses of wastewater collected at the inlet of the treatment plant and at the outlet of the object were analyzed. Research period covered the years 2009 to 2011. Analysis of the data showed that the purification efficiency related to all parameters did not drop below 77.0%. The biggest effectiveness of sewage treatment was observed for total suspended solids (99.0%) for BOD and phosphorus it was at least 98.0% and 98.1%, and for COD - 94.8%. The lowest efficacy of treatment (but not less than 77.0%) was found for total nitrogen, which allowed concentration in sewage at the outlet from wastewater treatment plant has been exceeded several times during the study period. Based on the results of analyzes and literature studies was found that the hydroponic block which is tertiary step of urban wastewater treatment allows for considerable reduction of values of individual pollutants in discharged wastewater to make it possible to reach at the outlet ...
The Malopolska Upland, with its beneficial geo-morphological, soil and climatic conditions is a place where xerothermic plant communities are quite numerous. Natural hazards to which these communities are exposed cause that in a vast majority they have been covered by various forms of protection. Vascular flora of Inuletum ensifoliae alliance in the Kalina-Lisiniec Special Habitat Protection Area, which reveals a considerable biodiversity, unique character and occurrence of protected and endangered species, plays a crucial role in the natural environment of the Miechowska Upland. The habitat covered by Inuletum ensifoliae alliance are mainly sandy loams and silt deposits. These are usually moderately poor (mesotrophic) soils, in vast majority alkaline, dry or ranging from dry to alkaline. Habitat conditions are characterized by a full or moderate insolation. ...
In the article results of laboratory tests of a puncture resistance with a pyramid carried out on chosen needle punched non-woven geotextiles of basic weight from 150 do 1200 g • m-2 are presented. Values of the puncture strength were compared for geotextiles placed on a rigid and soft support. According to PN-EN 14574:2006P a rigid support was an aluminum plate. Ash-slag mixture, compacted in a cylinder at compaction indexes of Is=0.90, 0.95 and 1.00 was used as a soft support.It was observed that the puncture strength values on the rigid support are increasing proportionally to the basic weight. The value of the strength needed to puncture tested sample on the soil ground is decreasing along with the increase in the compaction index. Puncture of the geotextiles placed on the soft support required higher strengths in comparison to the rigid support and caused large deformations of the geotextiles. ...
Land consolidation is a complex process requiring the consideration of rich resources of data on the land under consolidation, preferences of participants of the consolidation regarding arrangement of newly projected parcels, performance of a number of spatial analyses, and taking decisions concerning optimal design solutions among many potential scenarios. Such a multi-aspect process requires the development of tools in the environment being able to face these criteria. Such an environment is currently constituted by Geographical Information Systems. The technological advantages of those systems in the process of transformation of rural areas are appreciated in a number of countries. This is exemplified by numerous international publications on the subject. In Poland, however, the systems are not fully exploited in the execution of particular stages of the land consolidation process. This article presents an example application of spatial analysis in the spatial management of rural areas. It assesses the risk of water erosion of a loess area in the northern part of the Harta village (Podkarpackie Voivodeship) based on basic criteria, namely water conditions, land use, and land relief, with the application of ArcGIS ESRI software. The source data (the registration database, ortophotomap, and soil-agricultural map at a scale of 1:5000) were ...
The subject of the study is quaternary groundwater intaken by 10 drilled wells numbered as follows: S-7a, S-9a, S-11b, S-12b, S-15a, S-16a, S-17a, S-18a, S-20a and S-21 constructed in the period 1971 - 1993 and forming "Stare ujęcie" located in Stalowa Wola. Total manganese concentration in waters of "Stare ujęcie" intake falls within the range from 0.001 mgMn•dm-3 to 2.57 mgMn•dm-3, and total iron - from 0.01 mgFe•dm-3 to 6.50 mgFe•dm-3. Given the quality classification of "Stare ujęcie" waters - they predominantly belong to 3rd and 4th class and their quality is unsatisfactory. The chemical composition variability of the intaken waters is spatially presented in the study in the form of hydroisolines, while the temporal variability was discussed descriptively and with the use of statistical coefficient of variation. The variability of total iron concentration in waters of "Stare ujęcie" is very high in the case of wells S-7a and S-17a, in the case of wells S-9a, S-18a, S-20a and S-21 - it is high, while in well S-15a the variability is medium. Concentration of total manganese in waters of wells S-15a and S-18a is characterized by low variability, in waters of wells S-7a, S-9a and S-21 - by medium variability, ...
This paper presents the average consumption of cold water in households located in the town of Gorlice (southern Poland) on a monthly basis and daily distribution of water consumption in households located in the Ząbkowice Śląskie (Lower Silesia). Households included in the analysis of water use were placed in single-family houses with attic. All the buildings were objects that were built low (about 12 meters above ground level) with a V class of water supply installations. For each building average daily water consumption was determined which ranged in the range of 0.11 - 0.18 m3 M-1 d-1. The highest average daily water consumption was observed in the building located in the Ząbkowice Śląskie. ...
Primula farinosa position is the only area in Poland where this plant occurs native. This area has status of Nature 2000. The work contains chosen physical properties of soil in the area of Primula appearing, and also at surrounding area. On this base possibilities, conditions and a scope of performing engineering works and works associated with acquiring wood in the precinct were determined for the station. Presence of clayey soils was identified, with pour ability of the filtration (from 2.95 ÷ 5.60 m•per twenty-four hours). Soil inside the station is marked by a quite large content of organic parts (to c 30%). Outside the station contents of organic parts isn't large (to c 10%). To preserve stability of the hydrological conditions of the station it is crucial to remain the continuity of soil cover layer at this area and at area situated above. Therefore in this area a prudent forest management is proposed, skidding of wood using additional resources minimizing damages of the soil cover layer, reclamation of tracks after skidding of wood, discontinuing engineering work associated with excavations, and proper surface draining of already existing roads. ...
Interactive Web application is a broad term. There are almost no limits creating Interactive Web applications. With the knowledge, skills, software and financial resources creating Interactive Web applications may be limited only by the imagination of the project team. Free computer techniques and tools created by passionate communities are becoming common and allow to create web application at a low cost. Network applications available on the Internet can be used in the daily work of the public administration supporting the decision making process. The local community can also benefit with these applications.This paper presents some techniques and tools that were used to prepare web applications with varying degrees of interactivity. In addition, the paper presents a practical application and implementation in selected Malopolskie municipalities. ...
The experiment carried out over 2010-2012 at the experimental field of Crimean Agrotechnological University in Simferopol, Ukraine (44°56'N, 34°06'E). It was investigated the effect of cultivation method (cultivation from seedlings and direct sowing to the ground) and the date of seeds sowing - direct to the ground (first 10-days of March, second 10-days of March, first 10-days of April) - for seedlings (second 10-days of February, first 10-days of March, second 10-days of March); distance between the plants in rows (20, 25 and 30 cm) on the morphological features and yield of leek ‘Sizokrył'. Leeks were grown in double rows spaced by 40 cm. Plants grown from seedlings were characterized by the better biometrics features than grown from seed sowing directly into the ground. Delaying the sowing date of seeds by 10 days at seedlings production (compared to control date i.e. first 10-days of March) influenced the most favourable on the biometrics features of the yield. In the leek cultivation from direct sowing to the ground the earliest date caused achieve the plants with the best parameters. Leeks cultivation in the distance of 25 cm in rows contributed to achieve plants with significantly the highest stalk diameter and the highest ...
The measurements of air temperature in the environmental studies are usually a standard action, but often pose a lot of problems. The main trouble all field measurements is the problem of power supply. The paper presents an alternative to expensive and subsidiary equipment in the form of iButton®Dallas. The preliminary tests have shown their very high sensitivity, accuracy and reliability. The sensors have been used in several field studies, from the vertical point system, trough the distribution of microtherm conditions within 10 hectares, to the topoclimatic analysis an area of about 50 km2. Energy autonomous sensor allowed full use of the advantage of another that was small in size and place them with no problem at selected points. The measurements were obtained by a number of important information about the distribution of temperature, which in standard conditions of observation would be impossible to do so iButton®Dallas sensors are therefore a good alternative for all kinds of environmental observations, aimed at verification of thermal condition of the atmosphere and other backgrounds, for example soil or water.Key words: iButton sensor, air temperature, environmental studies ...
This work presents the analysis of appearing the natural disasters in opolskie province in years 2008-2010. Dates was received from protocols of losses from administrative districts and cities which rose as a result of disaster and/or adverse weather conditions. On the basis of this information analysis of the scale of this phenomenon have been done. With the use of the statistical test chi-square the comparing of the number of farms embraced with disaster, the size of losses in the zloty and the degree of damage in % and numbers of farms applying for credit in the period of three years. Data concerning the frequency of appearing the natural disasters and adverse atmospheric phenomena in individual local governments on the map of the Opole province was presented. Carried analyses and statistical comparisons are showing that this kind of phenomenon appearing more and more often and defines the areas which suffered particularly in years 2008-2010. Basic of the map it is possibility to isolate north and north west area of our region as the most exposed to losses with adverse atmospheric phenomena and/or natural disasters and the south part of the province where the scale of these phenomena is lesser. ...
The paper presents changes of the San river water quality (from km 28+800 to 23+200) in result of treated municipal and industrial sewage discharge at km 26+440. Along the analyzed section, the San is under protection in the framework of Natura 2000 habitat areas programme (The Lower San River Valley). Analyses of pollutants in treated sewage originating from the Municipal and Central Treatment Plant were conducted twice a month. Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant, a maximum throughput of 17500 m3•24 hours-1, receives municipal sewage from Stalowa Wola city, was modernized in 2008 and is capable of receiving the pollutant load to 98500 RLM. The neighbouring Central Sewage Treatment Plant treats sewage from the Stalowa Wola Iron Works area and from the Tarnobrzeg EURO-PARK WISŁOSAN Special Economic Zone in Stalowa Wola. Its maximum throughput is 100000 m3•24 hours-1, but during the rainless weather the amount of sewage does not exceed 20000 m3•24 hours-1. The assessment of sewage effect on the San river water quality was carried out in two measurement-control points (2360 m above and 3240 m below the sewage discharge point) on the basis on four-year (2009-2012) analyses of 19 pollution indices, including 3 physical, 2 oxygen, 2 biogenic, 2 salinity, ...
The paper presents the results of research on the suitability of local natural ground for construction of the surface of planned football field, in terms of water permeability and retention capabilitiey. Physico-water properties of silt loam collected from the area of planned football field were tested. Under conditions of very low water permeability of the tested ground in the sub-arable horizon, there is a possibility of persistent considerable moisture content in the planned football field surface after heavy rainfall. Therefore, the football pitch will be damaged, which may make difficult or even prevent football playing and worsen the esthetical values of the football field. In conclusion of conducted field and laboratory analyses it may be stated that granulometric composition, low water permeability and very high water capacity definitely disqualify the natural silt loam in the area of the designed football field as a material suitable for constructing either the carrying layer or the drainage layer of the football pitch. ...
The aim of this work is to show the possibilities of using laser scanner in ecosystems preservation on the stage of making spatial planning decisions. The laser technique of automatic measurement enabled us to get measurable and fully objective spot elevation model very quickly. Received scan was converted into spatial model by adding texture and later on merging increments of development in their natural surroundings. The visualization created can be very helpful when choosing the best option of land development; moreover, it can help protecting the land from investments leaving it in its original shape. For the purpose of the research supporting ecosystems preservation, two chosen objects, located in Sobótka (Sobótka commune) and Maniów Mały (Mietków commune), were diagnosed. Field investigations were conducted in the years 2011-2012. It was concluded that the afforestation of one of the investigated area according to the existing regional policy would block the view on the Zbiornik Mietkowski dam coping. ...
In order to improve the quality of retentioned waters in dam reservoirs, the pre-dam reservoirs are built, that are localized above the main one. They aim at keeping contaminants transported by a river. The example of such solution can be the largest reservoir in Lublin region - "Nielisz". Reservoir consists of two parts divided with dam. The main reservoir (water surface area 709 ha at NPP, mean depth 2.8 m, and total capacity 18.30 mln m3) is localized in river Wieprz valley. Its catchment area is 1236.2 km2. The pre-dam reservoir of 179 ha area at NPP, mean depth of 0.7 m, and total capacity of 1.18 mln m3, is situated in river Por valley. The damming section is situated on 1.685 km of its course, while the catchment area amounts to 590.3 km2.Present research aims at presenting the analysis upon the influence of pre-dam reservoir on quality of waters supplying the main reservoir. Water samples were collected with quarter increments at the inflow and outflow from the reservoir. Analysis of results from here conducted survey univocally indicates that analyzed pre-dam reservoir contributes to significant improvement of water flowing into the main one. The largest reduction of pollutant concentrations in ...
In this paper the authors present the results of the tacheometric measurement portion of the Prądnik river flowing through the Ojcowski National Park (OPN). The coastline of the river is variable along its length. Does not coincide with the of the river evidence borders. The specificity of field work in the OPN requires the surveyor's knowledge of not only the law surveying, restrictions on protected areas as well. Methodology of work involves the use of different measurement techniques and the integration of gained data. The specific terrain makes it necessary to use different techniques and surveying equipment. The end result is a graphic design longitudinal profile of the river. Results for the longitudinal section above 3 km and 130 cross sections. In addition, the authors present a photographic documentation showing the coastline of the river and the stream at intervals of about 50 meters.The work will provide a base for further analysis in order to determine the flood zone of the mountain river. The problem of this analysis will be the subject of subsequent papers by the authors. ...
Stratigraphy of peat layer and under-peat deposits were investigated in detail. Evaluation of location of the peat-bog against the background of relief in alimentation aspect was also carried out. Investigations shows the "Buk Kamieński" peat deposit has Holocene origin. Peat forming process is accompanied by differentiated hydration states with prevalence of short-lived flood and state inflow of ground water. Regarding alimentation the peat-bog has soligenic-fluviogenic character. Stratigraphic investigations indicated that in peat deposit occurs many species of lowland bog type and one species of transitional moor type. Peat wood, genus Alnioni, species Alneti and Saliceti prevail. Besides such species of peat as: Cariceto-Bryaleti, Bryaleti, Cariceti, Cariceto-Phragmiteti and Sphagno-Cariceti occur. Under peat layer occurs calcareous and organic gyttja in places with shelly limestone. ...
