Zeszyt: 2013, vol. 10 / 01 / 3 (Mar 2013)
The article presents an assessment of the effectiveness of municipal wastewater treatment using sand filters of vertical flow with granular activated carbon. Research of organic compounds, nitrogen compounds and total suspension removal were performed under increasing hydraulic loading rates.It was found that the treatment of domestic sewage in a multi-layer sand filter with granular activated carbon ensured the quality of the filtrate for hydraulic loading rates 43 mm∙d-1 and 88 mm∙d-1. Due to the changing conditions within the layers observed large fluctuations reduce the effectiveness of BOD5 (6- 99% ), ChZTCr (31 - 90% ) and total suspension (55 -95%).Tthe effectiveness of removing organic compounds, nitrogen compounds and total suspension was determined. It was shown that the single-layer granular activated carbon filter was adequate to establish in the interior of the optimal conditions for the development of both heterotrophic bacteria and nitrifying bacteria. For 3 month cycle mean effectiveness of BOD5, CODCr and total suspension was respectively 98%, 97% and 87%. ...
The article analyses the efficiency of the treatment process in the small sewage treatment plant with a gravel filter, after its modernization. The basic criterion adopted in modernization was to increase the capacity and efficiency of the existing gravity flow system, assuming the minimal operating costs and no additional power consumption. The sewage treatment plant consists of a septic tank, with a separate filter installed during the modernization that keeps suspended solids in the septic tank and a gravel filter for biological treatment; the filter surface was increased during the modernization. The analysis of the effluent quality confirmed very high treatment efficiency of both organic compounds (average removal of BOD and COD was over 90% and 85%, respectively) and total suspended solids ( average removal above 77%) in the modernized wastewater treatment plant. ...
Modeling of waste management systems is related to the simulation of the actual unit processes that make up the functioning logistics systems sorting, col-lection, transportation and disposal of waste. The paper presents the model of medical waste management system in the dynamic version which allows to design the most economically effective systems of medical wastes disposal and utilization.This paper describes the optimization study aimed to analyze the impact of the parameter describing the degree of reduction of medical waste in the process of combustion (wwp) and changes in the unitary cost of transportation of medical waste (Kij) on the value of the indicator of economic efficiency (E). The study was conducted on the example of the analysis of medical waste management system in Podlaskie Region.The range of operating tests created in the optimization study, was divided into two stages of optimization calculations for the adoption with the assumed technical and economic parameters. The first one generated the lowest operating cost of the scheme, while in the second stage the impact of the input parameters of the system was determined, i.e. the influence of reduction of amount of medical waste in the incineration process, and the unitary cost of ...
Experiments were carried out in 2012 at container nursery Bielawy (Forest District Dobrzejewice) in the production cycle of Scots pine seedlings (Pinus sylvestris L.) The height of seedlings ranged from 8.9 to 11.9 cm and the diameter was in the range 2.8-3.7 mm. Single ectomycorrhizas dominatem on roots of seedlings, and they constituted from 45 to 64% of all ectomycorrhizas. General state of mycorrhizae on roots can be considered as fairly balanced. Mean density of mites on examined clods with roots (with or without addition of forest ectohumus) ranged from 3 710 to 16 230 individuals • m-2. The most abundant mites on seed-lings produced with mulching were oribatid mites, and in variants without mulching dominated Actinedida. Non-mulched containers were characterized by occurrence of 2-3 species of oribatid mites, and those with mulching - by 10-14 oribatid species. Oppiella nova was the most abundant oribatid species in the examined material. Tectocepheus velatus was also the important component of Oribatida gatherings. The number of T. velatus was characterized by the upward trend in the cycle of investigation. On the basis of the study, it was found that the containers for production of seedlings with covered root system are characterized by ...
The research area is located in Uroczysko Warta, Czeszewo Forest District, Jarocin Forest Division. The Uroczysko Warta is a forest, situated on flood plain terrace on the left bank of the Warta River, between 332 and 337.5 km of its course and the confluence section of the Lutynia River (0 to 3.2 km). Mean annual precipitation for the period of 1951 - 2000 is 546 mm. Variability of annual precipitation is very high: every 10 years precipitation is ca 380 mm and a cyclicity is observed for episodes of wet and dry years. Assessment of seasonal variability of ground water level was performed on the basis of monitoring data for the period from March 2009 to May 2011collected from 26 piezometers. In addition data series of water stages from 7 gauging staffs installed in oxbow lakes and Lutynia River were utilized. Groundwater levels were measured automatically. Flood plain forests are the most complex forest ecosystems. River channelization, construction of embankments, river damming and construction of reservoirs resulted in reduc-tion of flooding events fraquency and degradation of flood plain forests. In Poland only 0.2% of total area of flood plain forest habitats is covered by flood plain forests. Uroczysko Warta ...
In the recent decades, due to improper management of river ecosystems adverse effects occurred in riverbeds hydromorphology. Increased water retention and use of hydroelectric rivers, which entails the construction of new hydro power plants requires a new look at the continuity of the river corridor. According to the RDW "heavily modified water body means a body of sur-face water, the nature of which has been significantly altered as a result of physical alterations by human [...]"[Dyrektywa 2000/60/WE]. The heavily modified water bodies should aim to achieve good ecological potential of waters. It is to be achieved through the construction or reconstruction of water structures to ensure efficient migration and living conditions for fish and other aquatic organisms.The aim of this study is to determine the construction limits of rock fish-ladders that meet the biological criteria of fish in the Skawa river. Laboratory measurements were carried out on the physical model of rock fishladder. The re-sults of laboratory measurement were used to calculate hydraulic condition within fishladder to determine biological stability of fishes: discharge, velocity of water, water depth and energy dissipation. ...
Since the change of political system in 1989, economic growth and urbanization in Poland have occurred alongside increases in regional and sectoral inequalities. This dual process poses a threat to sustainable development and social cohesion.This paper analyses the relationship between economic sevelopments of the agricultural sector and the process of urbanisation through the prism of changes in the spatial structures in the Lower Silesia region of Poland. A comparative analysis of the spatial distribution in both rural and urban sectors has been carried out. Changes in both rural and urban structures in the lat fourteen years have been identified using a cyclical-complex model based on T. Zipser's theory of contacts and theory of spherical projection. The paper contains a brief discussion of results and their implications for spatial policy. ...
The paper presents an natural indexation of the Olawa river precincts city Strzelin, with particular consideration of land management closely adjoin the river. The analysis was based on field research carried out by Ilnickiego and Le-wandowski methods. The research covered approximately 3.5 km long section of the river, which was divided into 15 homogeneous sections. The period of presented research was covered between July and September 2010 and May 2011. Based on respective section of the inventory, an assessment of species diversity and assessment of the degree of naturalness as well as natural river system values. The results indicate a low ecomorphological value of the Olawa river adjoin Strzelin. The River has been classified to the IV category of natural, what means that the analyzed area is fully regulated, and the ecosystem is clearly changed, and the landscape attractiveness is very small. The significant presence of species affinity with nitrogen in the adjoin watercourse areas, which may be related to the agricultural nature of the land adjacent to the river in the municipality of Strzelin. ...
The aim of the research was defining size and range temperature of the sewage in two small, villages sewage systems. Additionally aim was to defining influence temperature of the sewage flow from sewage system and the temperature of the atmospheric air on temperature sewage in open biological reactors of flow. The research embraced the period of 12 months from January to December the year 2011. To describe this relationship used of the multiple regression of analysis. The research performed in two small sewage systems situated on the village-commune in Nowe Brzesko and Spytkowice. Sewage systems are included in the 2000 PE (Population Equivalents). In the year period of research ascertained, that average temperature in year in small biological reactors to vary from 12,6÷12,7oC, however its range is from 5,6oC to 19,2oC. Temperature of sewage in small, villages sewage systems does not exceed 10,0oC in period ⅓ year, as indicated by the permanent cooling down. Size of sewage temperature in small sewage systems is to a much greater extent then to sewage in large, urban sewage systems. Further, the temperature of the sewage in the bioreactor has a very large extent the temperature of the influent sewage and to a ...
The purpose of the study was to determine the abundance and the compo-sition of the group (Oribatida) in clods of roots of selected tree species - Scots pine, Norway spruce, Silver birch, Littleleaf linden - in the container nursery Bielawy. Field studies were carried out in 15 November 2012 on the open production area. Two samples of substrate (with roots) - from the upper (A) and the lower part (B) - were taken from the each clod. Volume of each sample amounted 50 cm3. Mites were extracted from the material in high gradient Tullgren funnels during 7 days and maintained in 70 % ethanol. Abundance of mites in the layer A ranged from 18.67 to 219.67 individuals · 100 cm-3 of substrate. These arachnids were more abundant in containers with hardwood species than in those with coniferous species. Abundance of mites in the lower layer of the culture media was 40 % lower than that in the layer A. Mites belonging to the orders: Actinedida, Mesostigmata and Oribatida were found in containers of all seedling species, in both layers of substrate. The most abundant were oribatid mites, and - among them - the Acaridida i ...
The traditional Polish wooden architecture is disappearing. The causes of this phenomenon are different. However, the biggest threat has been (the disap-pearance of traditional folk housing has been lasting for decades) and is caused by the factors of the economic and social nature.This thesis deals with issues of the rules of isolating architectural regions characteristic for Malopolska areas. The author made an attempt of a synthetic separation of the features connected with the local wooden architecture. Chosen examples of buildings from the analyzed area were shown, existing in forms of outdoor museums or as an example of a new housing estate which was built based on the traditional design. Both, the first and the second form of protection is very valuable from the point of view of the possibility of passing the constructional tradition of the discussed area to further generations.The conclusions at the end concern both the legislation, which rules have to be elaborated constantly so that the losses of the remaining In situ buildings were as small as possible, and other, just as important problems, from which we should mention: propagation, examination, and cataloguing of folk wooden architecture of Malopolska. ...
A kind and a quality of converting the form of the Bielice village located in the commune Stronie Śląskie, district Kłodzko, Dolnośląskie province are the subject of the research. Analysis of the way of developing and using building substance is a tool. Dissertations are being kept for the state from before year 1945 and the contemporary arrangement. In the end it is stated, that contemporary strictly village, is currently town which is functional already in another dimension, in other space. From a point of view of the attribute of the country settlement or-ganism it is downgraded figure. Features of the rusticity - if still exist - are only vestigial and what's more in the material dimension. In the structure of buildings temporarily inhabited weekend houses dominate. With their figure they are representing the rustic style admittedly, but architectural details already differ from the form of the native construction. Features of the contemporary format of the town are, identical or very similar, to characteristics of the layout of the village Orłowiec, commune Lądek Zdrój, district Kłodzko. ...
The aim of the study was to compare the growth of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) as well as the state of soil mites (Acari) in two-year cultivations on the reclaimed post-military area at Forest Dis-trict Żołędowo. Afforestation was carried out with the use of two-year old birch and pine seedlings obtained from bare root nurseries (production with mulching and without mulching - traditional method). The experiments were conducted in 2010-2011 on Brunic Arenosols characterized by texture of loamy sand in the surface layer as well as by the strongly acid reaction. The experiments included the following variants: BrzC - birch cultivation which was afforested by the use of traditional seedlings (production of seedlings without mulching), BrzS - birch cultivation which was afforested by the use of seedlings produced with mulching, SoC - pine cultivation which was afforested by the use of traditional seedlings (production of seedlings without mulching), SoS - pine cultivation which was affor-ested by the use of seedlings produced with mulching. The cultivation of Scots pine was characterized by the better efficiency of planting (over 96 %). The mulching treatment - conducted at the nursery - had the positive ...
The efficiency of sewage treatment in the ground bed under the subsurface sewage disposal field was tested in laboratory conditions using synthetic sewage. The ground bed was composed of mean sand and mean sand with assist layer with chalcedonite. The experiment determined the following indicators: suspended solids, BOD5, COD, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, total phosphorus and pH. In the sewage filtered through the ground bed of mean sand as well as through mean sand with assist layer with chalcedonite, increase in the values of nitrite nitrogen and pH was observed. The values other indicators of the treated sewage, was undergo a decrease. The suspended solids, BOD5, COD, total nitro-gen, total phosphorus of the treated sewage, are meeting obligatory standards. The ground bed with mean sand with assist layer with chalcedonite is characterized by a better effectiveness of sewage treatment. ...
The prevailing trend for eco-tourism, the main aim is to maintain the sustainable development of resources and tourist attractions helps to the development of new attitudes and behaviors of tourists and tourism organizers. Sustainable resources development of tourist values is possible through the integration of tourism activities with the priorities in the protection of natural resources. This article is an attempts to identify the influence of ecological activities to protect natural resources and to determine the impact of these actions on the advice of managing organic farms that provide tourism services in the Warmia and Mazury. ...
The paper presents landslides threats occurring in the community of Zakliczyn (the Małopolska region) in the context of spatial planning. Moreover, it enumerates an available sources of landslides information used for planning purposes. Particular attention was paid to the implementation of achievements and existing effects of SOPO project - The Landslides Cover Systems. SOPO is a proj-ect thanks to which our country return to the concept of general geotechnical studies.It was found that one of the most serious problems of the local planning in Zakliczyn is a big participation of landslides areas in the general area of the mu-nicipality. This causes problem with finding the investment areas, including buildings areas. As one of the most effective ways to prevent and minimize landslides damage was considered actually carried out planning and zoning. ...
The role of physical activity in the daily life of society is increasing, therefore it is appropriate to provide the necessary conditions for the implementation of various forms of physical activity by the local community.The purpose of this article is to identify, analyze and evaluate the devel-opment of the areas selected provinces in sport and recreation infrastructure.The scope of research includes the areas of spatial regions: Malopolska and Slask. For reference purposes the analysis is performed by treating each as a test body.Distribution of infrastructure facilities for sports and recreation analyzed area is uneven. For all of the analysis objects except fields and Orlik and ski far the highest density of its kind sports and recreation infrastructure was recorded in Slask. However, Malopolska province was characterized by a high rate of the number of ski trails and at a comparable level to the province Slask number of objects Orlik and courts.Regular physical activity is a way to better, and thus a healthier life in modern society. For the proper development of all forms of physical activity is necessary to ensure that the public in the immediate environment needs the right conditions for the implementation of physical activity, which is undoubtedly ...
The following study presents an assessment of the influence of fascine and stone scarp`s reinforcement on the quantitative and qualitative composition of vascular water plants. The analysis was based on field results obtained between 2007 and 2008, and 2011-2012. The research was performed in four small and medium lowland watercourses located in Lower Silesia were 16 study sections were established. These sections varied in the material used for scarps` reinforcement. The field research included identification of vascular water plants occurrence in the river bed and determination of the degree of their bottom coverage. These factors served as the basis for Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index calculation. Jaccard`s species similarity index was used for the assessment of similarities among water plants communities in different study sections. Conducted research indicates that the choice of the scarp`s reinforcement has an impact on analyzed plant indexes and it does not undergo any changes re-lated to time. However, positive indexes change has been reported in water plants communities. ...
Estimation of the influence of motorway construction on the changes of agricultural land usefulness was carried out using simplified method elaborated by the author. It is based on the analysis of the course of the motorway axis and on the use of essential parameters such as width of the total land requirement, plots layout, or the arrangement of the roads and viaducts. Also other features of the land were taken into consideration. They inform about the agricultural usefulness of the land and may be used by determination of consequences of such investment realisation. Analysis was performed on a road section in the vicinity of Łódź. The road runs across seven villages in two communes - Stryków and Nowosolna. The sec-tion length is equal 7.145 km. The road section under consideration is divided in two parts depending on the commune in which is situated. The motorway runs for the most part through the arable land of the average class. It crosses 21 roads. 5 of them will be equipped with viaducts. The average distance between roads will be increased four times. Profit-making value will be reduced on the area of 300.92 hectars. ...
The aim of this paper is evaluate of the technical infrastructure layer use-fulness in Suloszowa community planning process. Authors was assumed that the layer will allow a thorough analysis of existing community facilities in terms of utilities, identify problem areas and present the offer to potential investors. In the application of the technical infrastructure layer analysis, focuses on networks of underground and overhead infrastructure: water, gas, electricity and telecommu-nications. Spatial analyzes were performed based on the created layers of spatial information system, that can be used by the municipal administration level in the space management. The utilities network layer allowed to identify community in-vestment offer by analyzing infrastructure net and buildings in the production areas, warehouses and storage facilities. In this article has also included an conclusion for variation of methods used to calculate the density of the network indicators per area unit. ...
