Zeszyt: 2012, vol. 9 / 03 / 3 (Sep 2012)
Green roofs are one of the method of recovering green space in urban are-as. They are also effective in improvement of air quality and local climate as well as play an important role in thermal insulation of buildings. The most important role they play in urban areas is rain water retention and delaying of the runoff. The main goal of the research was to estimate potential influence of the green roof substrate on runoff water quality. Preliminary results show increase of the con-centration of phosphates and total solids in leachate. Mean concentration of solids in intensive roof substrate leachate amounted 231 mg dm-3 and in extensive sub-strate leachate 274 mg dm-3, comparing to concentration 6-7 mg dm-3 in simulated rain. Phosphorus concentration in intensive and extensive substrate runoff amounted 0,112 mgPO4-P dm-3 and 0,126 mgPO4-P dm-3 respectively. Phosphorus concentration in simulated rain amounted 0,056 mgPO4-P dm-3. Even if the concentrations in substrate leachate are low, phosphorus can still be an important factor influencing green roofs runoff receiver quality. ...
The distribution of precipitation is a particularly important factor in periods of critical crop plants which the greatest demand for water. At this work a number of meteorological characteristics associated with precipitation got in Puczniew station in years 1972-2002 were analysed: annual and six-month sums of precipitation; changeability of sums of annual and six-month precipitation (with using the division of years and months on extremely dry, very dry, dry, average, wet, very wet and extremely wet surface); number of days with precipitation (in periods < 10 mm, 10.1 -20 mm, 20,1-30,0,0 mm, 30.1-40.0 mm and above 60.0 mm); appearing of rainless periods. In examined 31-years from1972 to 2002 the averaged annual sum of falls in Puczniew amounted to 540.7 mm. From performed analysis we obtained none of years extremely dry and particularly humid: 2 years stayed ranked to dry, 27 - up to averages, 2 - to humid. Years 1983 and 1989 were dry, however year 1977 was humid and 2001 very humid. On average within one year it appeared about 3 rainless periods, appearing mostlyin summer year (59% of cases), and dominating droughts have lengths from 9 up to 17 days (90%). ...
In May and June 2010 two extreme floodwaves inuduced by heavy rainfall in Carpathians Mts. have resulted in four levée breachs in mid-Vistula reach and one levée breach in lower reach of the Vistula valley. The basic outline of the flood was presented on the basis of data collected by Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute (IMWM-NRI): total precipitation, stage hydrograms from three water gauges with telemetric system and discharge. The field research was conducted on: all levée breaches were mapped by GPS. Morphology of sub-alluvial basement in the low-Vistula reach was mapped by drilling in the river channel (in the islands, sandy bars and river banks). The data obtained from our field research were compared to results of geological mapping of the river channel carried out in mid-Vistula reach before 2007 by other author. Using GIS-data base we juxtaposed all these data what has revealed adjacent location of all levée breachs to protrusions of sub-alluvial basement. The model of levée breachs process caused by piping in the low-Vistula reach was presented. The influence of the sub-alluvial basements on the underseepage process was discussed with emphasis on geological setting and geomorphology of the floodplain. ...
During removal of suspension in course of water and wastewater treatment processes the crucial role is played by properties and features of individual parti-cles. Such parameters as specific surface area, shape, size and compaction of sus-pension particles may decide on their settling and sorptive properties. The results of grain size analysis, obtained by means of laser granulometer, give information about structure and size of particles that form suspension.In this paper the original results of suspension's grain size analysis con-ducted on municipal wastes originating from mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plants and on filter backwash water taken from iron and manganese re-moval filters on groundwater treatment plants are presented.The modified form of Avrami equation was used in order to describe grain size results and to identify the process of suspension's formation. ...
The paper presents an application to calculate the daily reference evapotranspiration values (ETo), understood as the amount of evaporation from the lawn surface fully developed, growing on the soil, which provides optimal growth conditions. The presented application allows to determine the ETo value for any location for given geographic coordinates and location above sea level on the basis of daily values of air temperature, saturation deficit, wind speed and relative sunshine. As the input data there are also variables such as psychometric constant dependent on the location above sea level and atmospheric pressure, the maximum vapor pressure and the slope vapor pressure deficit dependent on temperature, extraterrestrial radiation dependent on sequent day number of the year, which in Evapo application are determined automatically based on given geographical information. The application allows to analyze evapotranspiration variability during particular years and months. Basing on 30 years of meteorological data the values of evapotranspiration for the Vancouver and Wrocław - Swojec was calculated and exemplary analysis was performed using the presented application. ...
Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment (PFRA) aims at assessing the scale of flood risk for river basin areas. Furthermore, it focuses on identifying the risk of flooding in these areas. The areas subject to flood risk have been indentified on the basis of inventory works carried out at national, provincial and local level. The inventory covered information on the borders of flood hazard areas, hydrographic maps, spatial management plans and information on the condition of flood control structures. The inventory was based on questionnaires. The collected material was grouped and presented hierarchically depending on the type of flood. Then, it was reduced to a single frame of reference and a uniform scale. The gathered data is the basis for indicating sections of rivers for which flood hazards maps and flood risk maps will be developed. The Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment (PFRA) was developed under the project 'Global Monitoring for Environment and Security' (GMES). It is a part of the fulfillment of the obligations of Poland towards UE in implementing the first phase of Flood Directive. The paper presents the development of PFRA for the upper and middle Odra River. ...
The article presents the analysis of operation of sewage sludge co-fermentation with waste fats coming from de-fattening process of industrial sewage generated in fat production facilities. Within the period of two years (2008-2009) analyses of the co-fermentation process efficiency have been carried out measured by the volume of generated biogas as well as the analysis of influence of the amount of waste fat used on the sewage sludge and waste fat mixture fermentation process. The average volume proportion between the fermented sludge and waste fat was 10:1. The maximum ratio was 4:1 (fat constituted 25% of batch). Depending on the amount of dosed fat the biogas fermentation was increased even by 80% in comparison to the case where only sewage sludge was fermented. During the examination period 107 m3 of biogas in average have been additionally achieved, for each 1 Mg of fat added into the fermentation chambers. Such volume of biogas allows for generation of additional 180kW of electric energy and approx. 2,8 KW of heat energy recovered from exhaust fumes. It was agreed that the increase of generated biogas volume depends not only on the ratio of dosed waste fat but also on its characteristics. It ...
Phytocoenosis with main participation of Calamagrostis Epigejos and Sol-idago Sp. were created on the biological reclaimed post-industrial wastelands formed from coal wastes dump or Zn-Pb ores postflotation settlings. This plants are potential energetic biomass.The paper presents results of analysies of Fe, Pb, Zn, Hg, Na, K, Ca con-centration in plants taken from coal wastes dump and Zn-Pb ores postflotation settlings. This elements have basic influence on mineral matter behaviour during bi-omass co-burning in fluidized beds. ...
Water management is a field of the national economy, which includes, among others, issues of water protection against pollution and against flood, and also resources management for the need of both society and economy. The implementation of Water Framework Directive and other activities and programs, which have a significant impact on quantitative and qualitative water condition, serve the water quality improvement in the whole Oder river basin area. Whereas reducing both the flood risk and the consequences of floods in the countries of the European Community and the proper flood risk management is the purpose of Flood Directive. The platform for coordinating the implementation of both directives in the International Oder River Basin District is the International Commission for the Protection of the Oder River against Pollution.The paper describes the progress made in implementation of both directives in the international Oder river basin. It also highlights the fact that the trilateral cooperation in the Oder basin should provide competent coordination of all actions of individual states, which would contribute to the proper implementation of European Community water policy in the field of improving the water environment. ...
Modeling of waste management systems is related to the simulation of the actual unit processes that make up the functioning of medical waste. The paper presents the model of medical waste management system in the dynamic version which allows to design the most economically effective systems of medical wastes disposal and utilization.The paper presents an analysis of dependency of the parameter describing the degree of reduction of medical waste in thermal transformation process on the value of the economic efficiency index obtained from the example of medical waste management system in the province of Podlasie.The range of operational research carried out within the framework of the optimization study was divided into two successive stages of optimization calcula-tions for the adoption of specific technical and economic parameters, to determine the impact of input parameter of the system in the reduction of medical waste in the process of waste incineration system that is the generated cost of the system, the rate of economic efficiency index and the spatial structure of the system. ...
In the frame of a country-scale project "IT system for protection against extraordinary hazards" (ISOK), tasks aiming at the development of flood risk maps are realized. The major activity related is the creation of hydrodynamic models (1D) for rivers with significant flooding potential. For certain conditions, especially for urban areas a 2D modelling is recommended and will also be applied. The paper presents the current methodological background and the feasibility of numerical hydraulic modelling. Data resources and their processing along with software for numerical computation and results visualisation will be outlined. A focus will be given to the geoinformation data, in particular to air-born Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and 2D hydrodynamic modelling tools. Finally, a 2D hydrodynamic model for the Nysa Łużycka simulating the passage of flood in 2010, influenced by the failure of the Niedów Dam, will be presented as well. ...
One of the important problems of hydraulic modeling is the appropriate representation of the geometry of the main river channel and valley. In the case of two-dimensional models, the main source of spatial information is data obtained by laser scanning (ALS). In spite of its generally high precision in the valley, the result for main riverbed doesn't correspond to the reality, due to the data acquisition process. During the process, laser beam is not able to penetrate the water, most of the beam is absorbed by the water and there is either no return signal or it is very weak and distorted. It is therefore necessary to generate the channel bathymetry data by conducting the interpolation technics on the data collected by the field survey. In the case of one-dimensional models or quasi-two-dimensional the field measurements are the main source of geometric data, but due to high labor costs, the measurements of the cross-sections are usually performed at large intervals. Sparse cross-section data lead to instability in the models, and also in the case of meandering rivers, portion of the discharge may be omitted or doubled. Solution to the problem is a densification of the cross-sections data inserted in to ...
Estimation of influence of land use changes to flood outflows from affor-estation areas of the Krajeńskie Lakeland was worked out basing on SCS-CN method. This method permits calculation from total rainfall a direct runoff as equivalent to effective rainfall. The original SCS-CN method in principle was worked out for catchments of cultivated areas [National Engineering Handbook 1956, 1985]. Present paper is focused on the idea of adaptation original method to forest conditions [Okoński 2006; Okoński, Miler 2010]. The main parameter of this method - CN is a function e.g. of land use. The empirical values of parameter CNemp were calculated basing on hydro-meteorological data of flood outflows at representative catchment of river no. 17-86-1 in the Krajeńskie Lakeland, in the area of the Lipka Forest District, the Biskupice Forest Range. The dependence be-tween empirical value of parameter CNemp and his equivalent's value from original method is a basis idea of adaptation method SCS-CN to characteristics of investi-gated catchment. In consequence it gives then possibility to prognoses how the change of land use, e.g. forest stand reconstruction, afforestation, deforestation, change of field culture, significant change in infrastructure etc., will influence to flood outflows (change to water retention) at a representative areas ...
The authors present the results of research on the changes of the hydrolog-ical properties of sandy soil after applying the hydrogel ZEBA SP. Uniqueness of the absorbent is due to the fact that is obtained from maize corn starch and there-fore can be an alternative to the hydrogels offered in Poland.In the laboratory experience, in which pF curves of the soil were outlined with the different content of ZEBA SP absorbent was conducted, as well as experi-ence in vases was assumed determining the influence of different concentrations of preparation on changes of the soil moisture and the pace of the soil drying.Examinations showed, around preparation is giving the best effects in the concentration of the 0.5%. Such an amount of preparation: increased the effective and potential useful retention of the soil by the 17%; extended the time of drying of the soil from the state maximum to the minimal humidity from 14 up to 19 days in comparing with the soil without absorbent; increased the availability of the soil water for plants from 9 up to 20 days. ...
In the article an influence of measurement inaccuracy of longitudinal and transverse dispersivity coefficients on solutions of dispersion equation, which is a basis of mathematical model of pollutant movement in groundwater, was inves-tigated. An analytical solutions of dispersion equation for temporary or constant point source of pollution were used. Inaccuracy of dispersivity coefficients was de-scribed by normal distribution. Multivariable computations for various values of dispersivity coefficients enable to notice that time-space distribution of pollutant concentration depends on parameters of dispersion equation. Maximum coefficients of variation of computed concentrations are situated near boundary of con-taminated region. These are regions of maximum risk of incorrect result of compu-tations. Area average coefficient of variation for constant and temporary source of pollution is non increasing time function. Its denote stability of mathematical model for pollutant movements in groundwater. ...
Two indices: standardized precipitation index (SPI) and relative precipita-tion index (RPI) analyze the same feature, which is either excess or shortage of precipitation. Having known that, the authors compared SPI and RPI with the use of monthly precipitation sums. The choice of this time period was intentional, since in the literature there has been no classification of precipitation conditions for monthly precipitation sums with the use of RPI so far. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the relative precipitation index values for monthly precipitation sums based on standardized precipitation index. The described method of transformation from SPI to RPI is innovative and has no equivalent in the literature. Having used the data from Agro- and Hydrometeorology Observatory in Wrocław-Swojec, the authors proposed the method of identification of precipitation conditions for monthly precipitation sums in this region. ...
In the study two methods of counting SPI (standardized precipitation index) are given (McKee i in. 1993, 1995). The first of them is based on the fact that em-pirical distributions of monthly precipitation sums are usually gamma distributed (Kaczmarek 1970). The verification of goodness-of fit test hypothesis of empirical distribution of monthly precipitation sums in the years 1964-2009 in Wrocław-Swojec, with gamma distribution, confirmed that. The second method of SPI eval-uation relies on counting the value: , where F is a distribution function of gamma distribution with parameters estimated on the basis of analyzed data set, and is a distribution function of standardized normal distribution (McKee i in. 1993,1995). In practice, the following fact is often taken into account: for a random variable X gamma distributed, variable has ap-proximately normal distribution (Krishnamoorthy K. i in. 2008). In order to esti-mate SPI, other transformations are tested: and .. With the use of those two methods, SPI for monthly precipitation sums in the years 1964-2009 were evaluated. Then, precipitation conditions for monthly precipitation sums, assessed by SPI counted with the use of gamma or normal distribution, were compared. It has been shown that the ...
After World War II ended in Poland, large amounts of contamination began entering the environment. This was both household and municipal pollution. Equipment to reduce the released waste was lacking; control services were under-equipped and society, which was facing many different problems, was not interested in environmental protection. The first issues of national environmental policy were regulated in 1991. In the following years modifications concerning current needs and regulations of the European Union were carried out. According to these regulations, waste man-agement was acknowledged as a separate branch of environmental protection with its most important principles as follows: waste prevention, limiting of waste which could not be prevented, recycling of substances and materials which come from waste and safe neutralization of waste. By virtue of the waste act in 2001, a requirement to start waste planning was introduced at each level of local gov-ernment. These plans were to include analysis of the current state and forecasts of change in waste management, they were also supposed to present actions necessary to meet the targets.The purpose of this paper was to describe current work principles and methods of waste management planning in addition to new organizational solutions for managing municipal waste. ...
For the assurance stability of the ground hydroengineering buildings (structures),it is indispensable to base real filtration conditions of these objects. On the base of computer results of calculation filtrations parameters, and comparative reserches on the phisical model, has been consolidated relations beetwen spatial and flat hydrodynamic pressured filtration, determined under the same hydrogeologic conditions. These relations let to consolidate the real value of hydrodinamic filtrations made on flat models, by passing over in the most important areas, real spatial character of filtration. ...
The paper presents the general characteristics of two hydrotechnical objects that have a key role in protecting the upper and middle part of Odra valley against the flood: existing since 2002 Buków polder and planned the Racibórz reservoir. This paper presents a study of flood wave reduction in May 2010, with using the Buków polder capacity and presents simulations of the potential impact the Racibórz reservoir in several scenarios on the assumption discharge of water from reservoir.The results were referred to indications of the water gauge in Miedonia, giving a view of the percent reduction in the maximum state, and therefore the effectiveness of the flood protection system. They show clearly the importance of Racibórz reservoir as an integral and effective element to flood wave control on the upper Odra. ...
