Zeszyt: 2012, vol. 9 / 02 / 1 (Mar 2012)
A forecast of socio-economic changes in agricultural holdings and sustain-able agriculture until 2030 was presented against the background of necessary energy and ecological changes occurring in rural areas and in the whole Poland.Results of Agricultural Census of 2010 (PSR'10) and initial results of Na-tional Census (GUS) of 2011 were used to determine the trends of changes in rural areas and in agriculture. It was forecasted that by 2030 about 39% of the population of Poland will live in rural areas constituting 33.0% of individual households. Farmer population in agricultural holdings over 1.0 ha AL will con-stitute 13.3% of rural communities and 5.2% of the whole country population. There will be about 530 thousand commodity farms (agricultural enterprises) which will supply to the market almost all commercial output of food raw materials. Introducing sustainable production and new technologies based on modern machinery aggregates will diminish unit labour and energy outlays, simultaneously contributing to an improvement of ecological requirements for soil, water, air, plants animals and human protection in rural areas. Agriculture will reduce methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission to the atmosphere, among oth-ers through increased use of renewable energy sources (RES). A critical and re-served attitude should be adopted ...
The article discusses the problem of landscape capacity assessment - the degree to which the landscape is able to accept further changes in the spatial structure, without losing their existing visual qualities. The study are presented on example of Sulistrowice village, situated in Sobotka municipality, located within the functional area of Wroclaw, about 40 km from Wroclaw. Discussion of tools and methods to assess the landscape is particularly important in relation to areas of high landscape values (analyzed area is located within Slęzanski Landscape Park), which should be considered as priority in terms of the rules for sustainable management of the landscape. Proposed method based on the analysis of cartographic materials and inventory of landscape elements that have an impact on ability to hide the changes in the spatial structure. The study allowed to identify areas where changes in the spatial structure, especially the location of new buildings, resulting in a substantial loss of scenic values, and areas where the loss of these qualities will occur after distinguish the form, dimensions or color of new buildings. Planning decisions regarding the designation of new built-up areas which are often inadequate for current demands of society, are made without considering the consequences ...
Peat-bog ecosystem, with their huge species wealth the very essential natural component. Preservation of plant community characteristic of raised bogs is very important because of protection of biological diversity of Orawsko-Nowotarska Basin.The goal of the work was done estimation peat-forming process using the Canadian method described by Rochefort, Quinty and Campeau (1997).The research has been legacy on the peat-bog Puścizna Długopole located in the Orawsko-Nowotarska basin. All of investigated peat-bog was intensively exploitation, as a result of him peat ecosystem to surrender considerably drying. It his lead to deterioration of plant covers on the examined territory. The proof of it is occurrence of the species characteristic for the class: Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Nardo-callunetea, Epilobietea angustifolii, which they cause displacement of typical raised bogs species. The results of performed research have shown that the average degree of coverage by moss layer is 45,27%. Assessment of the peat-forming precess of peat-bog Puścizna Długopole shows that, on the bog dome, the peat-forming proces has to inhibit but not stopped yet. In this regard, there is an urgent need for their renaturization and legal protection. ...
This paper presents a historical monuments inventory and developing of the address cards in order to create a municipal monuments register of Tomice municipality, in Wadowice province. Developing municipal records of historical monuments has become the duty of local government after the entry of the Act of 2010 - protection of monuments. In addition, inventory of monuments and their protection requires legislation, related with the conduct planning and spatial policy in the municipality.The work was based on information provided by regional conservation, Municipal Self-government Tomice, and mostly on interview, in which the records were verified actuality owned landmarks, supplemented with additional information, including photos, description of the monument and its technical condition, the coordinates in the current reference system. ...
The rural development is based on assumptions of the multifunctional de-velopment of the local unit. This is particularly important in gminas which so far were regarded as local unit characterized by agricultural functions. Changes taking place in rural areas lead to the conclusion that it is necessary to introduce new functions in these areas. Investments conducted on the rural area are the element associated with the idea of the multifunctional development. These investments are related to the spatial planning system functioning in Poland in which gminas plays an important role. In these units of administrative division a study of conditions and directions of spatial development, land-use plans and planning permissions are tools of the spatial politics. The article is based on analysis of the planning permissions issued by Sierpc gminas authorities in the years 2006 - 2011. The case study of Sierpc became the basis to identify areas which are subject to the greatest investment pressure. The goal of article was to determine the character of the planning permissions including housing, outbuildings and commercial and retail buildings. Analysis also allowed for formulate conclusions in the need to develop land-use plans in areas about the greatest investment pressure. ...
Plural number of small and uncontrolled catchments tends to find methods, which allow describing water resources. In case of catchments, in which there is no hydrological information some indirect methods are used: analytical which are loaded of big error, or lately increasingly popular mathematical models.The aim of the paper was to describe maximum flows with probability of exceed: 0,5%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 50% in uncontrolled catchment of Sielski Potok, with use of conceptual Wackerman's model and NRCS composite unit hydrograph, for two level of catchment's moisture.The results show differences in maximum flow values. In case of Wackerman's model the typical flood hydrograph for mountainous river were got, but in NRCS-UH, the flood hydrograph does not fully give mountainous character of Sielski Potok river. In both methods with probability increase, the values of maxi-mum flows decreased. ...
The aim of the research was defining influence temperature of the sewage flow from sewage system and the temperature of the atmospheric air on tempera-ture sewage in open biological reactor of flow. To research one chose the small sewerage system with the sewage treatment plant serving to 2000 PE (Population Equivalents) situated on the village-commune in the malopolska voivodeship. Within a period of research the sewerage accompanied sewage from 250 buildings. The average flow of sewage in the investigated year was from 110 to 120 m3•d-1. The research embraced the period of 12 months from 1 January to 31 December the year 2010. To describe this relationship used of the multiple re-gression of analysis. In the period of research ascertained the large variability of the average temperature of sewage flow from sewage system and large variability of average of the temperature of the atmospheric air. The average of mean daily temperature of sewage flow was 11.0 oC. The lowest of temperature of sewage flow was 4.9 oC and the highest was 20.5 oC. In the investigated year of mean daily of the temperature of the atmospheric air was 8.3 oC. The research of concerning of multiple regression of ...
The following study presents description of the preparatory process which is aimed at optimizing rural land structure in Wojków village, utilizing areal elements separated in case of subdivided parcels encompassed by consolidation. Both the introductory procedures and the specialist computer programs enable to prepare data which, during the further stage of research, will make it possible to build and develop a new optimization model of spatial structure of a chosen village and will let us compare the results in relation to the former optimization method that utilizes division of complex parts into elementary stripes of land. ...
Out of all the people who visit Polish forests, not even one would fail to no-tice the trash, so often hidden here and there between the trees. Nature 2000 area is not free of it either. Is is essential to define how much and what kind of litter is in these forests. Operations where carried on in 2010 on the grounds of the Ostrów Mazowiecka community forests in order to determine the trash location and its amount. Data gathered thanks to the GPS techniques where inserted into the GIS system. This greatly helped in carrying out spatial analysis of the phenomenon under investigation. ...
Precise analysis of agricultural structure gives among others possibility of rational spatial planning, monitoring of the management of a local government's property and supporting of the acquisition of structural funds from EU.The aim of the paper is to show course and directions of changes of agri-cultural structure. Suitable analysis of cadastral data allowed to point at areas of the biggest priority of performing improvement of agricultural. Reasonable plan-ning of arrangement - agricultural works, that is indication of priority areas for this kind of processes from the level of region is only possible in case of consistent and synchronized spatial databases, for which cadastre is the basis of information. The area of interest is Małopolskie region. ...
The following study presents results of the research concerning land con-figuration of fields earmarked for grasslands that constitute farmsteads located in Filipowice village. In order to determine basic features of the land configuration of fields and farms, the following, specialist computer programs were applied: MKTopoGUTR, Plikpol and Pole. A basic areal element considered during the re-search were fields that constitute continuous parts of cadastral parcels and com-prise a uniform form of cultivation. The run analysis dealt with the basic land con-figuration features that include: land spatial parameters, estimated costs of cultivation depending on land configuration, land location within the village and farm area as well as a farmstead basic features. In order to carry out detailed re-search, statistic methods were used made it possible to determine correlation coef-ficients between the studied features and worked out to draw up the correlation charts of dispersion. The run analysis enabled to determine to which extent the land configuration of fields earmarked for grasslands and farms spatial features influence on expenses related to their cultivation. ...
This article shows analyzes the possibility of reducing the 1% frequency flood wave with use of dry storage reservoirs. Analyses were carried out in the Serafa catchment, where due to a very high degree of sealing creates a risk of flooding for residents, which showed even the flood of May 2010. The increase in the degree of sealing due to faster response to the rainfall catchment area and, consequently, higher peak flows. An alternative to increase the degree of sealing the catchment are measures to improve water retention. One such method is the construction of dry storage reservoirs. In this article was analyzing the work of these variants reservoirs - in the first scenario assumed a reservoir on the Serafa river, in the second - two dry reservoirs, one on the outlet in Malinówka tributary and second - as in variant I. The capacity of the reservoirs resulted from the anal-ysis of topographic maps and digital terrain model and the small retention program for the Malopolska Voivodeship. All calculations were carried out in the HEC-HMS. In the case of the analyzed catchment was the most preferred variant II. Calculations showed that this variant is possible to reduce the maximum ...
The role of physical activity in the life of modern societies is increasing, therefore it is important to ensure the necessary conditions for implementation of various forms of physical activity, especially in rural areas.The point of article is to identify and to analyze and to evaluate equipment in Polish rural areas in the selected sport base objects in the regions.The spatial scope of research includes rural areas. For the analysis it is carried out by provinces, treating each as a testing facility.Distribution of sports infrastructure facilities in rural areas in each province in Poland is not the same. The highest density was recorded in śląskie, and further in the province podkarpackie i małopolskie. The smallest is the sports facilities in the province of Podlasie.Regular physical activity is one of the basic components of a healthy lifestyle. You can indicate a lot of benefits from it reducing the risk of obesity, heart disease or cancer.In Poland, especially young people show little interest in his health and protection. So we need to strength the attitude of health-conscious, and recreational needs. It is important for local authorities to invest in the permanent development of sports infrastructure in order to promote physical activity in ...
Forms of transformations of buildings in boundary villages are object of analysis of commune Lądek Zdrój, administrative district Kłodzko, Lower- Silesian province. First of all, results of direct observation are extremely complicated forms of use. New objects (summer houses) and objects from 1920-30 years, which are used in different manners than original destination, are objects existing on this area. Analyses indicate that summer houses dominate in spatial structure of building of village Orłowiec. There is proof, that current form of village is a hybrid, where on base of village, recreation housing estate is created. Further preferring of such construction (recreation houses) will weaken country tissue. New recreation (summer) houses are situated not far from Lutynia village. Use of object is autonomous, independent on village. In village system there are many different building constructions (matter), which are used in various ways (e.g. objects abandoned, not at all used). Functioning of village is considered as form of lethargy with trend for successive impoverishment. Activating operations are needed on this area. It is thought , that popularization and spreading of tourist routes (e.g. leading to Borówkowa top, or through Czech Republic village) will be enough in first stage of operations. ...
The aim of the study was to determine the volume of infiltration and inflow within a selected sanitary sewer system by using the moving minimum method. The examined sewer system is located in Kraków County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship. Parasite water inflow into the sewer system was studied in the multiannual period of 2008-2011. Based on the analysis of the research results, obtained using the moving minimum method, it was determined that the infiltration fraction in the annual inflow of contaminated water into the sewer system was from 19.0 to 20.7%, while the fraction of extraneous water - from 19.5 to 31.4%. The largest inflows of extraneous water in the analyzed multiannual period occurred in 2010 (30 210 m3). Due to high total annual precipitation this year was evaluated as very wet. The lowest inflows of extraneous water to the sewer system (15 053 m3) were observed in 2011 (extreme dry year). On the other hand, the largest inflow of infiltration water (20 675 m3) occurred in 2009 (dry year) and the lowest (14 805 m3) - in 2011. The performed research demonstrated a strong correlation between the annual amount of precipitation and the annual volume of parasite water flowing into ...
Estimation of influence of land use changes to flood outflows from affor-estation areas of the Roztocze Środkowe was worked out basing on SCS-CN meth-od. This method permits calculation from total rainfall a direct runoff as equivalent to effective rainfall. The original SCS-CN method in principle was worked out for catchments of cultivated areas [National Engineering Handbook 1956, 1985]. Present paper is focused on the idea of adaptation original method to forest con-ditions [Okoński 2006; Okoński, Miler 2010]. The main parameter of this method - CN is a function e.g. of land use. The empirical values of parameter CNemp were calculated basing on hydro-meteorological data of flood outflows at representative catchment of the Krynica River in the Roztocze Środkowe, in the area of the Tomaszów Lubelski Forest District, the Bełżec Forest Range. The dependence be-tween empirical value of parameter CNemp and his equivalent's value from original method is a basis idea of adaptation method SCS-CN to characteristics of investi-gated catchment. In consequence it gives then possibility to prognoses how the change of land use, e.g. forest stand reconstruction, afforestation, deforestation, change of field culture, significant change in infrastructure etc., will influence to flood outflows (change to water retention) at a ...
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of drip irrigation and ni-trogen fertilization on yields of ‘Kutnowska' onion grown on the very light soil in the region characterized by rainfall deficits during the vegetation period. Field experiments were carried out in 2003-2004 at Kruszyn Krajeński near Bydgoszcz on a soil belonging to the VI class (degraded black earth belonging to the very poor and poor rye complex). Field water capacity in the layer 0-50 cm amounted 57,5 mm, and the effective useful retention was 29,3 mm. Field trial was established and conducted in three replications as two-factorial experiment in split-plot design. Irrigation was the first order factor used in the two variants: without irrigation (control) and drip irrigation at - 30 kPa. The second order factor was nitrogen fertilization: N0 - 0 kg N ha-1(control), N1 -70 kg N ha-1, N2 - 140 kg N ha-1, N3 - 210 kg N ha-1. Drip irrigation was the basic yield-creating factor, securing the cultivation of onion on the loose sandy soil. Marketable yield obtained from ir-rigated plots - average for years and nitrogen doses - amounted 33,2 t•ha-1. Un-der conditions of optimum moisture secured by irrigation, the ...
The aim of the study was to determine the influence of drip irrigation on yields of winter squash cv.‘Rouge vif d'Etampes' grown on the very light soil in the region of decreased rainfall amounts in the vegetation period. The field experiment was conducted in 2007-2008 at Kruszyn Krajeński near Bydgoszcz on the soil of quality class V-VI (very weak and weak-rye-soil-complexes). Field water capacity in the soil layer 0-50 cm was 57,5 mm, while the effective useful retention amounted 29,3 mm. The experiment was designed and carried out as one-factorial trial in four replications. The single plot area was 11,2 m2. Irrigation was used in the two variants: W0 - without irrigation (control) and W1 -drip irrigation. Drip ir-rigation was conducted according to soil tensiometer indications (-0,04 MPa). Drip irrigation significantly increased marketable yields of winter squash ‘Rouge vif d'Etampes' from 34,2 t.ha-1 to 75 t.ha-1 (increase by 40,8 t ha-1, i.e. 119 %). This yield increase was obtained thanks to significant increases the weight of a fruit and its size (horizontal and vertical diameter) as well as the num-ber of fruits. ...
This paper presents a simplified method of assessing the impact of a motorway under construction on arable lands. The method allows to determine all the losses connected with the building of a motor-way impact. A basis for the determination of losses is the analysis of variations in land use, soil quality classes, and the layout of agricultural roads along the designed motorway. The measure assumed as a multilateral impact of motorway on arable lands; is a specific variant of lands value. The specificity of this value variant is in the fact that while determining it, only the variation in the usefulness to agricultural production is assessed. Therefore, it is a measure to valuate arable land usefulness in the agricultural production. Thus, this assumed measure of the motorway impact is not a market value. The estimated land value will be similar to its market value only in typical agricultural regions where the key parameter to mould the land price is production potential of such lands. The presented method of assessing the motorway impact on arable land is exemplified by a section of ‘A-4' motorway; this section is about 4 km lenght, it runs between two towns: Zaczernie-Nowa Wieś. ...
