Zeszyt: 2011, vol. 8 / 10
Srebrna Góra is a village with a population of ca. 1500 inhabitants located in Ząbkowice poviat. From the year 1536 it was a town with town rights. In the post-war Poland, Srebrna Góra was not qualified as a town. It is still a village, but with its urban design, it looks like a small town. The analyses, site inspections, inventory-taking and interviews with the inhabitants made it possible for the author to get acquainted with the village and its general potential as well as to come to certain conclusions, esp. in the context of unused touristic potential of this special place. The biggest tourist attractions of Srebrna Góra include: The Srebrna Góra Fortress, Old Town, Sowia Góra railway and medieval silver mine adits. ...
Water Framework Directive 2000/60/WE of 23 October establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy is the result of extensive works of European communities aiming at better water protection. It obliges the member states to rationally use and protect water resources according to the rules of sustainable development. The Barycz river basin is one of the twelve bilans river basins on the area of the Regional Water Management Authority in Wroclaw. It is characterised by the richness of landscapes and biodiversity. Pond industry has developed on its area. At the same time farm ponds are unique bird sites for many species. The conducted analysis of the implementation of Water Framework Directive in the Barycz river basin embraces all the stages of actions conducted from the moment of Poland's accession to the European Union. Based on the results of the analysis it was stated that all the actions connected with the implementation of Water Framework Directive in the Barycz river basin were conducted in compliance with the approved schedule. The analysis shows that the whole area of the Barycz river basin is at risk of not achieving the environmental aims of the directive in 2015. ...
Based on the obtained studies it was stated that the forest, just after the water basins, is like a magnet very attractive and desirable, and creating new attractions around them is easier. The lack or significant distance of these resources from the farms makes their owners be more creative. Created awareness of the ad-vantageous influence of the natural environment and the countryside on the hu-man's health makes the basis to the conviction that the woods areas will be playing bigger role in building up agricultural packages. The positive role in the educative field has been noticed which may take effect in creating pro-ecological attitudes among the guests using the leisure. ...
Proper wastewater management in rural areas is a difficult issue, especially that we can still see a disparity between the level of water service coverage and canalization of municipalities. The length of sewerage network increases every year, which indicates that municipalities are taking actions to improve sanitary condition. According to the National Program for Municipal Wastewater [Krajowy Program Oczyszczania Ścieków Komunalnych 2010], if the construction of sewage system is not justified, the municipality should solve the problem of waste disposal on their own. The paper presents the basic object at household sewage treatment plant - the septic tank. The septic tank is responsible primarily for the mechanical treatment of wastewater from the solids and for the initial stabilization (anaerobic) sediments. The authors paid attention to the quality of wastewater supplied to the tanks as well as wastewater delivered to the next steps of purification. The article, except study of literature includes results of several year of observations concerning parameters of wastewater after mechanical purification. According to the literature, the effectiveness of the operation is at the level of 40-94% for the suspension, 23,3-66,0% for BOD5. The lowest reduction was observed for compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus. ...
The influence of transportation conditions and work organization on the unitary costs of transportation were determined in selected farms in the Małopolska region. It was verified that factors lowering the costs are increasing the load capacity and its utilization and increasing the efficiency of loading and especially unloading.High transportation costs are strongly influenced by many factors, such as the transportation conditions and the work organization (the structure of working time, mechanization of loading etc.) ...
The results of investigations carried out in the stream Bukowiński are pre-sented in this paper. The aim of investigation was definition of influence of wood jam on change of dimensionless coefficient of resistance and coefficient of rough-ness. The performed measurements included cross-section leveling and longitudinal leveling of the stream channel, bed sediment sampling, and hydrometric meas-urements. Cross-section leveling included five cross-sections in the 47-m long stream sector; these were located upstream and downstream the wood jam and in its region. Differentiation of water flow velocity in the region of wood log was shown. The dimensionless coefficient of resistance was calculated taking into ac-count the equivalent bottom roughness determined by use of Gladki`s formulae [van Rijn 1984]. In the aim of the qualification of the equivalent bottom roughness three samples of bottoms sediment were taken in the cross-section with the log. It was found that the wood log in the Bukowiński stream caused a change of hydraulic conditions of water flow and, in consequence, the dimensionless coefficient of resistance in the wood jam section increased by about 71%. The coefficient of channel roughness was also determined and it was shown that the coefficient of roughness in the section of wood jam, ...
In the elaboration attention has been paid to Szczawnica, a town in Mało-polskie province, Nowy Targ poviat, located in one of the most beautiful spots in the South Poland, where Pieniny Mountains meet Beskid Sądecki, in the valley of Grajcarka stream, tributary of Dunajec. Since the half of 19th century it has been a famous spa, functioning for almost 200 years. In 2005 by court's ruling the spa returned to its prewar owners - the family of Stadniccy counts. Carried out anal-yses, on-site visits, stocktaking, local surveys enabled learning more about the place, bringing closer its general potential, enabled drawing proper conclusions, especially in the context of tourist potential including spa potential of this special place, taking into consideration first of all unique natural environment. ...
The article presents a problem of planning suburban areas on the example of Sobotka in the context of landscape changeability resulting from the socio - economic changes and spatial policy of the municipal authority. Discussion of creating the space is particularly important in relation to areas with large natural beauty (part of the municipality is located within Ślężański Landscape Park), where there are strong processes of urbanization. The result of the study is to determine the level of landscape synanthropisation - the indicator which, from the point of view of sustainable development, is extremely important. Comparing the results of the study with conditions and directions of spatial management helped to identify the areas where the threat of degradation of landscape values is greatest. It is the effect of bad planning decisions, resulting from too little awareness of the local community and local authorities of the effects that cause changing spatial structure in a historical landscape.
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Presented article analyses the rate of development of selected technical in-frastructure elements i.e. water supply lines, sewage disposal systems and gas grids located in rural areas in Poland in the years 2000-2009. In order to ensure the comparativeness of obtained results concerning the analyzed elements of technical infrastructure, absolute data were presented as an indicator expressing the number of water supply lines per 100 houses situated in the analyzed area.The analysis conducted including such indicators as absolute increments, chain indices or average rate of changes, revealed increasing tendency for all an-alyzed elements of technical infrastructure. The most noticeable development characterized water supply lines. Development of the other elements was also noticeable, however at a much slower rate.Increasingly faster development of rural areas owing to new functions which they assume, determines the direction of changes both in the infrastructure and other areas of life in the country.
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Municipal waste management according to EU Directives means the gath-ering, collection, recovery, disposal and monitoring of their creation. The most important linking element in this system is a transport of wastes, mainly carried out through a specialized companies. In Poland, more than 70% costs of waste management system is generated by collection and waste transport from customer to disposal places [Tyc-Szmil 2003]. The effect of rising fuel prices, increased wages of drivers and loaders, is an increasing cost of waste management. A lot of eco-company have to optimize their transport logistics system to minimalizing of costs. To rationalize the transport system are used publicly available computer programs to optimize travel routes or the state fleet.In this paper authors formulation logistic problem of optimization the exist-ing waste transport system. The problem was solved using the developed model of decision-making structure. Authors conduct a spatial analysis of waste transport system for determine optimal collection sectors in the city, based on data collected about the waste transport logistics system in the company MIKI. The main aim of the optimization was to minimize the value of the garbage truck's courses [km] at a determining volume of solid waste collected.
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The results of research on influence of insolation on oxygen condition in carp pond are present in this paper. Mean of dissolved oxygen concentration observed at 8 am were equal 7,18 mg O2•dm-3, at 2 pm - 12,23 mg O2•dm-3 and at 8 pm - 12,79 mg O2•dm-3. Large fluctuations of dissolved oxygen concentration in the euphotic zone of eutrophic fish pond were observed. Oxygen condition lower then lower limit of dissolved oxygen concentration for carp (5 mg O2•dm-3) were observed at 8 am (minimum = 2,40 mg O2•dm-3). The highest oxygen concentration were observed in the afternoon (14 pm) and in the evening (8 pm). Analysis of connection between insolation and dissolved oxygen concentration revealed weak but essential relationship for the results at 8 am, 2 pm and 8 pm. Increase of oxygen concentration was observed with increasing of insolation.
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The study presents environmental assets of Przerzeczyn-Zdrój, the smallest spa in Poland. Przerzeczyn-Zdrój is a village located in the commune of Niemcza, in Dzierżoniów poviat, Lower-Silesia voivodship. The population is ca. 700 per-manent inhabitants in the residential part and accommodation for ca. 170 visitors is offered in the spa part. The village is in green area, surrounded by meadows, fields and copses, at the foot of the Owl Mountains which are one of the tourist attractions of the region. The climate and natural, medicinal mineral waters (sulphurous, radon and ferruginous), unique not only in Poland, but also on European scale, are among the many environmental assets of the place.
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Algal biomass was examined on the soil surface and within the soil layer (0 30 cm) under two set a side lands: unmown and mown for the first time after 4 years. The research plots were located on soils of 4 different classes: clay loam, loamy sand, clayey sand and light sand.The relationships on the level P > 0.05 between algal biomass and soil tex-ture on the unmown set a side land were very weak. Lack of fertilization and ploughing caused deterioration of algae. On loamy sand and clayey sand algae changed location to more rich soils. Relationships between algal biomass and soil texture class under the mown set a side land were strong. Algal biomass was low on clay loam and on light sands. The soils of clay loam and light sand texture class were more intensively colonised by algae on the soil surface. However, algae from those soils formed one homogeneous group with algae on clayey sand. On the other hand the soil texture did not have an influence on crop of vascular plants. The differences in algal biomass and in crop of vascular plants between the two set a side lands show that plants win the competition ...
The paper presents the results of the survey of the daily load of total nitrogen outflowed with drainage system and ditches in Lower Silesia. The volume of daily load shows large seasonal variation. The maximum daily loads were found in object located in the submontane area. These loads amounted for the drainage systems 6,27 kg N d-1 ha-1 and for the ditches were noted until 12,2 kg N d-1 ha-1. Significantly lower values were found in the lowland object. In lowland area, risk of polluting the receiver with total nitrogen effluents from agricultural areas, occurs mainly during early spring. At the object located in the submontane area, which is characterized by greater rainfall, there is a second critical period attributable to the July and August. Load of nitrogen outflowed from submontane catchment during the year was 75,5 kg N ha-1, while from lowland's catchment outflowed much less nitrogen - 12,7 kg N ha-1. Con-ducted research and analysis clearly show, that the size of nitrogen load outflowed from catchment is determined, to a large extent, the course of weather conditions, particularly amount of rainfall. ...
The study shows that the hosts do well in conditions where environmental attractiveness factor does not play a decisive role. It is compensated for diverse at-tractions in and outside the enclosure. It is very important from the point of view of the intensification of rural tourism. Especially in areas with lower values of the natural environment, where service adaptation to the expectations of tourists, by combining all the advantages of holding their own qualifications, can become a key to creating a unique product. ...
In medieval times the flat and marshy bottom of the Barycz valley was used to create fish ponds. The first ones were established probably as early as in the XII century by the Order of Cistercians. The human use of the valley which began caused a unique mosaic landscape, consisting of ponds, farming fields, forest complexes and human settlements to develop. Building the fish ponds was also the beginning of reclamation in the valley area. Adjusting the riverbed, building weirs on the river and the augmentation system changed the area's initial form com-pletely. The article analyzes the influence of two anthropogenic factors, agriculture and water balance, on the landscape variety of the Barycz Valley. Farming is highly responsible for shaping the environment, maintaining natural and landscape quality and protecting natural resources. The other element considered in the article are the water conditions, which define the landscape quality of the area. Their protection and rational use will determine the effectiveness of protecting the whole area. ...
The article compares the level of technical infrastructure development in rural districts of Jelenia Góra. Taxonomic meters of development have been con-structed based on a set of characteristics of selected municipalities in the field of three categories: sewer and water mains, gas and district heating and transport, waste management and environmental protection (such as water supply, gas dis-tribution network, or the percentage of population served by sewage treatment plants). The study ranks the collection of cross-sectional data for 2009. ...
An attempt of the answer to a question: whether the contemporary quality and the level of characteristics of communes Lądek Zdrój and Stronie Śląskie is classifying as marginal or peripheral area. When distance is low and distinct de-formations are an effect the territory has features of marginal area. If increasing distance causes the multitude, the relevance and the diversity of problems, when isolating or separating is taking place, when pathological forms are appearing, and downgraded figures are an effect, it is already a level of peripheral area. Distance is a resultant of the availability of the area (possibilities to get in touch), the identity of area and the use and the function of objects. Identified local characteristics of parameters classify the area as marginal one. Further continuation of the current option of the development implies increasing distance and in consequence danger of the location outside the centre. ...
The analysis of time variability of riverbed elevation recorded at four cross-sections of two rivers: Raba and Dunajec was made. The causes of very intense erosion were pointed out, namely: intensive sediment extraction, inadequately carried out river training works including shortcuts and narrowings of riverbeds, and constructions of hydro-technical facilities, disrupting the continuity of sediment transport along the river length. Forecasting was carried out using a local weighted regression method, LOESS. In order to examine how far the length of the historical series influences the quality of forecasts, a comparison was made between the 5-year forecasts based on the 5-year history and the 5-year forecasts based on the 10-year history. The results suggest the need for preliminary data analysis before using a particular version of the model in or-der to take into account the type of variation exhibited by the historical series. ...
The influence of fertilization with the compost prepared from treated sewage sludge with bark additive and mulching with the fresh forest ectohumus on the soil conditions, chosen parameters of one-year old European beech seedlings growth as well as the occurrence of soil mites (Acari) with special emphasis of oribatid mites (Oribatida) was investigated in the paper. The trials were carried out in 2008 at forest nursery Białe Błota (Forest District Bydgoszcz) on the rusty soil. The whole area of the experiment was irrigated with the use of stationary sprinkling machine. The soil was characterized by the pH in H2O - 7,41 and that in 1M KCl - 6,88, as well as the low content of available potassium (6,8-7,3 mg K2O 100g-1 of soil) and available phosphorus (8,0 -8,5 mg P2O5 100g-1 of soil). European beech seedlings on plots fertilized with the compost were significantly higher than those grown on plots with mineral fertilization. Influence of mulching - conducted in September - was insignificant on both the studied parameters of one-year old European beech seedlings growth. After the measure of mulching on the adequate plots, the density of mites, especially saprophage oribatid mites. ...
At field experiment carried out in the years 2009-2010 at the very light soil in Kruszyn Krajeński near Bydgoszcz, the influence of drip irrigation on the chosen features of height of cup plant was studied. The cup plants were cultivated from the micropropagation seedlings. The experiment was done as a one factorial in 4 replications. The main factor of the experiment was irrigation done with following variants: O- without irrigation (control plots), K- with drip irrigation. Drip irrigation scheduling was done according to tensiometers indications. Experimental material were cup plants seedlings from micropropagation. Irrigation significantly influenced on the height increase of the leaves fresh mass and the number of the leaves. Irrigation also increased the transpiration leaf area and the dry matter content. ...
