Zeszyt: 2011, vol. 8 / 07
This elaboration presents a comparison of ground water reserves in profiles of little forest drainage area in the Silesian Beskid. The main target of researches was the comparison of water storages in ground profiles located near the roads (no more than 30m) and located outside of this road zone. To the analysis there were chosen 10 profiles located in whole drainage area, that were grouped according to criteria as follow: road distance, the nearest stream distance, orientation of height a.s.l., difference between profile and stream ordinates measured slopeways and difference between profile ordinates and the nearest stream. Unit reserves were compared, which means calculated for 1cm thickness layer of the profile. Received average values of unit reserves from created groups of profiles were shown against the background of the profile of road influence area. According to analysis carried out, factor of location of profile regarding the road is not major dominant factor with quantity of ground water storage differentiation. As the significant factor it can be recognized an orientation of the profile height a.s.l.
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To designing of the pressure sewage systems, built of pipes PE and PVC, essential are hydraulic calculations, which would consider physical properties of sewage. In the applying norm [PN-EN 1671 2001], missing right formulae which would consider these properties. In connection with it, in this article, remained introduced methodology and results of experimental researches, which was a pur-pose, determine empirical relation for calculate linear losses coefficients in pipes PE and PVC, during the pressure flow sewages. Showed that the flow of sewage had character in pipes of PVC and PE of flow in pipes hydraulic smooth, and linear losses coefficients s determined from experimental research in pipes of PVC and PE is taking comparable value, which in the range for the recommended speed v are bigger to value sBlasius calculated from the Blasiusa formula.
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The article evaluated the possibility of description of the observed unit hy-drographs using the synthetic unit hydrographs defined by beta and Weibull prob-ability distributions in the following sections: Gorliczyna on the Mleczka river, Iskrzynia on the Morwawa river, Jasło on the Jasiołka river and Brzeźnica on the Wielopolka river. The performed analysis was based on the observed hydrographs from the multi-year period of 1980-82 from the summer and winter half-years. The analysis itself was based on the unit hydrographs describing the direct outflow from the catchment. The shape and scale parameters of both analyzed distributions were defined using a function that based on minimization of the difference between the observed and simulated flow during the culmination of the analyzed episode. The correctness of the unit waves description by the analyzed distributions was tested using the Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient. The analysis indicated that the analyzed unit hydrographs are well described by the beta and Weibull distribution (slightly better results of calculations were obtained for the beta distribution). The quality of the models was unsatisfactory only for 27% of all analyzed episodes. For both functions the relationship observed between flow values in the culmination and the β scale parameters was ...
Windbreaks are important vegetation line formations in rural landscape. They have polyfunctional significance and in particularly provide soil protection from erosion. The means of it function in the landscape is predetermined by its structure. The most important structure factors are considered their height and porosity. The actual, i.e. aerodynamical porosity, can hardly be quantified in the landscape and therefore it is often assesed by optical porosity determination. The optical porosity is determined by digital photographies and suitable software. By evaluation of the dynamics of the optical porosity in time, alterations in porosity of the windbreaks can be observed. The recognition and subsequent protection of the windbreaks leads to improved sustainable development in rural landscape.
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The article compares linear hydraulic losses calculated from Colebrook-White, Prandtl-Karman and Blasius formulas with the measured on a test pressure in pipelines with the diameter of 63, 75 and 90 mm, made of PVC and PE. The pipelines were arranged in loops through which flew sewage with the suspension contents of about 460mg/dm3. As a result of the tests it was established that the accuracy of the Colebrook-White formula is higher than that of Prandtl-Karman and Blasius formulas (the only exception being the diameter of PVC63). However, it does not reflect properly the character of changes of linear pressure losses that accompany the increase of the speed. This character is better reflected by formulas for hydraulically smooth pipes, particularly by the Prandtl-Karman formula. Differences between values measured and calculated for the tested scope of diameters and speeds do not exceed 10%. In most cases, however, the calculated values are smaller than the measured ones.
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The individual water intakes are an important source of water supply for human consumption in Polish rural areas. The wells are often not covered by research in range of water suitability for human consumption, therefore, a significant number of rural inhabitants use water of unknown parameters, physico-chemical and biological likely to contain contaminants harmful to humans.The main goal of this research has been determination of changes in concentrations of phosphorus compounds in water from wells located in the village Przeździedza. The research has covered the period from March 2009 until February 2010. The six wells constructed of concrete rings or from a stone has been analyzed. The following parameters has been determined: phosphate. The results of this research indicate that, poorly protected wells are characterized by worse water quality. The results confirm the fact that, poorly protected wells are characterized by a poorer quality of water. However, the average concentration of phosphate in all wells was very low, and each of them corresponded to the obligatory standards in Poland.
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This paper presents the results of lysimetric research on the volume of eva-potranspiration and water runoff from grasslands used for different purposes. In the area studied (Small Pieniny Mountains), the vegetation season accounts for the largest proportion of total runoff, which is determined by the volume and dis-tribution of precipitation in this region (approx. 68% of annual volume). The amount of water discharge from the soil profile of grasslands was found to be sig-nificantly related to the rate of crop yield, which is determined by utilization (meadow, pasture, sward of 8-15 cm height) or rate of nitrogen fertilization used. By increasing the amount of water used during evapotranspiration by grasses, the higher yield contributes to reduced amounts of water discharged from the soil pro-file.
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Article presents an outline of income and expenditure from the municipal budget in the years 1999-2010 (three four-year term of local authorities). Particular attention was paid to the spatial policy community authorities, the possibility of additional charges levied by the municipality, as the share of residents in con-struction costs of technical infrastructure. It also presents the legal possibility of fee associated with the increase of property value. The article shows a historical analysis of the development charges participating in the costs of technical infra-structure.
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In article sensitivity analysis of NRCS-UH model on changes of entrance parameters were made. Influence of precipitation hietogram shape, CN parameter and lag time on changes of Qmax1% flows in uncontrolled catchment were studied. Izwór stream catchment were chosen to analysis. It is typical mountainous and forest catchment - 86% of its surface is covered by forest. All calculation were made with use of HEC-HMS 3.4 program. In NRCS UH model, catchment have been divided into particular catchments, for which a weighted average of CN parameter and also lag time have been evaluated. These parameters were an entrance parameters for further calculations. Influence of changes of parameters size and results got from model were established by changing their size about 10% in comparison to exit values and then simulations were executed. There were assumed that parameters in model will be modify till ±50% of entrance values. Calculations showed that HRCS UH model is most sensible on changes of precipitation hietogram shape and CN parameter, which characterized the retention of catchment. In turn, modify of lag time does not influence in fact on change of maximum flow values.
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The study and the qualification of the spatial distribution of accumulated bottom sediments in small reservoirs is considerably not only on the design stage, but also during the of operation. The majority of investigative papers concerns to the distributions of the accumulated sediments in average and large water reser-voirs. In this work was introduced and describes for the help of the Dendy's method the spatial distribution of the accumulated sediments in the main water reservoir at Zesławice in the period before and after his desilting.In consideration of building the side reservoir, which to take of the functions of the main reservoir in the period its desilting and reconstruction, the conditions of the flow of the water and the sediment was change. It is had the impact on the dis-tribution of the bottom sediments in the main reservoir.It was showed in this work, on the basis of the executed measurements of silting and the determined the silting degree of the main reservoir, that the decrease the intensity of silting studied reservoir had taken place in the result of the split of water and sediment and it also influenced on the change of the spatial distribution of the sediment deposited. It was ...
One of the indicators of sustainable development is spatial order, under-stood as a spatial arrangement which includes e.g. natural, social and economic, cultural as well as compositional and aesthetic conditions.The objective of the study was to define the concept of spatial planning in non-urbanised areas and to devise a method to assess compliance of the partition of estates with spatial planning.As part of the study, indicators and their meters have been developed to as-sess the state of spatial planning of an non-urbanised real estate prior to partition of the estate and to make it possible to assess the impact of the anticipated partition of the estate on the state of the spatial plan in a given non-urbanised area.Furthermore, subsequent stages have been presented in the assessment of spatial plans and possible application of this method in practice.
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Atmospheric and hydrological droughts are characteristic feature of natural environment in Poland. Observed changes of meteorological and hydrological conditions during the last 20-30 years may strengthen this phenomenon. Meteoro-logical and hydrological factors can influence negatively the amount of water ac-cessible for plants needs causing very serious problems for agriculture, especially in these regions of Poland where crop production is the basis of economy. One of such a regions is Wielkopolska. The main aim of this article is the analysis of trends of hydro-meteoro-logical indexes which can influence plant production in Wielkopolska Voivodship. The analysis is based on data from hydro-meteorological stations for growing season (April-September) covering years 1966-2005. The results of the analysis show that changes of precipitation, and as a consequence - runoff, were small and statistically not significant. The trends of the air temperature, sunshine duration and evapotranspiration were positive and statistically significant. As a result of these changes, the values of climatic water balance decreased. Direction of changes of the described indices in the Wielkopolska region indicates that water deficit during growing season will continue to worsen.
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The results of works on the study of the flood protection for Strzelin voivod ship are presented in the paper. More in detail the conditionings connected with the principles of the modern water policy and methodical aspect of the study are discussed. Rational management of water resources is in accordance with the act from 18 July 2001 Water Law (Dz. U. z 2005 r. Nr 239, poz. 2019 z późn. zm ) one of the cornerstones of sustainable development. The main goal of water management programs is to ensure an adequate water quantity and quality for the population, and to floods and drought protection as well as improvement the status of aquatic ecosystems. Components of such programs is to update the surface impoundment, then the development of flood protection schemes, and estimation of investment needs for irrigation. Condition of flood hazard arising from the possibility of flooding of both rainfall and snowmelt, occurs practically for the whole of Lower Silesia. On the other hand, causing declining water resources to focus on cost-effective water resources management and to draw attention to the potential lying in the small retention.This paper describes some elements of water management plan in a basin of the ...
The paper presents the problem of crystallization of hydrated magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), a chemical formula MgNH4PO4 ∙ 6H2O often formed in the line of wastewater treatment plant sludge. Struvite crystallization tests were performed on a laboratory scale, assuming three independent variables which were pH, concentration of phosphate ions PO43- and the concentration of ammonium ion NH4+. The size of a search was required concentration of magnesium ions Mg2+, which occurs when struvite precipitation. It was found that the crystallization of struvite occurs in a wide range of concentrations of phosphate and ammonium ions, but most depend on the reaction. In the analyzed conditions, struvite is not precipitated at pH 7.0 from 7.5 and precipitated an increasing range of concentrations of individual components.
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The article presents an example of technological system of industrial wastewater treatment of highly organic load applied to one of the national phar-maceutical companies. The contents of the experimental study the effectiveness of removing organic compounds from wastewater during anaerobic treatment in UASB type reactor. During wastewater treatment in mesophilic conditions at the assumed minimum threshold for COD-Cr reduction of 50%, the load of the reactor COD-Cr load should not exceed 3 gO2∙dm-3∙d-1.
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This study presents measurement of water flow intensity from pavement of forest slope road, which embankment scarp cut the intraground water drain. Mea-surements were made in periods of different precipitations amounts, in period without the rain and in period of spring snow melting. Received results make easier the estimation of importance of examined problem for drainage basin water circulation and also to upkeep road's functionality. Frequency of measurement taking allows to follow the process dynamic and relates it with the precipitation characteristic. The biggest intensity was noted in spring snow melting period and in time of first day from heavy rain, but under condition of ground water saturation by the earlier precipitation. Received data show ten times bigger flow intensity in spring snow melting period than flow measured with precipitation 9,8mm and two hundred times bigger than this flow measured in period without rain. Parts of mountain-sides with dense grid of streams and springs places should be passed around in process of project and building of forest road network in mountains.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of selected conta-minants in sewers produced during sauerkraut fermentation. The samples were collected in three farms located in the Charsznica district (Malopolska province), from biggest producers of sauerkraut on this area. During the experiments BOD5, COD, pH, total suspended matter as well as the concentration of chloride, nitrate and ammonium ions were determined. The obtained results were submitted a de-tailed analysis and were compared with the standard values which are valid for sewers drained to the waters and ground. Allowed limits of BOD5, COD and chlo-ride concentration were exceeded several hundred times in analysed brines after fermentation, it was also found that the samples were characterized by over several or dozen times higher levels of NH4+ i NO3- ions, total suspended matter and pH compare to standard values. Brines obtained after sauerkraut fermentation in the Charsznica district (Malopolska province) cannot be directly treated using biolog-ical methods, but should be earlier diluted and then neutralized.
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In the study there was presented measurement of superficial flow intensity from four sections of forest slope road. One of the road section was located where the excavation cut the drain of the intraground flow. Unit intensity of runoff from periods of low and high rainfall intensity and period of snow melting are being compared. Presented measurement shows distinctly advantage of the superficial flow from road section where the excavation cut the drain of the intraground flow over the other measured sections. This disproportion accentuates with low precipi-tations and in the period of snow melting - circa 30 times predominance. Compar-ing flows intensity from snow melting period with period with low precipitation disproportion achieves values more than 400 times. Features of road sections without the exudation of water from scarp assertion do not allow to determinate (according to this researches) strong connection of the particular feature with the intensity of water superficial flow from their pavements.
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The subject of this scientific description was problems relating to changes in structure of ground utility and landownership.Undertaking by polish government any works in order to change situation of polish country and to form its new look according to western models should by proceeded by complete analysis of present spatial structure of grounds. Analysis of changes in spatial structure of grounds leads to draw an inter-esting conclusion from history of area, state of investment and concepts of trans-formation. ...
