Zeszyt: 2010, vol. 7 / 14
The paper presents analysis of the influence of selected input parameters describing the system of medical wastes management on costs of its functioning and its structure.The presented model of medical wastes management in the dynamic version allows designing the most economically effective systems of medical wastes disposal and utilization.
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Irrigation requirements of forest nurseries localized on a sandy soil in the years 2000-2009 in vicinities of Bydgoszcz, Chojnice and Toruń, are compared in the paper. It was found that the water use of the soil layer with controlled moisture calculated for the whole vegetation period (April-September) was the highest in the vicinity of Toruń (524 mm), the lower - in the vicinity of Bydgoszcz (504 mm), and the lowest - in the vicinity of Chojnice (498 mm). The highest monthly water use for evapotranspiration was found in July. This index was the highest for Toruń (126 mm), the lower - for Bydgoszcz (121 mm), and the lowest for Chojnice (116 mm). Seasonal irrigation needs of a forest nursery was the lowest in vicinity of Chojnice (116 mm), the higher in the vicinity of Toruń (170 mm), and the highest in the vicinity of Bydgoszcz (183 mm). The highest monthly irrigation needs - on average for ten years studied - were occurred in June and the lowest - in September. But, these needs were characterized by the very big variability in particular years. In case of uniform rainfall distribution in a particular month, no needs of irrigation would be ...
Socio-economic development is the widest term encompassing a general development tendency of a country, region or territorial unit. The paper undertakes to calculate the level of development of rural and urban-rural communes in the Malopolska province using a method of so called zero unitarization. Ten diagnostic features, homogenous for all communes characterizing economy and local communities were selected. As has been demonstrated by the computations results, disproportions in the development of socio-economic development in the Malopolska province are considerable, particularly concerning the economic development. It has been cor-roborated by the well known opinion about poorly developed eastern part of the province and economically stronger western part. Social development is more ter-ritorially diversified, however the scale of the diversification is much lower. In conclusion the Author referred to research conducted by other authors, testifying the processes of spatial polarization, i.e. growing development differences between the rich or getting rich areas and poor ones. Rich areas develop owing to utilization of their potential and good market condition, whereas poverty areas (also called problem areas) for various reasons remain economically stagnant.
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The main aim of this article is to assess the degree of development and spa-tial diversity of the technical infrastructure (sanitation) in rural areas of the Ku-jawsko - Pomorskie. Particular attention was paid to the development of infra-structure in protected areas located in the area of natural landscape park and to relationships in the level of development between municipalities located within the parks and being outside protected areas. To analyze the level of infrastructure de-velopment, a number of variables describing the dynamics of the water and sewage networks and water consumption, the amount of generated waste, sanitary housing equipment or local government expenditures for investments in environmental protection was used.
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The condition for improving the properties of soil as well as the yield and quality of plants, as a result of fertilization with compost, is to use a stable and mature material. The degree of compost maturity can be evaluated, among others, basing on the content and properties of humus compounds. The aim of the research was to assess the changes in the content of ash, oxidizable total organic carbon as well as carbon of humus compounds in sewage sludge composted with a wheat straw addition. In addition, the aim of this work was to determine (basing on the obtained results) the degree of maturity of the produced compost. Mineralization of organic matter, which occurred during the composting process, resulted in lowering both the organic carbon content and the value of the C: N ratio, but increasing the ash content. Moreover, an increase in the content of carbon extracted from the compost with the mixture of 0,1 mol ∙ dm-3 Na4P2O7 + 0,1 mol ∙ dm-3 NaOH, and a decrease in the content of carbon extracted with distilled water were stated. The results of the carried out experiment indicated that the obtained compost was mature. ...
Presented results of research prove that service providers try to create high quality services. It is showed not only in the offer of attractions, but in caring about customers by arranging their stay, as well. It should be taken into account, that modern consumers expect rest in a nice atmosphere, interests to them, professional advice and a lot of information about the offer, too. The awareness created by service providers that the farms have a good influence on education, makes this non-agricultural income source unique. Suggested investment shows increasing demand for this kind of services.
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Determining differences in the measurement of agricultural parcels was a purpose of the work with reference to the base on base method. The geodetic measurement was accepted as a point of reference for other methods. Examinations were performed in 4 households, on 43 agricultural parcels for which the average area was 1.21 ha. For better depicting the analysis of the results departments were divided, under the account size of the area, the shape and the membership in belongings. The biggest divergences were observed during the measurement with method the GPS III (manual commercial receiver), next with analytical method what can be caused by rounding calculations of every top at complicated outlines of agricultural parcels. Conducted analysis of the results portraying 2 methods which are rational and they are accomplishing assuming the measuring error, automatic method - the vectorization and the measurement with technical receiver GPS with the outside aerial.
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The paper deals with the characteristics of surface and ground water che-mistry in meliorated bottom of river Ochoża valley. Meliorated green lands cover 20% of the whole catchment and are localized on organic soils in Tyśmienica river valley counted in part to Nature 2000 area. Analysis of physicochemical properties of waters aim at evaluating the effects of anthropogenic transformations and learning the factors that exert their influence on water quality over the studied area. Water samples were collected at different seasons of 2004-2006 at several measurement points distributed within the studied object. Along with water sam-pling, periodical measurements of ground and surface water states, as well as flow rates, were made. Valorization of the soil cover, ways of soil performance, and plant coverage was also performed within the frames of previous examinations. The hydrological measurements revealed that the highest water states were most often in March. Along with the time, water flow rate decreased reaching the lowest values in August. The water quality indicators on studied area oscillated within quite wide range. Surface waters, stagnating in ditches were characterized by the poorest quality in July on blueberry plantation.
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Meteorological conditions have a potential impact on forest economy. Var-iation in atmospheric precipitation and air temperatures are of particular relev-ance. The presented meteorological parameters obtained between 1987 (1986) and 2008 from the meteorological station in Zielonka included: annual, half-year and monthly precipitation sums; snow cover characteristic, drought frequencies; number of days by quantity; mean annual, half-year and monthly air temperatures; number of days of different temperature categories; duration of the meteorological growing season; beginning and completion of the meteorological growing season, period without slight frost. The study results indicated the occurrence of changes in the values of the above-specified parameters. From 1987 to 2008 the mean precipitation value was 531mm. In Zielonka nearly 5 droughts in a year and 2-3 during the summer half-years were noted. In recent years, a de-crease in days with precipitation below 1mm was recorded. The mean annual air temperatures and mean temperatures of the winter and summer half-years show a rising tendency. This is the result of changes in the number of days with extreme temperatures. In recent years, the number of days with the average temperature between -5.0 and 15.0°C has decreased while the number of days with temperature above +15.0°C has increased. The ...
We present cross-section deformations of forest slope roads with ground pavement stabilized of the crushed-run stone in Bieszczady. There is back researches (made in 1973-75) carried out in Department of Forest Researches or-der by the State Forests showed. Deformations was group in terms of exposition, soil type in the subgrade, downgrade and transverse crossfall of the roadway and part of the right of the way (cut slope, embankment slope, crown of the road and roadway).
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The paper presents the analysis of research results on the unit pollution loads in the effluent from two public utility buildings - schools. Both school build-ings are located in the typical rural communes in Lesser Poland Voivodeship. During the research period the first school in Rajbrot was attended by 365 students whereas the number of students in the second school in Imbramowice reached 100. The objective of this study was to determine the unit load for the following pollution indexes: BOD5, COD, total suspended solids, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. The research period was 36 months in 2006-2008. During this period 36 samples of the sewage runoff (raw sewage) from each object were collected on average once a month. Based on the collected data the following characteristic values of unit pollution loads were defined: minimum, maximum and arithmetic mean. The research results were compared to information presented in the litera-ture on the unit pollution loads in household sewage. Updated data on pollution loads in sewage from the school buildings should contribute to the correct design or selection of individual sewage treatment systems based on the population equivalent (PE) for objects of this type wherever there are no data on physico-chemical ...
The purpose of this study was measuring geographic coordinates using GPS manual device for specific economic activities of Raciechowice commune in order to make their spatial catalogue. The results of these measurements were transferred directly to the topographic map of scale 1:10000, and the company attributes (owner, type of activity, location, house number) are described in the table placed in this work. The data obtained here allow to assign each company in Raciechowice commune precised location. This allows us to create a database and map with companies placed on it. The database gives us opportunity to find specific company, locate it on map and check information about the company.
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It the paper a changes of municipal wastes quantity in podlaskie province during seven years (2000-2006) was presented. Changeability of waste quantity in each district of province as well as in three cities on rights of administrative district was analysed. As investigative tool was used the Statistica packet. It allows an evaluation of variability of waste quantity in time, assessment of value of waste accumulation indicators, analysis of dynamics of waste quantity changes as well as analysis of character of waste seasonal changeability.The obtained results showed on differentiation in dynamics of changes of waste quantity for individual administrative districts of analysed province. Changeability of quantity the produced wastes is connected not only with population largeness or its migration but it can be also dependent on another factors, i.e.: economic development, intensity of actions undertaking by self-governments in field of waste management, pro-ecological attitudes of inhabitants. Moreover, the significance of seasonal fluctuation of waste quantity for chief town of podlaskie province was examined. It was observed, that the largest quantities of wastes are deposited in autumn season. The periodical growth of waste quantity is also visible for spring season, which is also typical in analyses conducted for area of whole country.The ...
Local activity groups are new organizations in the sphere of social life in Polish rural areas. They were initiated immediately after Poland's accession to the EU structures owing to Leader +" Pilot Programme in the framework of "Sectoral Operational Programme of restructuring and modernization of food sector and rural development". Its objective was inspiring activity of rural communities and involving them in creating and realization of local development strategies. Another impulse for self-organization of local communities into LAGs was a potential selection of Local Development strategy for realization (in the framework of Rural Development Programme 2007-2013 - axis IV Leader). These activities apparently mobilizing local communities show that creating certain instruments and encouragement through real possibilities of development mobilize rural com-munities for action. Despite the fact that the funds allocated to realization of RDP are not substantial (constituting only c.a. 4.5% of the programme budget), they provide an impulse for local communities to think about a development and con-centrate their energy and resources on this aim, as well as seeking new, not stan-dard ways leading to life quality improvement in rural areas.The article aims at presenting some general rules of constructing budgets for LAGs in Poland and characteristics of the ...
In 1998 the water intake from the Rudawa river for water supply purposes of Krakow was secured by storage reservoirs with a total volume of 981 thousand m3. The reservoirs are designed to improve the quality of water supplied to the Water Treatment Plant (WTP). Water collected in the reservoirs acts as supply used when water quality in the river deteriorates. Simultaneously the water is purified in these reservoirs. The article presents the impact of the reservoirs on the change of water turbidity and colour during the first 11 years of the exploitation of the reservoirs (1999-2009). The analysis was based on the results of the research carried out in five sites of the technological line, from the intake through the storage reservoirs to the raw water well (Młynówka, inflow to the reservoirs, outflow from the reservoir 1, outflow from the reservoir 2, the well of raw water located in the area of the WTP). The reservoirs had beneficial effect on the reduction in water turbidity in the analysed multi-year period. In the raw water well the average water turbidity value was lower than the turbidity of water drawn from the Rudawa river (Młynówka) by 55,33% and the scope of ...
The paper considers the regime of springs which flow out in the area of the top parts of two catchments of Mszanka and Kamienica springs located in the we-stern part of The Beskid Wyspowy Mountains and in the north-eastern part of The Gorce Mountains. The analyzed regime consists of the measurements of the spring water efficiency and temperature (quantitative) and the results of the chemical analyses of the water samples (qualitative). The quantitative regime of springs was measured once, frequently and systematically (stationary), whereas the qualitative regime was measured frequently two to six times. The carried out research indica-tes that in the tested area of Mszanka catchment 192 springs occur and in the Ka-mienica catchment - 33 springs. The efficiency of springs which were analyzed once in the Mszanka catchment ranged between 2,0-200,0 dm3 ∙ min-1, with the water temperature of 5,0-13,0ºC. Most frequently the gravity springs and hillside springs, qualified by Meinzer to V-VI classes flew out of the Krosno Beds, then from the Kanina Beds and from eocene spilosites. On the other hand, in the area of the Kamienica catchment, the efficiency of the springs which were measured once, ranged between 2,0 and120,0 dm3∙min-1, with the water temperature ...
