Zeszyt: 2009, vol. 6 / 09
Infrastructure constitutes an integral part of each spatial management plan, including the national plan. It may be even stated that it provides the "back-bone" of the spatial structure of the whole country. It is the same in the "Project of spatial management of the country until 2033 concept" developed by a team of geographers from the Institute of Geography, PAS in Warsaw and economists from Łódź, Gdańsk and Warsaw. The "Project", preceded by the word "expert" in its title deserves attention, among others due to the fact that it is a second attempt at changing the "The concept of the country spatial management policy", which was adopted by Polish Parliament (Sejm) in 2001 and published in Monitor Polski No. 26 item 432, dated 16 August 2001. It means that the "Con-cept..." developed in 2001 is still effective. The first attempt at changing the "Concept... entitled "Updated concept of the country spatial management" [RCSS, September 2005] was made in 2005 and published, however it was not accepted by Polish Parliament (Sejm) and has been abandoned. It is noticeable that the word "policy" has been omitted (!) in the title (and not only there) in both publications. The Author presented the analysis ...
The paper presents the results of the analyses of the distinctive household sewage inflows frequency to the type Eko-Clear/II sewage treatment plant located in Tęgoborza. The objective sewage treatment plant was designed to receive sew-age from 1630 ENI. The designed average daily sewage inflow Qd.av. equals 204 m3•d-1. The results were analyzed on the basis of the daily read of the inflowing sewage in the 5 years' period 2002-2006. Each year the range of the incoming sewage was described and the frequency of the maximum inflows, exceeding the treatment plant's admissible loads, was discussed. The sewage treatment plant during the research was hydraulically underloaded. In 2002 less than 32% Qd.av. flowed into the treatment plant, in 2003 this amount increased to about 42% Qd.av. In the next year - 2004 the highest inflow was found in the tested period, which was over 49% of the designed inflow of sewage. In next two years the amount of incoming sewage decreased in comparison with the previous years. In 2005 the in-flow balanced around 41%, whereas in 2006 less than 35% Qd.av flowed into the treatment plant. In 2002 the most frequent inflows ranged between 40 m3•d-1 and 60 m3•d-1 or 60 m3•d-1 ...
On the basis of research done in the Department and literature data, indicesof optimal precipitation and water needs of selected crops (cereals, root plantsand papilionaceae) have been determined. It was found that both insufficient andexcessive precipitation affected yield adversely. It caused the following decreasesin yields: cereals 2-27 and 3-21%, potato 4-45 and 3-30%, sugar beetroot 2-43and 14-19%, fodder beet 16-73 and 8-28%, legumes 5-42 and 21-40%, and papilionaceae3-34%, respectively.Productivity of 1 mm water from precipitation was higher compared withproductivity induced by sprinkling. The calculated index of productivity for waterfrom sprinkling relative to water from precipitation was in the range 40-90%.Sprinkling increased the yield of winter wheat and spring barley by 20%,spring wheat by 25%, potato 47 and 55%, and sugar beet 10-40%. ...
The correction method developed increases the number of farms participatingin the design complexes of plots and refers to an optimization model optimizingthe layout of farmlands as regards the plains of plots. The optimizationmodel applied is based on dividing the design complexes of plots into small elementarystrips. This correction method aims at eliminating too low participationlevels of farms since they make it impossible to section off plots with sufficientlylarge areas. The effectiveness of this correction method increasing the number offarms participating in the design complexes of plots has been confirmed by the exampleof the village of Wojków. With this correction method applied, the majority(more than 90%) of farms smaller than 1 ha could be removed from the complexesof plots. Other low participation levels of farms with small areas are usually a resultof too small areas of both the farms and the design complexes of plots. ...
The paper presents the reliability of the sewage treatment plant operation for Tuchów commune. The research was carried out from January 2005 to December 2006. The following sewage pollution ratios were physico-chemically analyzed: BOD5, CODCr, total suspended solids. In order to define the proper treatment plant's operation, the reliability coefficient was calculated (RC) for each of the tested indexes. The empiric reliability was presented. The amount of transgresions of the admissible index values presented in the water-law permis-sion was described. Moreover, the efficiency of the ratios' decrease in the tested period was defined.The carried out research showed the high efficiency of the pollutants' amount decrease: BOD5 - 90,7%, CODCr - 86,6%, total suspended solids - 90,5%. The calculated Reliability Coefficients RC of the analyzed indexes amounted respectively: for BOD5 - 0,52, for CODCr - 0,31 and for total sus-pended solids 0,62. ...
The paper presents the efficiency of the sewage treatment based on the ex-ample of the sewage treatment plant for Krynica-Zdrój. The research was carried out from January 2006 to December 2007. The following sewage pollution indexes were physico-chemically tested: BOD5, CODCr, total suspended solids, general ni-trogen and general phosphorus. The reliability coefficient (RC) was calculated for each of the analyzed indexes. The amount of the transgressions of the admissible index values in relation to the water law permission was defined. Moreover, the ef-fectiveness of the indexes' decrease in the tested period was analyzed. Additionally the amount of sewage flowing into the treatment plant in each months of the tested period was presented. The carried out research showed the high efficiency of the pollutants' removal. The average reduction of the tested indexes balanced on the level of: BOD5 - 95,03%, CODCr - 90,98%, total suspended solids - 94,76%, gen-eral nitrogen - 79,79%, general phosphorus - 63,5%. ...
The aim of the study was an intercomparison of precipitation measurementswith classic (Hellmann) and automatic (tipping-bucket) rain gauges. Basing on theprecipitation data some agricultural factors were calculated. With the obtained results,prospects for automatic data use for agricultural enterprise were evaluated,along the homogenious series maintaining.The investigation was based on data obtained in years 2000-2004 fromclassic and automatic (Eijkelkamp) weather stations set in Mochełek near Bydgoszcz.It was supposed that in agrometeorological research the fundamental intervalof a factor is its ten-days value. Series of number from 15 to 180 (a ten-daysmeans in monts, seasons, warm and cold half-a-year and a year) obtained fromclassic and automatic measurements were compared. A particular consideration ofcorrelative results was done to assign mathematical formulas that would allow usethe Hellmann and tipping-bucket rain gauges data series exchangeably. ...
The aim of the research was to evaluate the pollutants' concentration in the household sewage drained from the rural or rural-urban districts located in Lesser Poland Voivodeship. The research was based on the analysis of 140 raw sewage samples taken from 34 sewerage systems in the period of 2000-2009. Val-ues of five selected pollution indexes were analyzed: BOD5, COD, total suspended solids, general nitrogen and general phosphorus. The results were compared to the amounts presented in the common literature on the sewage treatment. The research showed that the average values of the pollution indexes in the household sewage drained from the rural and urban-rural districts in Lesser Po-land Voivodeship differ from the values presented in the literature. The biggest difference was found in the case of the general nitrogen (value 48% higher) and COD (value 4,4% higher). However the average concentration of the general phosphorus, 11 mgP•dm-3, turned out to be 45,8% lower than the average value presented in the literature. The maximum values of BOD5, COD, total suspended solids and general nitrogen in the tested sewage were much higher than the maxi-mum values in the analyzed references. On the basis of the relationships between the average values ...
The paper presents the results of the analyses of the distinctive household sewage inflows frequency to the type Eko-Clear/II sewage treatment plant located in Tęgoborza. The objective sewage treatment plant was designed to receive sew-age from 1630 ENI. The designed average daily sewage inflow Qd.av. equals 204 m3•d-1. The results were analyzed on the basis of the daily read of the inflowing sewage in the 5 years' period 2002-2006. Each year the range of the incoming sewage was described and the frequency of the maximum inflows, exceeding the treatment plant's admissible loads, was discussed. The sewage treatment plant during the research was hydraulically underloaded. In 2002 less than 32% Qd.av. flowed into the treatment plant, in 2003 this amount increased to about 42% Qd.av. In the next year - 2004 the highest inflow was found in the tested period, which was over 49% of the designed inflow of sewage. In next two years the amount of incoming sewage decreased in comparison with the previous years. In 2005 the in-flow balanced around 41%, whereas in 2006 less than 35% Qd.av flowed into the treatment plant. In 2002 the most frequent inflows ranged between 40 m3•d-1 and 60 m3•d-1 or 60 m3•d-1 ...
This paper aims at sharing feedback about dry dams. These structures are efficient to mitigate floods, while little disruption of the continuity of the main channel and its flows outside the flood periods. Five sets of dams are presented here. They were selected so as encompass the diversity of the structures and of the problems. The oldest structures are presented first. These are dams built in the beginning of the twentieth century in Poland and in the USA, which are still in operation today. Then, recent realisations in France are presented. Large dams in Gard catchment and small dams upstream the nearby town of Nîmes are described, with analyses of behaviour during intense floods. Finally, small dams in Seine-Maritime allow to address the issue of an efficiency diagnostic at catchment's scale, when both dams and stakes are spread out. This article gives key references for further information about structures design. ...
The knowledge of the physical, rheological and hydraulic parameters of sewage is required for proper dimensioning of the technological lines of tubular transportation at sewage plants. The authors investigated sewage sediments that originated at the Varsovian sewage treatment plants. Flow tests of sediments were performed with the tubular system of diameter D=0,0207 m and allowed the determination of rheological and hydraulic profile of the tested medium. The description of rheological behavior of the sediments was based on the three-parameter Herschel-Bulkley's model as a function of mass concentration cs. The authors suggested usage of the dimensionless criterion λ(Regen) as a base for pipelines design. ...
The high precipitations, which appears now very frequently, are the main causes of damages in the infrastructure and the properties. Protection against flood should be still developed, but with the special attention on ecology and keep-ing the continuity of water and sediment flow throughout the river channel. Dry dam structure is efficient to mitigate floods, while little disruption of the continuity of the main channel and its flows outside the flood periods. In the paper we ana-lyse the efficiency of selected dry dams during the flood events. We have studied the dry dams located in southern France. In few cases the studies have shown, that dry dams had to be reconstructed in order to protect the area against the flood. ...
The aim of the research was to determine the rain water volume which infiltratesthrough the holes in the sewage chambers inside the pipes of the separatesewer system. Incorrect paving or the sewer chambers envois cause the chambers'surfaces deepen in the area surface. The water which flows down during the rainfallor the snow melt, infiltrates inside the chamber through the cleavages, butmainly through the technical holes in the hatches. These holes are used for the keyor the lever to raise or to open the lid of the hatch.The field analyses showed that many sewage chambers are made incorrectly.In many cases the hatch's lid is located from 10,6 to 38,3 mm below thearea surface. It causes the rainfall or the snowmelt water to overflow through thecleavages or through the holes in the hatch to the sewage chamber. On the basisof the laboratory analyses, it was ascertained that the inflow of the precipitationwater to the sewage chamber, by the hole used to raise the lid, can be described bythe following equation: Q = 25 · h2 + 7,7679 · h, in which h is the immersion of thehatch below the area surface.The research showed that with the long-term rainfalls or the surface flowsrelated ...
The physico-chemical quality of the potable water, provided by the waterworksof the selected poviat from Lesser Poland voivodeship, was evaluated.The evaluation included the period of 2003-2006. The objects of the research were20 waterworks' and they were tested for the following water quality indexes: turbidity,reaction, conductivity, ammonia, nitrites, nitrates and fluorine. The resultsfrom the water quality examination, performed by the Sanitary and EpidemiologicalStation, were also used for the analysis. In order to find the variability of eachindex, apart from their average values, also the maximum and minimum amountswere counted, as well as standard deviation and the amount of transgressions ofthe admissible value of the index. The research showed high variability of the indexes'values between different waterworks during the analyzed period. Thesedifferences are clearly seen when comparing the waterworks which use thegroundwater and the waterworks which use the surface water. These first waterworksprovide water of better quality. The physico-chemical properties of watertaken from the tested waterworks are 64,3% consistent with the Ministry of HealthRegulation on the potable water quality. The majority of problems in the group ofphysico-chemical indexes is caused by the transgressions of the water turbidity indexes.In case of the groundwater intakes, the admissible value - 1 NTU was exceededby 19,2% ...
The paper presents the results of the experiment on the separation of the solid phase from the sewage disposed to the household sewage treatment plant. On the basis of the results the modification of the treatment plant's technological chain was proposed by the appliance of the additional device - Aquatron separa-tor, which uses the Coanda effect, for solid phase separation from the sewage. The results of the model laboratory analyzes on the separation efficiency were the ba-sis for this proposition. The research was carried out for the changeable drop of the inlet pipe (1,0-5,0%), different volume of the sewage and the solid phase con-tent. The research results showed the possibility of 94,9-97,3% reduction of the suspended solids' load. ...
Amount of generated municipal wastes depends on many factors, witch themost important are: life standard, population's rate and goods' consumption scaleand intensity.The kind of produced wastes depends on the area where the wastes aregenerated, population denisity, buldings' types, objects of public utility, trade outpostmagnitude and intensity of industry and services.In this paper there was verified dependence between municipal wasteproduction and one of the social-economic factor which is structure of economicactivity (by Polish Classification of Activity - PKD).The researches were conducted in communes of Malopolska Region. Theaverage amounts of produced wastes in different business communes's type andsignificance of differences among average were defined in the analysis.There was indicated that the biggest waste production (per capita) havecommunes, where the dominant business activities are financed (or insurance),transport or tourism. The least wastes are generating with construction, energeticand agriculture as the main economic activity. ...
The municipal waste is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes col-lected by a municipality within a given area. EU waste management principles were defined in the Waste Framework Directive 74/442/EWG. In 2007 in EU countries 261 Mio Mg waste (522 kg*(capita*year)-1) were generated. In Poland the production index was lower and came to 322 kg*(capita*year)-1. 179 communes of Malopolska were choused as the research area. Jenk's method (natural break algorithm, also known as the goodness of variance fit (GVF).) was used in the analysis. This method in the best way describes spatial data arrangement. The Jenks optimization method was used to classify features us-ing natural breaks in data values. It was used to minimize the squared deviations of the class means. Optimization was achieved when the quantity GVF was maxi-mized.There was made a spatial analysis of the waste production, numbers of inhabi-tants and population densities in Malopolska communes by means of GIS soft-ware. Based on the gotten results there were defined the average quantities of generated waste in the specified communes' classes. ...
The information access stipulates the quality of life of modern man. Inter-net is becoming a main data source. The internet network access for inhabitants of rural areas in many cases is limited. Because of high costs of traditional cable network construction, the rural areas have not suitable infrastructure. A network of WiFi wireless technology is a chance to ameliorate this situation. Authors of this paper have analyzed possibilities of application GPS devices and GIS software for projecting the wireless internet network. A com-mune from the Silesia Region was a research area. Data were acquired with GPS technology. Authors have created digital maps of wireless internet coverage. This study can serve for the optimal arrangement of devices necessary for correct functioning of the wireless internet network. ...
Spatial statistics is the newest branch of statistics dealing with an analysis of spatial data, and with further description and the investigation of spatial phe-nomena. The methodology of the investigations of spatial phenomena differs from the methodology of the classic statistics, although it was based on methods of clas-sic statistics.The explanation of phenomena considered in the time requires a look in one direction (the past -the future), meanwhile the explanation of phenomena con-sidered in the space requires glances in all directions simultaneously. The opinion of the spatial autocorrelation requires the knowledge on the degree and the speci-ficity of the spatial variety, consisting in differentiation the characteristics of indi-vidual places and geographical regions. The variety appears intensity and the di-rection of the formation of spatial processes. Considering the Tobler's rule [1970] called first right of geography, it can be supposed, that: „all objects are related with themselves, and strength these connections diminishes with the growth of the distance between them". Many of researchers signaled Tobler's rule in the inves-tigations of the multifunctional development of rural areas [Krakowiak-Bal 2005; Woźniak, Sikora 2005] and economic geography [Domański 1988]. ...
The influence of the technical infrastructure, and the internal infrastructure, which is narrow and refers to the buildings, means of transport, machinery and agricultural equipment, has a definite influence on the technical progress [Wo-jcicki, Michalek 2002; Machowski 1998]. Daelemans [1992] said that „good equipment in machines is not the best solution of the problem of the mechanization works, because the size of the farm is the important part of it". In 2004 in Poland, there were about 1,8 million agricultural farms with an area exceeding 1 hectare. The average farm size is increasing systematically and carries out at present 10,02 hectares [http://www.arimr.gov.p from the day 22.09.2009]. Agriculture in Poland is regionally differentiated in terms of level and intensity of agricultural produc-tion. Small farms about the surface 1-5 hectares are predominate. They represent above 50 percent of total farms number, but they occupy only about 20% arable land. The farms with surface above 10 hectares make up 20% total number of farms, but they cultivate above 60% surface of arable land. The largest fragmenta-tion of individual farms is noticed in the southern and south-eastern part of the Poland [Tabor 2001]. In the south, the average Polish farm has 3.3 hectares of ...
In order to protect the areas against the floods and droughts effect, we need to slow down the outflow in the scale of the whole catchment. The streams and rivers training are one of many possibilities of floods and droughts mitiga-tion. However, these activities often were done without any respect on the basic principle on keeping the ecological continuity of river corridor. In the paper, we propose improving the activities in the rivers and streams channels, in order to al-leviate effects of the technical training. ...
