Zeszyt: 2009, vol. 6 / 05
Policy of road transportation development in the countries of Central Europe imposes construction of new and modernization of existing roads for still increasing transportation burdens. Road transportation release broad range of chemical pollutants, including trace metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu). High concentration of some chemical elements may destabilize homeostatic balance of the soil environment and may decrease health of forest stands. Negative impact of trace metals depends not only on its concentration but also on a form as well as chemical activity of chemical compounds which include trace metals. Potential negative impact of trace metals on the soil environment can be assessed with utili-zation of magnetic soil survey methods. An easy-to-measure geophysical indicator of magnetic properties of some materials is magnetic susceptibility, which de-scribes the magnetic response of a sample when exposed to a weak increasing magnetic field and is directly linked to concentrations of ferromagnetic minerals. For example, if magnetic susceptibility over soil surface equals 30 to 50x10-5 SI units, it may be assumed that concentration of at least one trace metal goes be-yond threshold natural value for forest ecosystem soils. The aim of the research was assessment of spatial distribution of magnetic susceptibility of ...
Road transportation causes chemical pollution which may affect health of forest stands. The assimilative organs of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) are usu-ally considered as a sensitive indicator of the environment quality, since quality of pine needles is a factor strongly determining tree stand health as a whole. Accu-mulation and biosorption of toxic metal compounds e.g. chromium compounds concentration can often result in deformation of needle or shortening of needle length. Length and weight of needles were assigned as the benchmark factor of re-action to pollution cased by road transportation. Experimental plots were placed in sapling stands growing along state road no. 5 crossing the National Park of Wielkopolska (located in the western part of the Polish Lowland). The needles (one- and two-year specimen) were extracted from transects set in range of 20, 40 and 60 m distance from the road. Morphometric measurements were performed on scanned needles with application of digShape software. Two-factor variance analysis was employed (factor A age of needle and factor B distance from the road). The needles extracted from trees growing on transect located 60 m away from the road returned significantly higher mass and length values than the nee-dles extracted from the transects spreading ...
The study constitutes the attempt at presentation the state of infrastructure for ecotourism in Malopolska Voivodeship. In the theoretical part of the article term “ecotourism” has been defined and its different forms have been detailed, too. Moreover infrastructure for ecotourism has been characterized, too. Agritourism and ecoagritourism as forms of ecotourism have been presented, too. Ecotouristic values in Malopolska Voivodeship, as region characterized by big protected area have been shown, too. Moreover, discussed Malopolska Voivode-ship is heritage of the old town and royal region and therefore this fact can be used for tourism development. Results of researches conducted in 57 districts in Malopolska Voivodeship have been presented. Researches related to local authorities’ politics of ecotour-ism development, mainly infrastructure for ecotourism. ...
This paper presents the evaluation of the risk factors in the watercourses which will be regulated or maintained in the future. The analysis concerns one of the components of the ecological risk – the risk of the qualitative and quantitative changes by the aquatic plant communities. The basis of the analysis were field studies, which were carried out during the years 2007-2008 in six lowland water-courses in the Lower Silesia. On the river beds there were executed regulation or the maintenance works. The field studies comprised identification of aquatic plant species and es-timation of their cover-abundance. For the abundance analysis we used the Braun-Blanquet Scale. At the natural transects the number of aquatic plant spe-cies ranged from 4 to 7, and abundant from 5 to 100% of the bottom surface. At the altered stretches the number of aquatic plant species ranged from 0 to 5. The plant abundant did not exceed 25% of the bottom surface. On the ground on these dates were prepared a maps of ecological risk, which can be used in planning and execution on watercourses regulation and maintenance works. ...
The paper presents the results of the research regarding the amount of sewage inflowing by the sewerage system and the amount of sewage brought to the collective sewage treatment plant in Nowe Brzesko with the sanitation vehicle. The analyzed treatment plant is located in the area of Nowe Brzesko town in Nowe Brzesko Economic Area on the left bank of the Vistula River. Domestic sewage from 250 buildings are drained into this object. The analysis of the amount of sew-age was carried out in the period from January 2005 to December 2007. In this period the amount of sewage inflowing and brought in each month was defined in order to compare this amount with the designed one. Moreover, the paper presents the frequency of the defined amounts of inflowing sewage occurrence, as well as the probability of their occurrence. After data analysis, it was stated that the tested object is hydraulically under-loaded. In 2005 the actual amount of treated sewage constituted only 20,4% of the established treatment plant capacity, in 2006 this amount was 22% and in 2007 – 26,7%. In the period of 3 years high irregu-larity of the amount of incoming and brought sewage in each month was ...
In the elaboration the size and variability of water consumption by the two groups of users connected to the main water supply in Olkusz were presented. The consumption of water has been estimated on the basis of the readings of water me-ters conducted in 2005-2007 within the group of detached houses and in 2004––2007 within the group of residential building block of flats). A detailed analysis of water consumption demonstrated, that the unitary average daily water consump-tion within detached houses amounted to 75,96 dm3•d-1•M-1 whereas in residential buildings it amounted to 87,78 dm3•d-1•M-1. Both consumptions have been remain-ing on the similar level in comparison to the water consumption of other cities in the Małopolska region. In the analyzed group of detached houses within the stud-ied period there has been a 5,2% decrease in water consumption, while in the residential buildings the 6,6% increase was detected. The unitary daily water con-sumption within the group of detached houses and residential buildings decreases with the increasing of the number of residents. An average real unitary water con-sumption within detached houses has been 24% lower from the standard consump-tion, whereas within residential buildings the result amounted to 45,1% from standard water consumption. The variability ...
The volume and variability of water consumption by inhabitants of town of Mszana Dolna was defined on the basis of readings from meters in 35 buildings in the period 2001–2007. The analysis performed showed that the average daily wa-ter consumption in Mszana Dolna totalled 78,79 dm3.d-1.M-1 in single family houses and 83,80 dm3.d-1.M-1 in block of apartments, which is similar to water consumption in other places across southern Poland. In the buildings analyzed, a continuous drop in water consumption was recorded, which in the period ana-lyzed reached 25% in houses and 15,5% in blocks of apartments. The number of units of water consumed in houses also decreased despite the increase in the num-ber of inhabitants. Average daily water consumption in single family houses reached a peak in summer, while lowest water consumption levels were recorded in autumn. Differences in water consumption volumes in particular seasons in blocks of apartments are marginal. Average household consumption was by 21,2% lower than the consumption levels specified in the standard, while the difference in block of apartments amounted to 47,6%. ...
This paper describe the possibility to application the benchmarking for betterment the executing of maintenance works from the point of view the flora and fauna protection on water-course bed. Benchmarking used in the engineering and business gives in many cases profitable results. This method was don’t be used in executing works of water engineering and land reclamation. By the main-tenance work the essential problem is the effective protection of biocenosis on the water-course bed, because the conditions in work execution are changeable. Also the plant and animal community on the water-course bed, the slopes the coastal zone are changeable. The proecological activity consist in analysis of the ecolo-gical risk, properly time-limit to executive the maintenance-works, application of alternate technological schemes and machines suitable machine equipment. These activities can have a positive influence on ones kind of organisms and inadequate-ly on another organism. The evaluation of those activities is the changes of orga-nisms quantity as the consequence of executive works on water-courses. In this paper those consequence has been shoved on an example of six water-invertebrates Tubifex tubifex, Galba palustris, Gammarus pulex, Asellus aquati-cus, Limnophilus flavicornis and Ephemera vulgate. For three of them this – Tubi-fex tubifex, Galba palustris, and ...
In this paper, basic principles are presented of how to allocate plots to farms with two factors taken into considerations: zones of differences in distances between farm sites and plots, and lines of equal differences in distances, which de-limit them. Both the boundaries of the zones being analyzed and ranges of their areas constitute a significant condition to correctly plan and perform the process of allocating lands to farms. A requirement necessary to correctly allocate plots to two selected farms is that the plots of those two farms are situated within one zone of differences in distance that delimits the plots belonging to the selected farms. A line of equal differences in distances delimiting the plots belonging to those two farms runs across the delimiting zone provided that those plots are most favoura-bly located in relation to the farm sites. The examples shown in this paper refer to two farms located in the village of Filipowice; they exemplify the optimization of layout of the farmlands, and the routes of lines of equal differences in distances between farm sites and plots, as well as area ranges of zones of distances. ...
The Opawskie Mountains are the most eastern area in the Polish Sudety Mountain-chain. The region has excellent climatic conditions (mostly thanks to mixed woods which cover the hillsides), landscapes and health-resorts. We can as-sume that we are dealing with a big tourism potential here. For the past few years there has been developing well-defined changes in tourism. Although there has been some question about whether this potential is fully used and made the most of. Observation of the facts gives less optimistic answers. So what stands in a way of effective and reasonable exploitation of such a beautiful location? What obsta-cles hold up the growth of tourism including agritourism which is after all an im-portant factor of socio-economic background of each region? The subject of our reflections in this article are important inside problems related to tourism growth around the Głuchołazy community. We also indicate specific areas with particu-larly large potential for development in the context of socio-economic develop-ment for the community and even the whole district. We assume that tourism de-velopment, particularly agritourism should become a leading field of economic development for Głuchogłazy commune which are based in a southern part of the Opawskie Mountains, so ...
Sustainable development is a preferred model of economy in which the most important assumption is social and economic development leading to civili-zation progress and economic development with maximum reduction of adverse impact on the natural environment. Regions where introduction and observation of ecodevelopment principles is particularly important are rural areas. Increasing costs of production and the lack of stable prices of agricultural products make many farmers abandon agricultural activity and search for additional sources of income outside of agriculture. Tourism can be an alternative for agriculture and an additional source of income. Development of agricultural tourism enables to create new jobs without emigration and complete abandonment of current agricul-tural activity. Linking agricultural and tourist agricultural may become the basis for an attractive tourist product. Polish country is perfect for sustainable tourism based on ecodevelopment principles of which are ideal for agrotourism and ecot-ourism. The complementary agrotourist and ecotourist offer provides additional opportunities for development of rural areas, forming the basis for cooperation between individual farms and create a tourist product typical for a given town or region. ...
The object of the study was the thermal conditions in the southern part of the Krakowsko-Częstochowska Upland. The analysis of the influence of synoptic situations on the value of air temperature deviation from perennial mean. Recent studies more often analyze standard meteorological elements as well as synoptic situations which are characterized by specific spacious pressure distribution and the direction of air mass. Atmospheric circulation in comparison to geographical factors of climate is a process variable in time. Therefore the studies which aim to describe differen-tiation of the climate elements in current synoptic situations are so important. The types of synoptic situations described by T. Niedzwiedz were used for the Upper Vistula River Basin. Also the results of the air temperature observations carried from 1991 to 2005 at the meteorological stations in Kraków-Balice, Gar-lica Murowana and Ojców. The stations represent the most typical forms of the area i.e. flattened val-ley (Kraków-Balice), hill (Garlica Murowana) and deep valley (Ojców). The research showed that in the study area anticyclonic situations (56%) occurred more often than cyclonic situations (44%). The most frequent situations were: Ka (13,%), Bc (11,8%), Wa (9,5%) and Wc (8,7%). The least frequent were: Ec (1,3%), Cc (0,7%) and X (1,7%) ...
The article presents evaluation of effectiveness of sewage treatment by the Tarnow Group Sewage Treatment Plant. On the basis of the results of raw and treated sewage physico-chemical analyses, the effectiveness of decreasing the cho-sen sewage pollutants was evaluated. The following pollutants’ indexes were tested: BOD5, COD, total suspended solids, general nitrogen and general phosphorus. The research period was from January 2006 until November 2007. The paper presents the amount of transgressions of each index in relation to the admissible values from the water-law permission. Basing on the performed analy-sis the following effectiveness of the pollutants’ removal was evaluated: BOD 98,9%, COD 92,9%, total suspended solids 95,1%, general nitrogen 91,3%, gen-eral phosphorus 87,4%. The tested sewage treatment plant may be certified to op-erate in high quality and the sewage treated by this plant doesn’t threaten the col-lector of the treated sewage. ...
The problem of hydraulic underloading of sewage treatment plants in ru-ral areas concerns currently many objects. It results from several basic facts, i.e. lack of collective systems of sewage removal or assuming too large volume of in-flowing sewage assumed in a treatment plant construction project. It seems that extension of sewer systems in rural areas seems a matter of time, which will allow to supply much bigger volume of sewage to the treatment plants. On the other hand proper reception of the amount of inflowing sewage is the most complex problem. Currently the most frequently quoted value per capita is 150 dm3∙M-1 of consumed water (discharged sewage) daily. In fact these amounts are often over-estimated whereas real amount of water used is much lower. The paper attempts at comparing the volume of outflowing sewage in com-parison with values planned in the project. The research comprised four house-hold sewage treatment plants situated in rural districts in the malopolskie province. In the Turbojet EP-2 treatment plant sewage inflow during the research period was 0.82 m3∙d-1 and lower than assumed (1.5 m3∙d-1) by 46%. In the Tur-bojet EP-4 the real sewage inflow was on average 0.81 m3∙d-1, which constituted only 19% of the ...
The aim of the study was to determine the influence of mulching and or-ganic fertilization on growth parameters of one-year old Scots pine seedlings as well as on the occurrence of soil mites (Acari) under conditions of irrigation. Fe-licity of proposed revitalization measures was conducted with the use of the bio-indication method. In this investigation the indicatory organisms were mites, common and very numerous in forest soils. The experiment was carried out in forest nursery Bielawy (Forest Inspectorate Dobrzejewice). The slightly loamy sand was predominant on the studied area. Experiment was design as two-factorial trial (split-plot), replicated four times. The first row factor was organic fertilization used in the two treatments (main plots): without organic fertilization-control, organic fertilization with compost from forest cap - humus applied before sowing of Scots pine seeds (spring 2008). The second row factor was mulching used in the two treatments (subplots): without mulching - control, mulching with fresh cap-humus from habitat of fresh coniferous forest, which was applied after seedling emergence (September 2008). Influence of both the two investigated factors (organic fertilization and mulching) on the growth indices of seedlings was insignificant. It was observed that seedlings cultivated on the plots fertilized with compost and ...
The aim of the study was to determine the physico-chemical status of soil, vegetation and fauna of soil Acari on the afforested post-military area By-dgoszcz-Jachcice. Two-year old Scots pine seedlings - produced at zoo-melioration treatment applied - were used for afferestation. Investigations were conducted in the year 2008. Experiment was run as two-factorial trial. The first row factor was the way of preparation of the area destined for afforestation: main plot which was previously sown with lupin (A) and the main plot without this sowing (B). The second row factor was the way of seedling production used at forest nursery school (subplots): 1 – compost with addition of bark, without mulching, 2 – compost with addition of bark, with mulching, 3 – compost with addition of sawdust, without mulching, 4 – compost with addition of sawdust, with mulching. Soils of the studied area were classified as rusty soils formed from loose sand. Occurrence of slightly loamy sand characterized by the clay fraction (< 0,002 mm) content, was found on all the plots in the range 4–6%. Differentiation of Corg content ranged from 10,5 to 14,4 g.kg-1. C/N ratio ranged from 17,0 to 23,6. All the plots were characterized by the ...
Short-term water usage forecasts are fundamental for the waterworks and sewerage systems as well as for the sewage treatment plants’ optimization. In this research the capability of forecasting the time series of daily household water usage in the farms with implementation of Data Mining methods was evaluated. To prepare the 10-days water usage forecast, exponential smoothing and ARIMA method was used. The source material were the daily amounts of water used for household purposes in the selected farmhouse during 22 months. Exponential smoothing turned out to be the most useful in water usage forecasting, because it includes not only the values, but also the diversification of the future forecasts’ importance. Significant inequality of the daily water usage causes the increase of the forecasts’ errors. The forecasting methods which base on the exponential smoothing algorithms are easy to apply and do not require the assumption of the stationarity of the time series. In the analyzed case relatively good forecast of the daily household water usage was obtained after applying the additive Winters model. On the other hand, ARIMA models allow for the precise forecast of the water usage, providing that the model parameters will be correctly identified and the condition of ...
The article contains results of an investigation about nitrogen compounds in water of fish ponds fertilized with biologically treated municipal sewage. The object was fish ponds of “Komorowice” complex, which are located in north part of Bielsko-Biała city. Two ponds were chosen to investigation: Green and Stone, which are characterized with an individual inflow and outflow of water and dif-ferent technical parameters. Green pond is a shallow pond with an average depth about 1m, its surface about 4,2 ha, and a water capacity – 42 000 m3. Instead Stone pond is characterized with a smaller surface – 3,3 ha and is almost two times deeper then Green pond, its average depth about 1,7m, which gives water capacity 59 200 m3. Researches were conducted in vegetative season in 2007. In paper were qualify changes of total, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and Kjeldahl nitrogen concentration. During of whole investigative season were ob-served lower against to biologically treated sewage values of analyzed nitrogen form in water outflow of ponds. During that time were observed that occurrence changes in concentration of analyzed nitrogen compounds in pond’s water were related with changes of its concentration in sewage, which fertilized ponds. Addi-tionally, were calculate basic statistical parameters ...
Development of off-farm activities should be perceived as a driving force of economic development, providing the chances for rural communities to find occupation beside the agriculture and plays a key role in the activation of rural areas. The paper presents an analysis of the off-farm economic activities in agri-cultural holdings in Poland and in the European Union countries. Economic ac-tivities were discussed in view of the size and specific character of farms. Spatial diversification concerning entrepreneurship of agricultural holdings in the EU in the years 2003, 2005 and 2007 was presented and dominating forms of off-farm activities were indicated. In view of the conducted analysis it may be stated that off-farm economic activities constitute an important element of these small area (up to 5ha) agricul-tural farms’ operations, both in Poland and in the whole Europe. It was proved that the kinds of activities undertaken by the European Union and Polish farms differ considerably. In the EU the most willingly undertaken activity is agricul-tural product processing, whereas in Poland the greatest number of farms pro-vides services using their own equipment. ...
The amount of municipal wastes is growing every year and the negative social and environmental impacts became more severe. While integrating with the EU Poland was obliged to reach a 25% recycling level by 2007 and at least 55% level until 2014. Currently 25.6% wastes are recycled, which mainly results from segregation of processing wastes, withdrawing from use multi-use packaging and packaging originating directly from large retail outlets. Currently the recycling level of municipal wastes in Poland is 5.1%. About 1.5% is segregated from the mass of gathered mixed wastes. Poland will have to increase these levels in order to meet the EU requirements. The solutions adopted in the National Plan of Waste Management do not meet either the expectations of the society or local governments. Therefore, new methods of waste recycling should be sought. In the Scandinavian countries one of such methods is Communal Point of Selective Waste Accumulation, commonly known as “Recycling Centre”. The paper presents the methodology of selecting the localization for the “recycling centre” using GIS-based multicriteria analy-sis. The places were chosen on the basis of elaborated localization criteria indi-cating the excluded areas and the terrains predestined for the localization of a recycling centre. ...
The paper presents the results of research concerning the relationship be-tween the value of entrepreneurship indicator and the distance of spatial units from the economic centres. The entrepreneurship indicator was determined by stating a number of economic entities registered in the REGON system per 10 thous. of people of working age. The distances of spatial units from the eco-nomic units were expressed as the shortest road distances. A statistically signifi-cant dependency was found between the value of entrepreneurship indicator and the distance from the economic centre. An increase in the distance by 1km causes a decrease in the number of economic entities by 47 per 10 thous. of people. ...
The paper presents condition of the social infrastructure allowing of edu-cation. The researches were carried in chosen rural administrative units in the following Provinces: Malopolska, Lodz, and Podkarpackie. The level of infra-structural equipment in these regions was fixed on the open-ended questionnaire. It was directed to the pupils of primary schools. The researches were carried in Przylek and Jazwiny (rural area), Wieclawice Stare (suburban zone) and city of Krakow. The survey form has open-ended and closed-ended questions. There were two important problems. The first concerns the social infrastructure, the second a technical backup for the additional classes/lessons. The pupils could propose their own ideas and suggestions in the openended questions. Such infrastructural analysis is a good basis to apply for co-financing of the leaded educational investments from commune’s resources or EU funds. Recognition of the quality of infrastructural equipment is fundamental for strategic decision making in managing bodies. The role and significant of regional development and planning procedures are systematically rising. From the 1999 there is a new territorial division in Poland. It requires a new, actual stocktaking of local resources, in particular- infrastructure. There is also a need to adapt a Polish model of regional development ...
The Author conducts a detailed analysis and assessment of the “Expert project of spatial management of the country until 2033 concept”, particularly regarding the concepts of technical infrastructure development which it contains. The Author considers the project as extremely necessary, however does not re-frain from constructive criticism. He concludes that the Government needs a vi-sion of long-term development of the country based on efforts of independent spe-cialists (possible also foreign experts). ...
