Zeszyt: 2009, vol. 6 / 04
The article outlines the issues of rural land degradation and protection and presents the system of rural landscape creation, with particular considera-tion for planning instruments and implementation measures. It also defines the possi-bilities of rural landscape transformation within the scope of rural areas devel-opment. Agricultural landscape degradation mainly concerns the deterioration of soil quality, water regimes, the reduction of space suitable for particular crops, etc. The author distinguishes two interconnected fields jointly forming the idea of cultural landscape creation: protection (conservation, maintenance of par-ticular features) and shaping which involves landscape planning and management. Protection and shaping of agricultural areas, beside built-up areas and forests, form a subsystem of rural landscape creation. Spatial planning (particularly local planning) and rural areas develop-ment form the basic tools of rural landscape creation. On the other hand, the most significant measures of landscape creation involve soil sanation activi-ties, which improve their functional value (agricultural and anti-erosion meliora-tions, recultivation, land consolidations and exchanges). Apart from improving spatial and organisational conditions of agricul-tural production, comprehensive rural areas development activities generally im-prove land relief and soil quality (erosion reduction), landscape and aesthetic as-sets (woodlots), or microclimatic conditions. The past decade has brought a significant increase in the ...
Natura 2000 areas embrace approx. 21.5 thousand special habitat protection areas (12.8% of the EU territory) and approx. 4.8 thousand special bird protection areas (10% of the EU territory). Polish National Agri-environmental Scheme with its 9 work packages, part of the Rural Development Policy for the years 2007–2013, helps to improve Polish natural environment and constitutes a significant contribution to the realisation of Natura 2000 goals. For example, an agri-environmental scheme realised in Austria as part of the activities for the protection of the Lafnitz River cultural landscape (extensive meadow management) helps to safeguard natural assets of this river and riparian areas. Brenne regional national park in France introduced so-called sustainable agriculture contracts involving extensive grazing, hunting, fish farming, etc. An integrated agriculture management project for marshy areas situated in the southern part of Andalusia (reduction of agrotechnical measures, ban on weed abatement burning) is a Spanish example of activities for the protection of valuable ecosystems. In Poland, current agri-environmental schemes realised for the years 2007–2013 are based upon the principle of good and environment-friendly agricultural policies. A small island Stora Karlsö next to Gotland (Sweden) is implementing a restoration programme for its grassland open landcape: the ...
The paper reviews and briefly characterizes documents devoted to the implementation of sustainable development policies in Polish communes within environment protection and shaping issues. The analysis embraces several obligatory documents drawn up by Polish communes, such as: ecophysiographic studies, environment protection programmes, waste management plans, energy supply plans, ecological education plans, studies of determinants and directions of spatial management, local spatial plans. It also deals with other optional documents: natural resource inventories, development strategies, local develop-ment plans and ecological policies. Moreover, based on specialized literature, the paper outlines the condition and quality of studies drawn up in Polish communes. Out of the researched in-ventory of communes, approx. 23% have developed natural resource inventories, 28% have created ecophysiographic studies, and nearly 77% – studies of deter-minants. Active participation of communes in the process of eco-development planning varies in particular parts of Poland: most active communes are situated in the provinces of Lublin, Lower Silesia, and Mazovia; whilst the least active in the provinces of Łódź, Opole, and Podlasie. Most common flaws of ecophysiographic studies, which act as the basic source of information for the needs of eco-development, involve: inaccurate geo-complex delimitation, methodological drawbacks regarding the evaluation of anthropopressure resistance, ...
Meteorological conditions have a considerable impact on water relations and the state of forest hydrogenic habitats. Variation in atmospheric precipita-tion and air temperatures are of particular relevance. The presented meteoro-logical parameters obtained between 1986 and 2008 from the meteorological station in Zielonka included: annual and halfyear precipitation sums; drought frequencies; number of days by quantity; mean annual and half-year air tempera-tures; number of days of different temperature categories; duration of the mete-orological growing season; beginning and completion of the meteorological growing season. The study results indicated the occurrence of changes in the values of the above-specified parameters. From 1987 to 2007 the mean precipitation value was 541 mm. In Zielonka nearly 5 droughts in a year and 2–3 during the summer half-years were noted. In recent years, a decrease in days with precipitation below 1 mm and above 20 mm was recorded. The mean annual air temperatures and mean temperatures of the winter and summer halfyears show a rising tendency. This is the result of changes in the number of days with extreme temperatures. In recent years, the number of days with the average temperature between -5.0 and 15.0°C has decreased while the number of days with temperature above ...
The aim of the article is to present the changes in water and wastewater management in Poland before and during the WFD implementation. The basis for the analysis was data from Statistical Yearbook from Central Statistical Office – Environment Protection and from National Programme for Municipal Waste Water Treatment implementation reports. The total amount of the treated sewage in Poland increased by about 37,9% in multi-years period of 1980-2007, whereas the amount of untreated sew-age delivered to the environment decreased by as much as 83,4%. Moreover, the tendency for increasing amount of sewage treated in high performance technolo-gies is observed. The direct symptom of improvement in the situation is the ten-dency of decreasing BOD5, suspended solids, general nitrogen and general phos-phorus in the sewage drained into water or ground. Such tendency is visible especially regarding the two first indexes. As a result of National Programme for Municipal Waste Water Treatment implementation since 1990 the increase of amount of people who use the sewage treatment plant is clearly seen. Unfortu-nately, disproportions occur in the amount of tenants of cities and villages who use the sanitation and sewage treatment plants. At the end of 2006 about 85% people in cities exploited ...
The objective of his paper is to represent, based on the example of one of the Cracow mounds, those land objects within a spatial structure and Poland’s cultural landscape. Those large engineering earthen structures are artificially raised geometric bodies. The large and high moulds located on ground elevations constitute architectural dominants and are beauty spots, whereas the smaller ones are classified as small structural forms. For the purpose of this paper, the Józef Piłsudski Mound was chosen as an example. It is situated on the Sowiniec Hill in the ‘Wolski Wood’ Park (in Polish ‘Las Wolski’) in Cracow. This object was selected owing to the fact that, recently, Poland celebrated the 90th anniversary of regaining its independence and Mar-shall Józef Piłsudski rendered considerable service to the independence fight and had strong ties with Cracow. This Mound having three names: The Independence Mound, The Piłsudski Mound, and The Grave of Graves is one of the Cracow four largest earthen monuments. It is also the youngest mould since it was built during the inter-war period in the twentieth century. The Mound is an architectural object. Thus, prior to beginning with the building works, a detailed design was developed. One of ...
Presented were the results of prognostic studies conducted by the Author on the necessary development of agricultural infrastructure against the back-ground of the future model of agriculture and its services until 2030. The level of agricultural infrastructure must be integrated with the level of rural infrastructure which is connected with the infrastructure of the whole country. The infrastructure should meet the requirements resulting from the current scientific progress and the future needs of farmer and rural populations. The development of agricultural in-frastructure will bring measurable results in the spheres of production, energy, economics, ecology, as well as social effects. Infrastructural investments in water economy of Poland, in rural areas and in agriculture were considered the most difficult for realization but at the same time the most needed ones. Investments in the construction of sewerage and sew-age disposal systems in the country, outlays on road and electricity lines and in-vestments in commodity turnover, services, advisory and informatization have been considered in the next place. Modernization and development of internal infrastructure of agricultural commodity farms are becoming increasingly important. A major part of necessary outlays on internal infrastructure and the devel-opment of local infrastructure will originate from payments, donations and credits from ...
The many years' measurements of silting the small water reservoir, closing the cachment covered loesses soils, allowed on the change qualification of the silt-ing degree during operation. In this work was compared the archival data from the measurements of silting the water reservoir in Zesławice, executed in the pe-riod before his desilting, with the results of measurements executed after desilting and building the side assistant reservoir. Water reservoirs in Zesławice are characterize the high intensity of silting. The Annual mean of silting ratio of res-ervoirs carries out: 3,0 % – the main reservoir before desilting, 1,87 % – the main reservoir after desilting and 1,00 % – the side assistant reservoir. Disposing the volume of sediment stopped in reservoirs the coefficient of the mechanical denudation was counted, definite by Wiśniewski as the relation of the volume of sediment deposited in the reservoir to the catchment area. The defi-nite approximate value of the denudation, for the help of this coefficient, proved considerably diverse in the individual years in which the measurements of silting were made. The mechanical denudation coefficient was counted for periods before and after desilting of the main reservoir. The results of the calculations of the transportation of ...
Territorial self-governments, especially those at the local level, when lack-ing sufficient amount of own financial resources, are forced to search for external finances. Today, EU funds are one of the most important sources of this kind of financing. These funds aim at diminishing development disparities between old and new EU members. The aim of this paper is to characterize technical infrastructure investment project, realized in the rural areas in the region of Łódź in years 2004-2008, co-financed by The Integrated Regional Operational Programme (IROP, Polish abbreviation: ZPORR). This description includes not only material effects, but also economical, social and ecological ones. ...
The paper aims at an identification, analysis and assessment of selected tourist development elements in rural areas in Poland according to individual regions. Due to their tourist amenities, for numerous tourists rural areas are a de-sirable place of leisure. Some people prefer hotels, motels or pension houses for accommodation, whereas the others use agrotourist farms. In pursuance of the act on tourist services, hotel facilities are objects which meet the requirements con-cerning their size and equipment, qualifications of the personnel and the scope of services provided as stated for the kind and category to which the object was clas-sified, these facilities must also meet the sanitary, fire and other requirements determined by separate regulations. Localization of sleeping facilities throughout rural areas in Poland is di-versified. In order to ensure the comparability of the obtained results, the absolute data concerning the number of sleeping facilities were presented as an indicator expressing the number of objects per the area of 1 km2. The most important sleeping facilities are hotels. The largest numbers of these are situated in the malopolskie and śląskie provinces, whereas the least number of hotels were registered in the lubelskie and podlaskie provinces. Simi-larly, the most numerous ...
The article addresses the issue of dwellers’ share in financing tasks real-ized by communes. Attention was focused particularly on potential use of self-imposed taxation of the commune dwellers and providing the rules of their volun-tary participation in the costs of the enterprise. The Author analyzed the theoreti-cal problem of self-imposed taxation and presented a review of judicial decisions made by the administrative courts whether the resolutions concerning the local communities voluntary financial involvement were taken by the local government in compliance with the law. The article aimed at recognizing selected issues associated with the dwell-ers’ voluntary participation in realization of the communal tasks, particularly those in the area of natural environment protection. The means acquired through obligation to make payments for their commune, assumed voluntarily by the com-mune dwellers is a difficult problem and the difficulty involves not only meeting the formal and legal requirements. The analysis of cases of waste management costs co-financing by the commune inhabitants, or constructing the infrastructure elements for environmental protection allows for a conclusion that the commune authorities approach the problem wrongly and act contrary to the legal provisions trying to introduce obligation instead of creating a climate favouring the endeav-ours through shaping ...
Modern processes including functional-spatial and social-economic phenomena appearing in last decade in suburban zone of Wroclaw have been pre-sented in present elaboration. These regions have been pointed out as non-defined against the background of towns and country. As distance from city area grows towards the periphery, to the suburban zone, intensity and diversity of functional, spatial and social-economic phenomena purposively decrease. These areas, parti-cularly in last years (within of so-called housing boom period) against the background of nearest and farther surroundings become conspicuous. There appears greatly developed, modern housing (first of all – individual) or service and production building (especially of large-surface building). Affluence of popu-lation (in particular the rising populations) have been observed. Structure of gro-und utilization is changing rapidly as well as social-economic functions fulfilled. In extreme fast rate grows the traffic volume at all Wroclaw entries from individu-al suburban zones (with special traffic density from south, east and west) caused by their residents commuting the city workplaces and schools. Conception of civic-rural continuum shows on these areas peculiar changeability and boundless cha-racteristic to it. Suburban zone limits are barely determinable. ...
In this paper will be provided directions and trends of the natural environ-ment covering: arable land, pastures and forests in 44 villages of rural district Brzozów. Tests are conducted on the basis of the data contained in the Austrian cadastre ground and the current records of land and bulidings. Size of these changes are determined by socio-economic and demographic conditions, which existed in this area. Determine the size and directions of possible changes in the natural environment reveals the defect occuring in the current pattern of ground-water use,that must be eliminated in the comprehensive merge works. ...
The landscape expresses historical changes, and what is more, it can be an icon of certain place. If the components and their forms can not be identified the effects of valorisation define only the potential. Results of the research have given the answer for the question: how clear are the components. However the form is also an issue, that is how the configuration of components is perceptible. Compo-nents configuration characteristic shows that this certain landscape is not homo-geneous with spatial forms of woodlands and shrubs. Additionally the way of changing the usage from forest to agricultural exists in variety of forms. Structural analysis of segments which determine the level of forms percep-tion, shows, that the level of identification depends on weather conditions. Percep-tion is more unequivocal with sunny weather. The fact that building objects do not deform the landscape, and what is more they create a certain spatial order whit other components, is considered as an important attribute. Within contemporary expansion of maladjusted to local architectural forms on agricultural area, this phenomenon is a positive evidence of local agricultural landscape. ...
Changes, occurring in agricultural production space and caused by human activities, impact the present state of farmland spatial structure. In Southern Po-land, farm plots are unfavourably shaped and excessively fragmented and, thus, they cannot be as effectively utilized as are the properly shaped plots having an optimal surface area. This actual state of spatial structure forces the necessity for performing arrangement and agricultural works with the aim to reconstruct the existing farmland system so that its prospective agricultural utilization becomes effective and brings measurable financial profits. In the paper, results of the research into the ladn configuration of plots earmarked for grassland are presented. The plots researched belong to farms situ-ated in a village of Filipowice, in the Province of Małopolska. The village studied has ca. a 980 ha area and is characterized by a high farm land fragmentation rate. A basic surface element that was taken for analysis were continuous parts of ca-dastral plots utilized using only one utilization type. The research comprised all the plots with grassland in the selected village; they belonged to the farms existing in this village. To analyse such a very large number of plots, three specialist com-puter software were applied, i.e.: „MKTopo ...
In the article were presented, research methods and analysis of obtained research results the humidity distributions in ground under subsurface sewage di-sposal field from the physical model and the numerical model. To the research of the humidity of ground, in the laboratory was con-structed a physical model of the subsurface sewage disposal field which was an object of area investigates. [Kalenik 2002]. This model consisted of two independent frame systems: stand of the ground tank and the bed, after which the cart moved with installed appliances to measurements of the humidity of ground. Dimensions lump of ground being in a tank of ground are the following: length – 113 cm, height – 56 cm, breadth – 5 cm. To measurement humidity apply microwave appliance, acting in support about principle simultaneous measurement change amplitude and phase wave electromagnetic, which go through examine points of the profile ground. The applied method to research, she is fast, accurate and repeated, because she doesn't require structure was destroyed of investigated ground. To construction of the numerical model was used a software worked out through Z. Srokę and ...
In the end of the 80s, processes of change to market economy started in Po-land. Market methods which have been introduced have turned out particularly difficult in agricultural activity. In those years, Polish agriculture was one of the most backward systems of national economy. The article is devoted to possibility of development of alternative functions in rural areas of the świętokrzyskie voivodship The last ten-year period brought a strengthening of the agricultural function especially in central and eastern Poland, while the west and parts of the south witnessed an increase in the signifi-cance of non-agricultural functions. The greatest development of non-agricultural economic activity has been observed in city hinterland areas and has first and foremost involved the services sector and trade. The analysis which was made in this article was designed to identify the main social and economic factors stimulating non-agricultural economic activities in the świętokrzyskie voivodship. The analysis has indicated that the concentration of non-agricultural activities depends on the size of the spatial system. Empirical research showed that non-agricultural activity in private farming influences the profitability of private farming and the income situation of communes. Non-agricultural activities carried out in rural areas are thought to be ...
In paper were analysed topical supplies of waters in marshlands, in water-courses, reservoirs and fish ponds on areas of eleven forest inspectorates situated in central parts of the wielkopolskie province. Selected forest inspectorates: Babki, Czerniejewo, Gniezno, Grodzisk, Jarocin, Konstantynowo, Kościan, Łopuchówko, Oborniki, Piaski, Pniewy. These forest inspectorates are situated on areas of twel-fth administrative districts: gnieźnieński, gostyński, grodziski, jarociński, kościań-ski, nowotomyski, obornicki, poznański, szamotulski, śremski, średzki and wrzesiń-ski. Investigated area included about 10 thousand km2, in this forest area about 5 thousand km2. Analysises were concerning to so-called small water retention. This term defining all interventions having in view extension way and time of cir-culation of water in catchments. Usually this is understanding as stopping and dam up waters in water-courses and accumulation her in water reservoirs. To small retention belong water reservoirs about entire capacities < 5 million m3. Ac-tivities in range of small retention serve to improvement of water balance in ca-tchments across enlarging of supplies discretionary waters. Determine also impor-tant element of protection of waters quality. Indicatory value of small water retention water are 6246 m3/km2, in this in marshlands stored water equal 2184 m3/km2. In plans to 2015 foresees on investigated areas of forest ...
The paper shows a trial evaluation of effect of consolidation works exe-cuted in Brzezie village, Kłaj commune. Part of the village was allocated as a re-sult of a number of study elaborations followed by a procedure of reconstruction of spatial structure in connection with construction of Kraków – Tarnów section of the A4 motorway. Works concerning execution of land consolidation project started in 2006 ant took two years to complete. Today, all geodesy works related to the project are completed and elaborated project of land consolidation is currently awaiting an approving administrative decision to be issued. The subject of evaluation were data files concerning land plots and farm holdings before and after execution of land consolidation works. No substantial changes of medium size of land plots were noticed. At the same time, a possibility of implementing a correction to an area being subject of a land consolidation pro-cess was demonstrated, which indicates a need for developing a more accurate method determining boundaries of areas, on which land consolidation procedure need to be executed in connection with construction of linear investments. ...
This paper presents thermal conditions of grapes’ vegetation in south- -eastern Poland. Based on data from 5 stations from this area there were analyzed complex indices of the climate. There were compared periods 1971–2000 and 1991–2000. To show thermal conditions there were estimated date of beginning, ending and duration of thermal seasons. There were also estimated sum of active temperatures over 8 and 10ºC, LTI index. Significant change of climate in Poland is seen in growth of annual aver-age air temperature (specially in last two decades of XX century). A result of con-tinuous changing is that most changeable are spring and autumn. Seasons with temperature above 10ºC have a tendency to prolong and start earlier. Average dates of beginning of winter are different, it begins earlier and gets hotter. It was also noticed that dates of beginning of growing and vegetation period in 1991–2000 are different in comparing with 1971–2000. Sum of active temperatures (STA) and LTI index are higher in last ten years of XX century. These conditions could be positive aspects of climate changing. They can bring new possibilities for plants, which need higher temperatures and much sun-shine than traditional plants cultivated in climatic conditions of ...
