Zeszyt: 2009, vol. 6 / 03
Uncertainties as to how the climate will change and how it will influence the necessities and trends of irrigation development are the serious questions to be answered in the near future. How irrigation and water systems will have to adapt to climate changes is the challenge that planners, designers and O&M ser-vices will have to cope with. It is widely accepted that air temperature will increase of 2–4°C in Po-land. Changes in total seasonal precipitation or its pattern of variability are both important. There is rather an agreement that total yearly precipitation will not be changed but its pattern in the year will change towards greater amount in winter and less in summer. Moreover, evapotraspiration and crop water demands can increase due to increased temperatures and the extent of the length of growing season. Thus soil moisture can be depleted more quickly during the growing sea-son, while surface runoff and groundwater recharge decreased. Due to climate change and related extreme meteorological and hydrologi-cal events (droughts), it is indispensable to review planning principles, design criteria, operating rules, contingency plans and management policies for water infrastructures and to stress the role of irrigation and agricultural water man-agement to control extreme meteorological ...
Irrigation needs of orchard plants in Poland are presented in the work using the formula N = P – Po (mm), where: N – water needs (mm) in a given pe-riod, P – actual rainfall (mm) in a given period, Po – optimum rainfall (water needs of plants). Optimum rainfall amounts according to modified schedule of Press [1963] for three ranges of air temperature in the particular months of the vegetation period were taken into consideration. Needs N were determined for 27 chosen meteorological stations, for five fruit trees' basic species as well as strawberries. The higher water needs for fruit trees were determined in central belt of Poland with north region of Szczecin as well as regions of Poznań, Płock and Słubice. These needs in the vegetation period with high temperatures ranged from 160 to 190 mm for plum trees, 140–171 mm for apple trees, 50–81 mm for pear trees as well as 39–73 mm for sweet and sour cherries. Advantageous mois-ture conditions were determined in both extreme belts of country, but also here irrigation needs were occurred in case of plum-trees and apple-trees. The highest rainfall deficits were detected in regions ...
Results of studies have shown that yield increased achieved as effect of supplemental irrigation of spring or winter cereals are similar. Yield increases resulting from irrigation depend mostly on the kind of soil, particularly its mois-ture conditions. In the definite vegetation season and in the actual soil conditions the effects of irrigation of cereals varried, and they correlate significantly with the rainfall at growth stage when the requirement of moisture is critical. The problems of irrigation of cereals in Poland should be considered in two aspects: 1. Irrigation of cereals grown on medium and light soils should be consid-ered as interventional, so as to prevent yield decreases caused by drought, and to assure stable crops in the Polish transitory climate condition. That measure can lead to average yield increases: absolute of 0,50–1,00 t.ha-1, relative of 10–30% and unitary of 5–10 kg.ha-1.mm-1. This might not encourage farmers to include cereals in their crop rotation on fields equipped with irrigation systems but cere-als should take a part in an equipped with irrigation systems fields meant for other plants. Irrigated should be the bread varieties of wheat and then malt bar-ley. 2. Irrigation of cereal plants grown on very light ...
In the years 2005–2007, experiments on the influence of drip irrigation and nitrogen fertigation on the yield of the carrot, parsley and chicory grown on ridges and on flat ground was carried out. Irrigation water and nitrogen solution was supplied via drip lines, which in subsurface irrigation were placed at a depth of 50 mm below the surface of the ridges, along the centreline between two rows of plants. In the case of surface irrigation, the drip lines were placed on the surface of the ridges between two rows of plants. Irrigation started when soil water po-tential was between -30 and -40 kPa. Nitrogen fertilizers (100 kg.ha-1) were ap-plied in two doses. The first dose was applied pre-plant, while the second one was delivered by fertigation. In the control treatment without irrigation, the second dose of nitrogen was applied by broadcasting. Both surface and subsurface ferti-gation used in the cultivation on ridges and on flat ground had a significant ef-fect on the marketable yield of carrot, parsley and chicory roots. In case of car-rot and chicory cultivated on ridges higher yield was obtained with surface drip irrigation and fertigation, however in case of parsley no significant differences in the ...
The field experiment was conducted in the years 2006–2008 at Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Division Jadwisin on the light and acid soil. The aim of the research was to compare tubers yield, their structure and some quality elements of tubers (content of nitrates and starch, percentage of de-formations, green tubers, common scab infection) different fertilization doses of solid and liquid nitrogen form (fertigation) applied to the soil. The objects were divided on: irrigated and non irrigated. Drip irrigation method was applied in this experiment. The nitrogen dose in fertigation form was established by using com-puter program DSS (Decision Support System). The nitrogen in fertigation form was applied in following doses: year of 2006 – 57,7 kg•ha-1, year of 2007 – 31,7 kg•ha-1, year of 2008 – 39,7 kg•ha-1. The doses of water (year of 2006 – 110,3 mm, year of 2007 – 20,0 mm, year of 2008 – 68,9 mm) and dates of their application were established by using tensjometer. The control was object without fertiliza-tion of NPK and without irrigation. The significant highest yield of tubers was obtained on the irrigated object where dose of 150 kg•ha-1N was applied. The yield of tubers on irrigated object ...
The influence of sprinkling irrigation and four nitrogen fertilization doses on the height and quality of grain yield of malting spring barley cultivar Poldek was determined in a field experiment carried out in the years 2006-2008 on light soil at Mochelek, near Bydgoszcz. Total water doses of 90, 30 and 180 mm were used in succeeded vegetation seasons respectively to weather conditions. The sprinkling irrigation of malting barley Poldek significantly increased the grain yield to the average amount of 2,24 t.ha-1 (71,3%). Productive efficiency of applied water was higher comparing to results obtained from domestic experiments car-ried on in the comparable soil conditions. Irrigation also improved the brewery utilization indexes. Grain harvested on irrigated plots have less protein in the contents, higher uniformity and germination capacity than grain harvested as a control. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased the grain yield but worsened its quality for malting utility. Obtained results indicate that the irrigation is one of the main impacts that provide high and good quality grain yield of malting barley in vegetation seasons characterised by low precipitation which causes dry spells in May, June and July ...
The influence of drip irrigation and the three ways of seedling production on the yields of watermelon cv. ‘Bingo’ was determined in field experiments carried out in the years 2005–2006 on a very light soil at Kruszyn Krajeński near Bydgoszcz. The experiments were run in a split-plot system with four replications. Two different factors were compared. The first factor – drip irrigation, was used in the two following treatments: O – without irrigation (control), K – drip irriga-tion according to tensiometer indications (-0,03 MPa). The second factor was the light used during the seedling production: S – sunny light (greenhouse, control), N – artificial blue light, D – artificial daylight. It was found that the drip irriga-tion significantly increased marketable fruit yield by 27,5 t.ha-1 i.e. by 156%. Yields of plants from seedlings produced under conditions of sunny light in green-house (control) – treatment (S), were significantly higher than those obtained on other variants. Significant interaction was occurred between two investigated fac-tors in the marketable yield-creation. Plants from seedlings produced under con-ditions of the sunny light in greenhouse (control) – treatment (S) and grown under drip irrigation, were characterized by significantly higher yields which amounted - on the ...
On the basis of field experiment carried out in 2008 at Experimental Sta-tion in Jadwisin Polish early potato cultivar Owacja was grown on sandy loam in 2 treatments embraced T0 (control) and T1 with water drip irrigation and nitro-gen (N) fertigation. Irrigation and N fertigation was conducted by Decision Sup-port System. Dry matter of leaves, stems and tubers was measured in the course of growing period at three different dates: 17, 28, 42 days after emergence (DAE). For these dates leaf area was estimated with use of leaf area meter LICOR 3100 and values of leaf area index (LAI) and specific leaf area (SLA) were calculated as well. Content of total nitrogen (Kjeldahl method by means of Kjeltec 2200 Foss Tecator ) in potato tubers was measured at 28, 42 DAE and at the death of foliage, 75 DAE. For these terms protein, dry matter yields and har-vest index were also calculated. Precise application of water and mineral nitrogen (T1) ensured very high yielding by early potato variety: almost 30 t•ha-1 at 42 DAE and 50 t•ha-1 at the end of growing period, that is at 75 DAE or 103 days after planting (DAP). Sup-plementary water ...
Reduction of evapotranspiration due to soil water deficit is quantified by CDI (Crop Drought Index). It is an agricultural drought index. The relationship was examined between precipitation P and CDI for sugar beet in Kujawy region for different soils. Evapotranspiration reduction was estimated on the basis of model research conducted for the growing season of sugar beet (21.04–30.09) in the years 1954–2003 and for 4 soils, with different total available soil water (103, 137, 165, 203 mm) in the 1-m profile. Relations between P and CDI were studied in 5 time periods, created by adding another subsequent phenological phases of sugar beet. The significance of the relationships was evaluated by using statistical analysis. The correlation coefficients showed the share of precipitation in the reduction of evapotranspiration of sugar beet in relation to potential evapotranspiration. The determined monograms can be useful in determining CDI on the basis of current measurements of precipitation. ...
In the paper, the agricultural drought was defined as at least the 7-days constant period when the reserve of easily accesible water in the root zone is depleted. Calculations based on meteorological data 1996–2005 from Mochełek (near Bydgoszcz) brought the assessment of beginnings of droughts and their classification in regard of duration. The assumptions of balance method for irri-gation forecast were taken into account. Two types of soil (compact and pervi-ous) and five cultivated plants (spring wheat and barley, faba bean, potato, maize) were taken into consideration. Results of the studies confirmed that within 10-year period in Bydgoszcz surroundings 8–16 agricultural droughts occured (depending on the soil and cul-tivated plant type). The majority of droughts were moderate (series of 7–13 days with accesible water deplation). Severe (series of 14–20 days) and very severe droughts (series over 20 days) made 24% of the total number of drought spells. The qualitative assessment of severe and very severe agricultural droughts pre-sents a good compatibility to particular indexes used for atmospheric drought evaluation. ...
The experiment was carried out in 2006-2008 years in the nurseries, in the Experimental Station belonging to Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences. The aim of present study was to determine the influence of drip ir-rigation and agrogel on the growth of Pumiselect® rootstock in the first year of production and on the quality of maiden trees of ‘Redhaven' and ‘Inka' cvs. peach trees. The drip irrigation was used as a T-tape line with drip emitter lo-cated at every 25 cm in line, about water dose 1,38 l per hour. Irrigation was applied on the base of tensiometer indications. The wet agrogel placed inside a belt of fabric (wide 10 cm), was put on the bottom of furrow (at depth 35 cm) , where the plants were planted. Pumiselect® rootstock as the hard-cuttings were planted at spacing 2 x 0,25 m at the depth 35 cm. The budding was done at the beginning of August by ''chip-budding'' method at 5 cm above the soil. During the experiment: the high, diameter and branching of rootstock and maiden trees was measured. The quality of root system of rootstock was determined too. The preliminary results shown the positive influence of ...
The aim of the study was to evaluate the precipitation needs of mid-late and late potato using the method of cluster analysis. The research material was based on the results of COBORU (Research Centre for Cultivar Testing) experi-ments carried out in 1972–2001 for the pattern of mid-late and late potato grown on soils of rye complexes, at 23 research stations all over Poland. Meteorologi-cal data: monthly precipitation and the mean temperature of air during the vege-tation of potato were gathered from all the meteorological points functioning at COBORU experimental stations or from the nearest IMGW (Institute of Meteorology and Water Management) stations. For the evaluation of precipitation needs of potato the method of generalized cluster analysis was used. As a result of the method used, three clusters were selected. They differed significantly with regard to the values of 7 variables taken into consideration. The highest yield of potato (cluster 1) was obtained at average values of mean air temperature in the period from May to September (15.2oC), lower than the aver-age precipitation total in May (45 mm), moderate precipitation in June (65 mm) and more than average precipitation in July (90 mm), August (75 mm) and in September ...
In this studies, a plant water needs index was defined as an amount of rainfall, in the period of plant increasing water demands, which didn't increase a yield of an irrigated plants. Such defined optimal rainfall was calculated on the basis of results of long-term field experiments carried out on two kinds of soil in a region of Bydgoszcz. Irrigation needs understood as rainfall insufficiency in the period of plant increasing water demands, were calculated as a difference be-tween optimal and actual rainfall. Homogeneous rainfall data from years 1971-2005 in Mochełek (placed near Bydgoszcz) were used. Calculations of irrigation needs were made in the period of increasing water demands of the followed plants: spring cereals, medium-early potato and maize cultivated for grain. All of them were grown on two kinds of soil: a very light soil of permeable subsoil and a light soil of compact subsoil. Obtained results enabled to classify the evaluated irrigation needs. The criterions were: a number of essential individual water doses and a quantity of forecasted productive effects of the irrigated plants. Re-sults of the studies show that the irrigation needs calculated on a very light soil in the region of Bydgoszcz occurred in 87,7-97,1% (it ...
The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station belonging to Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences. In the autumn of 2008 the distribution of root system for nine-year-old apple trees cv. ‘Jonagored’ on M9 rootstock was evaluated. The tress were planted at spacing 3,5 x 0,5 m (5714 trees/ha) in two different ways: traditionally – into hole, and in the ridges. Plant-ing in ridges consists in setting trees on the top of the ground, fastening the trees to the rows of wire and hilling the soil up around their root system. The trees were irrigated by drip irrigation system. Irrigation was applied on the base of tensiometer indications. On purpose to determine the distribution of the roots the method of soil profile was used (Böhm, 1985). The method of soil profile was modified by taking digital photos of soil with roots, instead putting the roots by hand on transparent foil. The studies were prosecuted on three selected trees in each treatment, in vertical soil profile at 1m wide and 1,2 m deep. Planting in ridge combined with irrigation affected more intensive produc-ing of fine roots (ø < 1 mm), in comparison with control trees, planted ...
The field experiments were carried out in Kruszyn Krajeński near Bydgoszcz during the 2005–2006. The influence of drip irrigation on insects oc-cupying of two cultivars of summer squash ‘Danka’ and ‘Sweet Dumpling’ were investigated. On the base of the received results was proved that on the squash ‘Danka’ phytophagous insects significantly more appeard. From phytophagous insects the largest group was Homoptera, and among them Cicadellidae. The signifi-cantly large number of insects were found on the drip irrigated plants (44 pcs x plot-1), in comparison to non-irrigated (34 pcs x plot-1). The Empoasca pteridis Dahlbom., Eupteryx atropunctata Goeze and Macrosteles laevis Ribaut, were represented in total number of all Cicadellidae in 65, 17 and 7%, respectively. Heteroptera was represented by Lygus rugulipennis Popp., Trigonotylus coeles-tialium Kirk. and beneficial Anthocoridae as well as Nabidae. The ‘Sweet Dumpling’ cultivar was also occupying more often by the Ho-moptera. The most abundant insects were Empoasca pteridis Dahlbom (42%), Eupteryx atropunctata Goeze (32%), Macrosteles laevis Ribaut and Psammotettix alienus Dahlbom (10%) of all Cicadellidae. Beneficial and phytophagous Het-eroptera appeared as less abundant. ...
The paper presents results of a field experiment with maize varietas ‘Cedro’ (FAO230) irrigated on a light soil, carried out in years 2000-2008 in Mochełek (near Bydgoszcz. A combination of 90 and 150 kg of nitrogen per hec-tar was applied. Water was supplied by a drip irrigation system using the NAAN emitters. The layout of drip laterals placed in beetwen plants’ rows provided a moisture to the soil in a root zone. In the years of the study an average dose of water of 112 mm was used for irrigation (28 mm in June, 49 mm in July, 28 mm in August and 7 mm in September), but in separate seasons the dose varried from 25 mm (year 2007) to 215 mm (year 2008). Irrigation have increased the yield of corn from 5,62 t.ha-1 to 8,53 t.ha-1, which is 2,91 t.ha-1(52%). The increase of the yield of corn in separate years varied from 0,46 t.ha-1 (year 2000) and 0,60 t.ha-1 (in a cold year 2004) to 8,47 t.ha-1(in year 2006 when the art temperature in July was very high) and 6,26 t.ha-1(in year 2008 when was a rainfall shortage in months V-VII). The results of ...
Field experiment was done in the years 2003 and 2008 in the Agriculturae Experiment Station Lipnik near Stargard Szczeciński on the sandy soil, belongs to the good-rye-complex. The experiment was set up by split-plot method in 5 rep-lications. In this experiment the effects of mineral fertilizing and different soil moisture conditions on the yield of peach cv. ‘Inka’ was studied. The first factor of the study was supplemental irrigation (O – control, not irrigated: W – under crown irrigation). As second factor was different level of mineral fertilizing: 0NPK – (contro- no fertilizing), 1 NPK – 150 kg.ha-1 (40+50+60), 2 NPK-300 kg.ha-1 (80+100+120). Supplemental irrigation was used when the tensiometer have shown that water potential dropped to 0,01 MPa. Sward was between trees and in the rows the herbicidal farrows were kept. It was found that crop in-creased on both objects it means irrigated plots and fertilized. Average under in-fluence of irrigation gathered by 9,11 kg more fruits from 1 tree (42%) than from not irrigated plants. Yields of peach fruits dependent mostly on the supplemental irrigation applied from the April to August it means during critical stages for this plants. Crops of peach fruits increased under influence of 130 ...
Field experiment was done in Agriculture Experiment Station Lipki near Szczecin. As objects of studies were 1, 8, 9 and 10 years old blueberry plants cul-tivated on the acid brown soil belong to good rye complex. Before planting be-tween the rows of plants 10 cm layer of sawdust obtained from coniferous trees was spread and mixed with the soil. Growth and yielding of two varieties ‘Spartan’ and ‘Patriot’ irrigated and not irrigated. Plants were irrigated using dropping lines with emitters collocated every 30 cm with total efficiency of 2,4 l.h-1. Tensiometers show the need of irri-gation. Field and plants were irrigated when soil suction power was bigger than 0,01 MPa. Every year blueberry plants were fertilized with 60 kg N.ha-1 and doses of P and K depended on their concentration in soil. Total doses of water used for irrigation depended on yearly precipitation equal in 2005y. – 128 mm, 2006y. – 300 mm, 2007y. – 400 mm and in 2008y. – 200mm. Blueberry cv. ‘Spartan’ was more productive (9,62 t.ha-1) than ‘Patriot’ (8,3 t.ha-1). As effect of supplemental irrigation average crop of ‘Patriot’ variety increased by 8,36 t.ha-1 and ‘Spartan’ by 7,94 t.ha-1. Weight of 1000 fruits ...
Field experiments was carried in ES Lipnik belonging to Western Pomera-nia University of Technology in Szczecin. Blueberry cv. ‘Patriot’ was cultivated in th years of 2000-2008 on the acid brown soil which is belong to IVb soil class. The soil was characterized by small amount of nutrient availability of phospho-rus and potassium and low acid reaction. Blueberry was cultivated in different water conditions: O-control (without supplemental irrigation), W- irrigated ob-jects. Plants were irrigated using dropping line with efficiency of 2,4 l.h-1 keeping soil moisture on the level of 0,01 MPa, registered by tensiometers. Also in these studies productivity of two and ten years old blueberry plants treated or not with supplemental irrigation were evaluated. Average crop of berries harvested in this experiment equal 7,61 t.ha-1 (tab.3). Yield from not irrigated plots equal only 4,92 t.ha-1. It appeared that sup-plemental irrigation gave proper soil moisture for blueberries and the good yield and the amount of used water particularly in June and July depended on natural precipitation. As effect of supplemental irrigation the average crop of berries equal 5,38 t.ha-1 and was 109,2% bigger comparing to control (without supple-mental irrigation). Productive effect of drip irrigation was in full correlation with amount ...
In the years of 2003–2005 two-factors field experiment was set up in ES Lipnik near Stargard Szczeciński on the sandy soil (good rye complex) and a small retencion of usefulness water. The aim of the study was to determine the ef-fect of irrigation and mineral fertilization on the photosynthetic activity the leaves of some species of stone fruit trees. All experiments were done on the trees 4 years after planting. The experiments were designer by split-plot method in 7 replications with cherry, 5 replications with peach, and 4 replications with plum. Among the trees was the lawn but in the rows the selective herbicide fallow was kept. Two factors were considered: irrigation (O – control, W –under – crown ir-rigation) and mineral fertilization for cherry and plum 0 NPK – control (without fertilization), 1 NPK – 130 kg NPK•ha-1, 2 NPK – 260 kg NPK•ha-1; and for peach 0 NPK – control (without fertilization), 1 NPK – 150 kg NPK•ha-1, 2 NPK – 300 kg NPK•ha-1. Measurements of cherry, peach and plum leaves photosynthesis were done on well developer leaves on one year old branches. On basic of obtained results was found that photosynthetic activity of cherry peach and ...
Exact laboratory experience was conducted in year 2006. It consisted of a series of tests aimed to determine the effect exerted by water subject to magnetic treatment on germination and growth of examined plants. The following plants were tested: Coriander Coriandrum sativum,, Salvia Salvia officinalis, Bean Phaseolus vulgaris, Cucumber Cucumis dativus. All experiment stages were car-ried out in germination apparatuses, which were provided with bases consisting of two layers of impurity-free absorbent paper. Individual plants were examined according to the following pattern: three repetitions 50 seeds each for the test object and for an object, where water treated with magnetic field was used. Mag-netizer consisting of several sections was used to obtain the effect of water “magnetization”. One section consists of an axially magnetized ring-shaped magnet made of barium ferrite and ring-shaped steel pole. After having pene-trated the pole, magnetic fluxes generated by magnets change their direction from axial to radial [www.crylomag.com.pl]. Magnetizer version used in the experiment is a model without flange with the following parameters: working pressure 0.6 MPa, average water flow 2.25 m3•h-1, induction value 0.30 T. The effect of mag-netic water treatment has been achieved by letting the medium pass through the ...
Field experiments were done in 2002–2004 on sandy soil. Crop productivity of cherry (cv. ‘Kelleris’ i ‘Łutówka’) was tested on different water regime (O – con-trol, W – under-crown- irrigation) and various level of nitrogen doses: 0NPK, 1NPK – 130kg N.ha-1 (40+ 30+60), 2NPK – 260 kg N.ha-1 (80+60+120). The ex-periment was designe by split-plot method in 7 replications. Among the trees was the lawn but in the rows the selective herbicide was used. Irrigation was applied when tensiometer show that potential of soil water was lower than 0,01 MPa. De-pending on rainfall the amount of supplemental irrigation equel 27,5–61,3 mm of water during vegetation period. The paper also presents the results of study on the effect of rainfall and total irrigation rates during vegetation on the content N, P, K,Ca, Mg, sugar, vit. C and dry matter of cherry. The cultivars had similar production capabilities. Irrigation significantly increased the yield, by 1,96 t.ha-1 (36,5%). The highest yield of cherry (6,78 t.ha-1) was obtained from plants, which had been fertilized with 260kg N.ha-1. After three years of the research the content of N, P, Mg, sugar, vitamin C in fruit decreased compare to control plots. Higher mineral fertilization caused ...
Field experiment was carried out in the years 2003–2006 in ES in Lipnik near stargard (Szczecin region) on sandy soil belong to god-rye-complex. The experiment was set up by split-plot method in seven repetitions. Between the trees there was sward and in the rows the herbicidal farrows there kept. The aim of the studies was to determine the effect of under crown irrigation and mineral fer-tilization on the yield of plums cv. ‘Amersis’ and ‘Cacańska Rana’. The first fac-tor of the study was supplemental irrigation (0-control without irrigation: W- under crown irrigation). The second factor was different level of mineral fertiliz-ing: 0NPK, 1NPK – 130kg . NPK. ha-1 (40+30+60), 2NPK - 260kg . NPK. ha-1 (80+60+120). Supplemental irrigation was used when the tensiometer have shown that water potential of soil dropped lower than 0,01 MPa. For irrigation the ‘Hadar’ sprinkler were used (r=2m). Depending on rainfall the amount of ir-rigation from 21,0 to 37,9 mm there used. As effect of irrigation the yields in-creased by 19,2%. The highest increased (36,1%) was obtained in 2006 and the lowest (8,2%) in 2005. To evaluation the effects of mineral fertilizers the highest crops obtained from the plots fertilized with 2NPK ...
