Zeszyt: 2008, vol. 5 / 08
Buildings the cascade of water barrages of the section of the Upper Vistula contributed to the change of water relations in the valley of the river. Possessed observational material, relating to the recognitions of hydrogeological conditions on the area of the influence of the Dwory Water Barrage, allowed to conduct the analysis of the position of land waters. Using results of measurements executed in wells in the period before damming up water in the river Vistula relationships of the mirror of the ground water and water in the river Vistula were worked out. They made possible the qualification of the water level on the analysed area in the conditions swell the water in the river Vistula to the ordinate 225,50 m a.s.l., the elaboration of maps hydro-isohips and the qualification of the influence range of damming up through delimitation of the zones of the direct threat of soppy terrains situated in the environs of the locality Gromiec and Szyjki. The pronouncement of soppy areas was affirmed, about depth of covering the mirror of ground water to 0,8 m, partly soppy areas, about depth of covering the mirror of ground water from 0,8 from 1,6 m and neutral areas. ...
Damming up in the river channel caused by the dam on the underground waters then, when the hydraulic relationship of superficial waters and underground waters exists. The study of the forecast of the influence of damming up the river waters on adjoining areas consists in the qualification of the position of the underground water level. The tests of the appraisal of the position of the ground water level on the terrain of locality Zembrzyce in the case of damming up the water in the reservoir to the ordinate 312 m a.s.l were executed. Distribution of the filtration area is extremely difficult in spite quite good distinguishing the hydro-geological conditions of the analysed area. The locality Zembrzyce is in fork of two water - courses: river Skawa and her tributary the stream Paleczka. Location of Zembrzyce in these fork of two rivers creates complicated hydro-geological conditions resulting from the interaction of superficial water - courses on the adjoining area. On the studied area the zone of the influence of the change of the water level in river Skawa and stream Paleczka on the level of the ground waters was marked. Applying the hydrological method the change of the position of the ...
The study characterizes extreme values of air temperature, which occurred in the Sudetes during the period 1951-2007. Analysis of data obtained from four reference stations confirmed warming progressing in our times in the entire height profile of the Sudetes (203-1603 m above sea level). The author presented upward trends of temperature almost in all months, however, not all of them were of statistical importance. The greatest increase in the maximum temperature was recorded in May (0.6ºC/10 years). Another significant sign of current warming is also the downward trend in the number of frosty days (Tmax<0ºC) and of very frosty ones ((Tmax<-10ºC) in the entire hypsometric profile, and a growing number of warm days (Tmax≥25ºC) and of hot ones (Tmax≥30ºC) in areas located in lower parts. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, stations located at the foot of the Sudetes recorded the so-called particularly hot days, which had not been recorded before, with the maximum temperature exceeding 35ºC. Contemporary warming of climate in the highest part of the Sudetes (on Śnieżka) differs in terms of various thermal indicators from that in lower parts. ...
The recognition of state of stock with ecological infrastructure of rural mountain areas with high natural values is the aim of investigations. The area covered by investigations creates 8 communes in the Bieszczady Mts. which are including to two administrative districts: Bieszczady and Lesko. The results of investigations were showed that the mountain communes in Bieszczady characterizing by high natural values and they are having the poor technical infrastructure. In 2006 year the water supply system constituted near 2% of total lenght of water supply net in the Podkarpackie province, but the sewage system 1,4%. The lenght of water supply net exceeded the lenght of sewage net. None of communes not reaching the size of indexes describing the technical infrastructure on the mean level established for the Podkarpackie province and for the country. In addition its uneasy fact of untaking the structural funds by investigational communes for improvement the noncomfortable situation. Only the Solina commune has the highest development of water supply and sewage systems among the investigational communes and this commune during 2003-2006 years effective used the union means. We may distinct the positive situation from the point of view of quantity of wastes dangerous for environment and way ...
The papers contains descriptive analyze of the spatial planning issues in the foothills and mountains areas, which are especially valuable because of nature environmental resources. Nature resources for agriculture development are very low, so they often need additional support. The possibilities of development are connected with natural resources, which are conducive tourism and recreation. Such development require not only appropriate tourist infrastructure (hotel, parking, tourist roads and other). The products are natural environment and relief too. I stage of paper – quantitative analysis of spatial plans, comparative analysis of changes in future land use (building or afforestation of arable areas). II stage of paper – contains description of chosen rural development plan for commune Międzylesie. The especial attention was called to the actions typical for mountains areas. Spatial planning is the first preparatory phase in development. Very important supplement is rural development plan, where it is possible to find many environmental problems solves. Słowa kluczowe: planowanie przestrzenne, planowanie terenów wiejskich, tereny górskie i podgórskie ...
In the study there has been discussed the participation of local community in solving contemporary problems of mountain lands. Public participation is an important democratic process. It plays an important part in solving the contemporary development problems not only of mountain lands but also of submontane, lowland, seaside ones. The issues have been presented on the basis of the example of Lądek Lands, especially a small town of Lądek Zdrój, the commune seat (6140 permanent inhabitants). The town is located on the Kłodzko Lands, at the altitude of 440-480 metres above sea level, between the Golden Mountains and Krowiarki in the valley of Biała Lądecka river. Geographically the land is affiliated to the South-East Sudeten. In the democratic country, as Poland is, a particular attention should be paid to the community participation in forming and cultivating the space, care for spatial order. Certain local spatial problems connected with town and village development, their renewal, restoration and revitalization may be solved only with the active participation of local communities. While implementing balanced development to planning and spatial management very important are the forms of social activity. The subject of analysis were also the mechanisms of social participation as the management tool, ...
The valorization of the landscape is an assessment of the resources and the composition. The final effect is an image of the potential. The other view is the issue of the level and quality of perceiving, i.e. whether and how the existing form of landscape is being perceived. It is crucial and important aspect because even wealthy content or form of the landscape - when it is unclear or weak perceived does not take an interest in. A step, a level of the identification of characteristic features of the opened landscape are a main line of enquiry of village localized in a mountain range which after the Polish side is well-known as Złote High notes, but on the Czech side - as Rychlebske Hory. Get scores are pointing, that - the best to identify is perspective of view and the worst - the line of border between rural and forest usage of the terrain. Clearly an arrangement of fields and a gravity of the receipt of the landscape are perceived by the receptor of the hearing, the touch or smells, - during the sunny weather - better spot elements of the landscape are being read out and a greater need ...
The aim of the conducted research was the analysis of the functional transformations of the rural and urban-rural communes in the Sudeten. In the project were indicated the functions of the communes in 1996 and 2005 with the use of the criterion of delimitation taking into account the structure of economy, degree of industrialization and the degree of tourist management. Consideration of the landscape and holiday advantages with the delimitation of commune types depending on economy structure and the degree of industralization allowed to distinguish eight types of communes with highlighting their function. The performed research proved that in 2005 in Sudeten there practically were not any agricultural communes, what was connected with the low quality of agricultural production space of the soils in the mountain areas of the Sudeten. One can say that the changes proceed in the positive direction, and the communes with the dominant agricultural function in 1996 changed in respect of the function into industrial communes in 2005. These are the communes: Jeżów Sudecki, Stara Kamienica and Kłodzko. The system transformation that took place in Poland in the beginning of 1990 caused the slump of many branches of the industry, that was really painfully felt by ...
The Opawskie Mountains are the most eastward part of the Polish Sudetes. They can serve as an example of a region that has been undergoing significant changes in respect of tourism development for the last 15 years. The beginnings of tourism in this region date back to the end of the 18th century, whereas its dynamic development is related mainly to establishment of a health resort in Głuchołazy (Bad Zigenhals) and popularisation of the summer-resort localities of Jarnołtówek Barbara Woś 104 and Pokrzywna at the turn of the 19th and 20th century, when the Biskupia Kopa region was recognised as one of the most attractive areas in Silesia. The Second World War inhibited tourism development of the region. Dynamic tourism development did not occur until the seventies of the 20th century; at that time, several resort facilities were constructed in the Biskupia Kopa region. Further changes were triggered in the nineties of the 20th century – the period of privatisation of resort facilities and development of agritourism. The changes in tourism development were related to numerous problems encountered on at the meeting point of economy, tourism and environment protection. In case of the Opawskie Mountains region, some problems were resolved ...
The aim of the study was analysis of mechanization processes in selected agricultural farms functioning in mountain conditions of Lower Silesia. The evaluation of basic and specialistic mechanization equipment and the level of exploitation of this equipment was analysed. Moreover used forms of mechanization, investment plans, and landholders opinions connected to mechanization processes was analysed. The researches was conducted in 2007 on the area of 8 communes of former jeleniogórskie province and 3 communes of former wałbrzyskie province. The data came from 15 aimly selected individual farms dealing with Lower Silesian Advisory Center in Wrocław. Collected materials concerned 2006 year. The results shows relatively high technician and economic utilization of machinery basis and also in many cases not proper equipment to specify mountain conditions. Farmers are going to modernize their equipment parks with using EU financial help. They also knows possibilities of costs reducing through common utilization of machinery or mixed forms of mechanization. ...
The article analyses spatial differences in the afforestation of agricultural land in the mountain and piedmont areas of Poland. Apart from quantitative and structural changes in the area of new forest plantations, attention was paid to socio-economic determinants of the process of afforestation of agricultural land. The changes considered were those formally registered, which means that areas with a natural succession were not included. The analysis rested on the statistics collected in the Regional Data Bank and basically covered the years 2000-2006, but for private land use was made of the 1996–2006 data. The object of study was mountain and piedmont communes in the Carpathians and Sudeten. The research showed there to be a drop in the area of afforestation of agricultural land over the study period, which resulted from the diminishing area of new forest plantations on both, state-owned and private land in the two regions. This process was undoubtedly connected with the level of financial support, which was clearly evident especially in the case of private land. It was found that the financing of afforestation was a major factor in the rate of this practice. In each of the regions the changes followed a similar pattern, but differed ...
Galvanic batteries and electric batteries which occur in large and smallsize forms are among the products which once run down become hazardous wastes, dangerous for the environment and human health. Constructed of highly processed materials, they contain harmful substances, such as lead, cadmium or mercury. Management of waste batteries is especially difficult due to the fact that they are present as sources of electricity in a variety of appliances used in many spheres of life. It leads to a considerable dispersion of places where wastes are generated and processed. A commonly used practice involves penetration of wastes, such as batteries and vehicle batteries, particularly small-size ones, into the municipal solid waste stream leading to their deposition on municipal landfills. It results in the extraction of hazardous substances by precipitation waters filtrating the soil mass into the underground waters leading to their dangerous contamination. On the other hand these wastes can be valuable secondary materials. Recycled they may provide the resources protecting natural deposits. Currently there are three main groups of chemical sources of electricity, used in almost all spheres of life: a) primary batteries and remaining secondary batteries, b) nickelcadmium, large and small-sized vehicle batteries, c) lead-acid vehicle batteries. The ...
Selection of localizations for municipal landfills belongs to complex multicriteria decision making problems. The paper presents a methodology developed for selecting localizations for municipal landfills based on Geographic Information System (GIS) technique coupled with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Joining these two methods makes possible incorporation of various quantitative and qualitative factors and solving the problem in a holistic way. GIS technique enables to include criteria resulting from the legal directives (so called rule-out criteria) and conducting spatial assessment in view of the area usability for waste deposition. In result we obtain areas suitable for waste deposition (predisposed) and the terrains where any localization of landfills is absolutely prohibited. AHP method was used to select the most suitable localization variant from the set of areas predisposed for waste deposition. For this purpose the structure of the task was presented as a developed hierarchy model with the scale of influence. Construction of the model required a proper selection of criteria and sub-criteria, and the scale of influence of individual sub-criteria on the considered localizations. Owing to the method of its construction the developed multi-criteria model with the scale of influence is a universal one and may be applied also for problems other ...
A total activity cycle of all municipal landfill sites operated in the malopolskie province was assessed in the paper using a variant method. For this purpose, two prognoses of municipal waste generation were developed for the 2008-2048 time horizon, which allowed to assesses the quantity of generated waste stream. Subsequently, various scenarios related to the management of the waste stream in the adopted time horizon were prepared. The suggested scenarios: status quo (SQ), realistic (REAL) and optimistic (OPT) determined the possibilities for various strategies (policies) of recovery and disposal of wastes, primarily based on various methods of their recycling, composting and deposition. On this basis the amount of municipal wastes sent to landfills was assessed. The quantities of wastes deposited on landfills were computed considering waste residues from individual technologies. While working on the scenarios , the authors were guided by the ways of municipal waste stream management used in the EU-15 countries and by the assumptions resulting from documents on the startegies of waste management. Analysis of landfill activity cycle revealed an alarming situation connected with fast filling up of the existing landfills in the malopolskie province. This situation concerns all scenarios, both for prognosis I and II. Reduction ...
Biogas, landfill gas originates from fermentation of organic compounds. The fuel contains between 30 and 70% of methane, between 30 and 60% CO2 and small amounts of other components, such as nitrogen, hydrogen or water vapour. Its fuel value oscillates around 17-27 MJ/m3. Biogas is widely used, mainly as a fuel for electricity generators, the source of energy for water heating and after cleaning and compressing also as a fuel for engines. It is manufactures mainly in small agricultural biogas plants. It is obtained by means of degassing post-landfill objects. The investigates conducted by the Authors aimed at determining the amount of biogas possible to obtain from typical fractions which occur in municipal wastes, i.e. potato peelings, cabbage leaves, vegetable peelings, citrus fruit and banana skins and animal wastes. The research considered six kinds of biowastes of plant origin and one control sample randomly mixed of all five kinds of wastes. The fractions were broken and liquefied to dry matter content of about 10%. Biogas was obtained through anaerobic fermentation process in a regulated temperature environment. A chamber with fixed temperature was used for this purpose (the temperature was set at c.a. 33oC – optimal for mesophilic methane bacteria) in ...
Communal investments determine the economic development of region. Very often costs of this investments bears the commune. But the budgetary means are frequently not enough to cover the planned capital expenditure on infrastructure. Therefore, constantly growing investment needs are connected with necessity of reaching for alternative sources of sponsorship. The analysis of financing sources of infrastructural investments is the main purpose of this paper. Study concerns the rural commune Spytkowice and the period 2003-2007. There were analyzed tree basic infrastructural groups: social, environmental protection and roads. There was stated that the participation of alternative (outside) means in financing of infrastructural investments has amounted to 36%. The highest participation of outside means in financing investment was in the case of the road network. The investments connected with the social infrastructure were most expensive. ...
The expenditures on water and wastewater management, roads and schools are predominating in the commune’s investment expenditure structure. The main purpose of paper is to define the development rate of water and wastewater infrastructure and accompanying outlays on fixed assets serving the environmental protection. There were analyzed changes of investment outlays on water and wastewater in the period before and after Poland’s access to the EU (2002–2003 and 2004–2006). Gotten results were confronted with real changes in the infrastructural endowment. There was verified if the changes in investment expenditures followed the changes in the infrastructural endowment. The communes of the Nowy Targ district were chosen to the analysis. It has been proved that this district is characterized by high (but insufficient) level of infrastructural endowment and simultaneously by lowest dynamic of investments. The researches have shown that investment expenditures (on the wastewater management and protection of waters) were decreasing on average by 21% annually over the analyzed period. In the same time the infrastructural endowment has grown by 2,1%. It is also stated that the average rate of change of infrastructural indicators was higher before Poland's access to EU. ...
Presented were the results of studies on the level of technical infrastructure development in rural areas of the świętokrzyskie province. Saturation with and accessibility of water supply and sewage disposal systems and road network were considered. Ward method was used to identify uniform groups of objects (communes) and the results were verified using discriminant function analysis. ...
The strength and character of spatial auto-correlation of the value of synthetic level of development of selected technical infrastructure elements functioning in rural areas in the swiętokrzyskie province. The synthetic indicator value was determined on the basis of Hellwig synthetic development measure. The research did not confirm the occurrence of spatial autocorrelation concerning the level of infrastructure development. ...
