Zeszyt: 2008, vol. 5 / 07
Size distribution of the river bed material reflects the character and strength of sediment transport and can be used as a variable denoting stability or instability of the channel bed. This paper presents an estimation of grain-size compositions of bed load along the Słomka stream. These size distributions were determined by the photographic method basing on digital analysis of photos of the bed material surface. It is a sufficiently accurate method to analyze the grain size distribution changes. Results of investigations are illustrated by 14 grain-size distributions. It is also showed that variation of characteristic grain diameters and of characteristic parameters along the stream is compatible to the fluvial processes. In some grain-size compositions a percentage gain of fine grains in material corresponds to the local bank erosion, and the others cases are connected with stabilization of the channel sectors. ...
Industrial wastes are generated in production processes, as well as in wastewater or gases treatment processes. Implementation of more stringent normatives for the levels of wastewater or gases treatment automatically leads to greater amounts of solid waste generated, e.g. as dusts or depositions retained in dust cleaning devices, scrubbers or dirt traps. This paper presents the results of research on possibilities of using hazardous waste (fly ashes from pit-coal combustion and flotation tailings from copper ore mine) as components of solidifying-binding mixture used for neutralizing galvanic sludges in stabilization/solidification technology (S/Z). The effect of hydrated lime on the course of processes of galvanic sludge (G) neutralization is also presented. For the purposes of our experiments two solidifying-binding mixtures were prepared: A, being a compilation of Portland cement (C), fly ashes from pit-coal combustion (PL) and flotation tailings from copper ore mine (OF); and B, where the dose of flotation tailings was reduced by half, with addition of the same amount of hydrated lime (WH). The effectiveness of galvanic sludge stabilization process was evaluated on the basis of measurements of axial compression strength, as well as of chemical analysis of eluates from heavy metals leaching test. ...
Antiflow screens are often used to improve seepage conditions through earth hydrotechnique constructions. Mathematical researches of seepage allowed, during project works, to estimate these construction components efficiency and establish useful variant for protecting safety of new projected and modernized antiflood embankment Odra river at Kozanów. Increase seepage coefficient from 0 to 0.1 md-1 cause flow increase by 15–75% for homogeneous and by 60–200% for anhomogeneous cross-section. Otherwise, increase thickness of earth screen from 0,25 to 1,00 m cause flow decrease by 10-30% for homogeneous and by 30–100% for anhomogeneous cross-section. ...
In the paper the characteristics of the “Gilów” “old”(abandoned) industrial waste disposal are presented. In this facility the copper ore floatation waste has been stored untill 1980. When its use has been concluded and the waste pit abandoned, it underwent total rehabilitation. The environmental impact of this waste disposal was estimated and analysed. Although the waste storage was abandoned from 27 years and from 17 years the technological water is not stored there, the impact of this waste disposal on ground and surface water quality is clear. In an opinion of many naturalists the reclaimed waste disposal serves now as an animal sanctuary. ...
The study presents the characteristics of the catchment of Trzemna (Ciemna) River from the point of view of the likelihood of appearance and migration of biogenes. A climatological, hydrological and soil characteristics was prepared. Agricultural changes as well as changes in the water and sewage management system and waste management were analysed. Basing on the analyses of WIOŚ the author evaluated, among others, the changes in the concentration of total nitrogen, nitrates, total phosphorus and phosphates in the last few years. The changes in the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in the waters of Trzemna River were evaluated, taking into consideration the natural environment, as well as social and economic changes. The water of the Trzemna River, what is characteristic of it, has high phosphorus and nitrogen concentration. The highest concentration of nitrates is marked from January to May, in the period of rich plants growth it lowers visibly. In the cross-section of Szkudła the nitrate nitrogen form dominates, below the reservoir Gołuchów the concentration of organic and ammonium nitrogen raises, in the cross-section of Tursko, which is situated below the sewage drop from the treatment plant in Gołuchów, nitrates are less than 50% of the total nitrogen, noticeably, the ...
Till the late 90-ties of the XXth century the Penman method has been used widely to evaluate the reference evapotranspiration. The ongoing research verified the Penman method and convinced many scientists to look for the modification of his formula, because the calculated values of reference evapotranspiration were too high. Nowadays, the method most frequently used is that of Penman-Monteith. It enables the more accurate evaluation of the atmospheric evaporation ability, therefore it is preferred for the calculation of climatic water balance or drought references. Many modifications of Penman-Monteith method can be found in literature. The authors have analyzed the data from four various regions of Poland and have presented the differences in values of reference evapotranspiration depending on the method of calculation. ...
The field investigations were carried out in a small forest catchment situated in the area of the Krajeńskie Lakeland, in the Lipka Forest District, the Biskupice Forest Range. The catchment covers the area of 182ha; 95% is covered by forests and 5% by arable land and meadows. The field measurements comprised a continuous recording of the course water levels at the Thompson’s overflow and weekly measurements of groundwater levels in ten wells. Construction development was introduced on the area of the watercourse during the conducted research: six damming devices (installations) constant weirs-were constructed there. The annual outflow coefficient from the catchment in focus equals to 0.330. It confirms the necessity of developing the discussed watercourse in order to create the so-called small retention. However, no significant influence was found of the development on the water balance components of the catchment. The influence of the watercourse bank development can be clearly described conducting an analysis of direct runoffs. 14 recorded high water waves were subject to analysis; 6 prior to the development and 8 following it. Each of the waves was described applying Nash’s conceptual model. A constant number of 2 reservoirs in a cascade was assumed. Means of time-constants for ...
In the paper a procedure of parking out a water balance within a waste disposal site other than hazardous (municipal) is presented. An attention is paid to problem of supply of waste disposal site with waters from precipitation and resulting problem of moisture exchange within waste disposal site. It is emphasized a necessity of including in water balance a certain amount of water arising during decomposition processes of deposited wastes, moreover of water separation on pure and polluted one. Attention is paid also to changes in water balance, proceeding as disposal site is filled with wastes. It is related to moisture sorption ability of waste deposit, from which results a certain water capacity of waste mass dependent on share of organic matter in wastes and their size reduction and density, which will determined the leachate infiltration rate into base of waste disposal site. In recapitulation a significance and a complexity of water balancing problem, within a waste disposal site other than hazardous is emphasized, resulting from occurring decomposition and exchanging processes within deposited wastes and also from progressive filling up process of disposal site, thereby condensation of created lump. ...
The verification of the project of designed spillway of Chwalimierz reservoir was the main purpose of conducted research. The Chwalimierz reservoir was designed by Water Service Ltd. in order to protect the valley from flood as well to ensures, water for rural cultivation irrigation. This reservoir is going to be built on Sredzka Woda, and will decrase flood wave in order to protect the city Sroda Slaska. This research was conducted on Water Laboratory at Environmental Engineering Department of Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science. The research was executed using 1:10 scale. The investigation included the hydraulic analyses of spillway especially the verification of the flow rate curve. The water delivery is assembled by inlet chamber with two pipelines (diameter 1000mm) with valves and spillway (3*1,70m) which is located on overfall crest of vertical well. The water from service spillway is carried of to low station channel. The length of it is about 30 m and it is ended with trough. In this paper Authors presents methodology of model research and comparison of theoretical calculation with model research results. The research has confirmed the correctness of assumed design. The small differences between model research and theoretical calculations allow to ...
The idea of the ecological engineering appeared in the 1960 s. Using this term, Howard T. Odum understands the use of natural processes for both humanity and ecosystems benefits. The Odum brothers discovered that the boundary of ecological engineering systems includes the ecosystems that self organize to fit with technology, whereas environmental engineering designs normally stop at the end of the pipe. The paper presents not only the evolution of ecological engineering definition from the point of view of ecological and technical engineering and in the world, european and polish context, but also the progress of this new discipline and application fields. ...
In the paper a new approach of flood damage calculations used for flood risk evaluation is presented. Currently, potential tangible damages considered in risk analysis are replaced by expected damages, which take into consideration not only tangible damages but also intangibles ones. Calculation of expected damages is based on a concept of system vulnerability exposed to flood hazard. It is described in terms of exposure and susceptibility. Also, basis of vulnerability analysis were presented which determine the aspects exposure and susceptibility. The analysis takes into account not only economic relations but also social and ecological relations which are considered within the vulnerability analysis in three respective systems. Relation between risk perception by societies (and their respective representatives) endangered by flood and system vulnerability was characterized. At the end, remarks regarding current approaches of flood damage evaluation were formulated. ...
The Brzeg Dolny Dam functioning since the year 1959 consists of a fivegate weir, sluiceway, powerhouse and a fishpass. The concrete pool pass has 26 chambers separated by vertical cross-walls each with one top notch and one submerged bottom orifice positioned alternately. The bottom of each following chamber, beginning from the inlet, drops by approx. 30 cm. Connection with tailwater is available through 3 entrances one above the other, what enables water supply within a wide range of head- and tailwater levels. Field studies and hydraulic analysis of the pass permitted to estimate its operation effectiveness confronted with the changed water level on the weir from 108.00 m.a.s.l. to 107.50 m.a.s.l. and lowered tailwater level due to river bottom erosion. The study showed that the fishpass sustained its function. This paper also presents recommendations towards the improvement of the pass functioning by its conversion into vertical slot pass and by the use of electric-electronic barriers protecting fishes from getting into turbines and directing them to the pass. ...
In the paper some the most important, characteristic parameters for vegetation density description are presented. The density of vegetation in the river beds is one of the most important parameters that has impact on the flow conditions in the river. The mathematical formulae for flow resistance and water level calculations contain the density of vegetation zone as a parameter. This parameter can be described by various methods. The compact specification of plants parameters is given in the paper. ...
Nowadays, in literature there are a lot of indices and factors designed to assess drought periods and water needs. Indices are presented in different spatial and temporal scale, from regional to global and chiefly are dedicated to agriculture and economy for making decision. Their application mainly depends on target and data availability. Such application imposes methodological approach; it means that obtained results should be comparable for different regions. Therefore drought indices are express as single number related to selected region. Some of them, especially the ones that are simple to calculate, are based only on one feature - precipitation for instance as a difference between total precipitation from investigated period and established norm from multiyear data. Others indices are based on more features as temperature, snow-cover, surface water and groundwater supply etc. Although it is hard to select a prori which index is the most effective, for each region the one that matches the best local environment and climatic conditions should be appointed. The paper presents a survey of indices for drought assessment and the results obtained for selected indices in Nysa Klodzka basin. ...
In this paper application of hydrodynamic model of flow in the channel net is presented. The solutions of these tasks for stationary flow are relatively simple even for complicated geometric systems. Therefore the author has focused on the solution of selected variants for no – stationary flow control. The taken geometric schema is similar to Wroclaw Water System. ...
In a tailings pond of approx. 1400 ha, a hydrotransport system conveys approx. 28 mln mg of flotation waste. Mineral waste is not really harmful to the environment (except for dust emission). What does pose a problem is the environment’s impact on surface and ground water, which is due to high concentration of chlorides, sulfates, sodium and magnesium in the water body. Based on a 10 year monitoring research program, the dynamics of chlorides and sulfates’ concentrations and charges in surface water around the tailings pond will be presented. Characteristic concentrations of surface water as a function of water quality in the tailings pond will also be evaluated. ...
Results of research works carried in two investigative areas are presented in the paper. The first was situated near Power Station and Mine “Turów” (Bogatynia, Działoszyn, Wolanów, Bratków). The second, presenting check group, was situated in central and northern districts of Zgorzelec administrative district (Jerzmanki, Sławnikowice, Łagów, Gronów, Jagodzin). In samples of water, collected for analysis, contents of iron, manganese, lead, cadmium, aluminium, arsenic, zinc, copper, chromium, physical and chemical parameters of groundwater quality such as pH, conductivity, ammonia, nitrates, nitrites, sulphates, phosphates, chlorides, total hardness was determined. It was not affirmed important differences in contents of mentioned components in samples of waters in both investigative areas. Criterion of metals contents allows to include samples of groundwaters for I or II class of quality. Exceptions presents contents of aluminium (III or IV class). Taking into consideration remaining physical and chemical parameters, general estimate of groundwater quality falls out considerably weakly. Samples of water locates in II, III and even V class (Jagodzin). It is caused by increased contents of nitrates, ammonia, manganese, aluminium and arsenic. For this reason samples of waters do not meets conditions for drinking water quality norm. ...
Factors determining water erosion of slopes and standard anti erosion methods were presented. The analyze of erosion control methods applied in North America induced authors to present methods of soil intercepting in favorable sites on the slope. Methods of erosion limiting in a small watershed based on temporary and permanent barriers, sedimentation basins, ponds and small reservoirs were described. Construction of temporary barriers, basins with permeable divisions, ponds and reservoirs with tower and emergency outlet were presented. ...
The execution of work in hydro-engineering and land reclamation takes place in difficult conditions, because of the presence of water, the variety and changeability of conditions, the changes of the work-stands and work-fronts, the seasonal employment of the workers, the necessary of interference in the environment. This attributes result in appearing of different risk types. In this paper we present the identification and description of factors generating the unpunctuality of work execution. These factors are presented on a Ishikawa diagram. These are: management of investment process, organization and technology of work, machines, workers, building materials. These factors were divided in subfactors which are the sources of breach of contract of the time limit realization. These subfactors are: insufficiency of funds, absence of modern technologies, high work costs, seasonality and special requirements of work execution, necessity of nature protection in the water-course bed, incomplete dates of work quantity, absence of standard work time, planning using method with sequence work execution, planning of the work execution by deterministic methods, difficult selection of machine parameters, variety and changeability of work field, using of alternative schemes, inconvenient weather conditions, limited accessibility to the work-station, technical and organization breaks, tough and dangerous work conditions, deficiency ...
Results of investigation of structure of purple willow have been presented in the paper. Bushes were created manually and consist set of single branch of purple willow. It allows to represent variability of bushes structure growing on flood planes. Evaluation of bushes concentration were done by direct measurements. Hemispherical photos also were done. Results coming from analysis of concentration of bushes indicate possibility of using this method in field investigations of bushes structure. ...
In this paper, the data from DFO ((http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/) was used to evaluate recurring floods in Europe between 1985 and 2007. In last 22 years the number of floods in Europe increased approximately five times. The dynamics of factors representing an average flood in Europe shows a negative trends, at least, as far as number of victims and economic loss is concerned. This may be a sign that the population got used and adapted to this cataclysmic event. The flood forecasting is more and more precise and get to endangered people on time. In the overall picture, one should also consider the improved skills of rescue teams. ...
Every water-course is a complicated system which consists of technical and natural elements. The number of these elements and the connections between them are little-known. The aim of the studies was to evaluate the effect of chosen system elements on the aquatic plant communities on the bottom. Longitudinal profile, bottom width, watercourse depth, substrate, level of bed silting, inclination of the slopes, slope protection and the time from the last interference in watercourse’s bed (regulation, maintenance works) were the chosen system elements. The basis of this paper were field studies, which were carried out in 13 small lowland watercourses in the Lower Silesia during the vegetation season in year 2007. For estimating the results of the studies, the rough sets theory was used. On this basis the hierarchy of the influence of elements of the water-course’s bed on the makrophyten communities was determined. ...
