The article presents some results of investigations and prognostic studies of the Institute of Buildings Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture (IBMER) on the future model of agriculture and agricultural engineering resulting from Common Agricultural Policy implementation and pro-ecological effect on the multifunctional development of agriculture and rural areas. Initiated process of technological modernization of developing family farms and large commodity farms is associated with promoted transfer from traditional and intensive systems of agricultural production to sustainable, organic and precision systems of agriculture. A systematic influence of the scientific progress on the effectiveness of plant and animal production was observed as constantly diminishing family commodity farms. Further technological progress, diminishing of accumulated energy consumption and unit agricultural production costs will stimulate development of about 400 thous farms and producer groups able to compete on food markets. It was also found that considering the agricultural production sustainability, integrated by the multifunctional rural development, energy saving and environmental protection in rural areas, science and technology face increasingly serious tasks. These among other include judging and harmonizing interests of agri- and food producers with ecological requirements connected with soil, water, air, forest and other environment protection. It must be decided whether agrochemicals should be ...
The paper outlines problems of rural areas shaping in the EU against the background of permanent and sustainable development concept. The principles and several steps of common agricultural policy, structural and regional policies have been characterized. It has been stated that these policies are strictly bound with each other and they are subject to evolution. Agricultural policy bases on the price – income policy and structural policy stimulation, structural policy concerns the influence on production factors assisting changes in rural areas, and regional policy stimulates reorganization of agriculture, multifunctional development of rural areas and diminishing of negative differences between regions. The aim of these activities is the creation of value and economically sustainable position of rural areas, especially as an environment for living, working, recreation in natural conditions, as well as positive development of agricultural structures. In the last decades the UE gained intrinsic progress in the LFA reduction – which especially concerns the regions of Ireland and Portugal. Sustainable shaping of environment and rural land management is being implemented by the system of spatial planning, in the range of agricultural land management, village renewal and ecological – landscape planning. The concept of sustainable and permanent development, which finds its ...
The field investigations were carried out in a small forest catchment situated in the area of the Krajenskie Lakeland, in the Lipka Forest District, the Biskupice Forest Range. The catchment covers the area of 182ha; 95% is covered by forests and 5% by arable land and meadows. The field measurements comprised a continuous recording of the course water levels at the Thompson’s overflow and weekly measurements of groundwater levels in ten wells. Construction development was introduced on the area of the watercourse during the conducted research: six damming devices (installations) constant weirs-were constructed there. The sums of precipitation and indices of high water stages were calculated on the basis of direct measurements. Daily evapotranspiration was calculated according to Konstantinow method, and next its monthly and annual sums were calculated. Changes in storage levels were calculated on the basis of the groundwater levels measurements. The hydrological year 2004/2005 is an average one considering the annual atmospheric precipitation sum, as well as mean annual air temperature; the values are in the adequate intervals of 90–100% of the multi-annual mean values. The annual outflow coefficient from the catchment in focus equals to 0.330. It confirms the necessity of developing the discussed watercourse in ...
The river channels exploitation leads directly and indirectly to they river training. The usual consequences of that is a dramatic change of river dynamics. Thus in the studies – especially field studies – which can show the better explanation of river forming channel and river processes are the key elements when one intends to talk about river renaturalization and river rehabilitation. In the following paper the results of investigations of morphological changes within the outlet of sand-gravel river are presented just after the bankfull. Also the granulomerty of the considered river channel material was taken into account. On the base of very detailed field survey done along a mouth unit part of the Raba River situated in front of Polish Carpathians, the authors provided the analysis of morphological and granulometric changes of the river bed and channel. Under the consideration the authors took river bed forms, ricer bed armoring and sub-pavement granulomentry as well as river geometry of the particular cross-sections. Work was done (and is continued) within the years 2005-2006 but only the data from 2005 year are presented here. It was fund that along the research channel many new so called riffle and pool sequences are present as ...
The article presents general principles of the method of calculations distances of ground from habitations based on a numeric map. Filipowice village in Małopolska district was chosen as an example for presentiation of calculation. The village consists of over 12 thousands land plots and about 500 agricultural holdings. The procedures concerning with shortest route from habitations to plots were discussed in more detail. Access from habitation was described in a form of graph including road's network and drives within the complexes. The route of drive from habitation to plots was defined as the shortest path between graph's knots. The process of determining the distance between a household dwelling and plots that form it comprises the following steps: making a list of necessary initial data to be collected from a digital map and a land cadastre; preparing files required to create a graph of driveways between a given parcel and a particular farm holding site; developing the prepared graph of driveways; and, finally, determining the shortest access driveway to the parcel under consideration. Using specific computer software developed, it is possible to make automatic the majority of time- and labour-consuming works indispensable for determining the possible access driveways to parcels, and ...
Noise is one of the most popular environmental pollution. Long-standing residence in noisy areas can cause discomfort, problems with sleeping, neurosis, etc. Because of moving sources and increasing the number of routs, communicative noise is drudging on the huge areas. The level of noise emitted depends on the number of vehicles, as well as their types, speed and technical condition and also the type of routs pavement. Propagation of acoustic waves in the roadside area is stipulated by sound's source energy as well as characteristics of the emitter. Forest ecotone zones and roadside afforestation constitute a certain ecological filter buffering contaminations generated by traffic. Trees and shrubs growing in the vicinity of routs are able to reflect as well as absorb noise. They can form natural acoustic screen. The paper presents an assessment of the propagation of communicative noise on the forestry areas by analysis of variance. Researchers were carried out in the forest area, urban and park forests. Evaluation of noise propagation was conducted in January and July 2006. The measurements’ intensity of noise was interpreted according to model three-factor linear model as well as two-factor linear model. Measuring points were located in different distances away from the crown ...
The principles of the European Union's programme for developing rural areas aim at: increasing the productivity of agriculture; providing agricultural people with a proper standard and level of living; stabilizing agricultural and food product markets. To achieve those targets and goals, special legal, marketing, supportive and financial tools are applied. The pro-ecological trend in the development of rural areas presses us into improving the conditions and state of our natural environment through the elimination of unfavourable phenomena. One of the measures is to support ecological (also known as organic) agriculture because its potential, as well as the continuously growing demand for organic food products are not sufficiently utilized so far; thus the promotion of ecological agriculture should absolutely be a priority. Poland's access to EU stimulated the realization of those basic principles of the UE programme, which refer to the development of agriculture. The principles in question assumed that measures and activities focused on some key objectives should be jointly financed. Those objectives are as follows: - improving natural environment through the elimination of unfavourable phenomena, protecting & preserving culture and nature-landscape values, as well as motivating & stimulating the development of retarded regions; - making the policy of economic ...
The paper covers research on groundwater level depth dynamics in unevenaged forest stands of swamp habitats as influenced by meteorological conditions (air temperature and rainfall). The research period comprised hydrological years 2002–2005 with 7 experimental plots examined. The area of investigation was located in Puszcza Zielonka ca 6 km NE of Poznań. Variability of groundwater levels, especially at shallow water locations, tends to show cyclic regularity, modulated for particular years by irregularity of weather conditions – mainly the precipitation and temperature, but physiographical features such as soil, vegetation, drainage network, water bodies, surface relief affect water conditions significantly nevertheless as a exclusively modulating factor. The results of the research prove the main effect of air temperature and precipitation on pattern of groundwater level dynamics in forest swamp habitats as a general regularity. The above mentioned conclusion supports additionally the results of recent research on climatic water balance for the area of experimental plots location. Anyway, the question arises about no expected distinction in groundwater level depth between the extreme years as far as precipitation is concerned (the years 2003, 2002 and 2005). No groundwater level dynamics decrease along with increase of groundwater level depth observed was another irregularity. Probably significant, ...
The study determined the influence of microirrigation (microjet sprinkling and drip irrigation) and organic fertilization (compost prepared on the base of sewage sludge) on growing vigour and degree of mycorrhiza of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings as well as occurrence of soil mites (Acari) after treatment of edafon inoculation. Two-year (2004–2005) field experiments were carried out in forest nursery at Białe Błota, Forest Inspectorate of Bydgoszcz. Investigations were conducted on a brown podzolic soil formed from loose sandy soil. The first order factor was irrigation used in three treatments: without irrigation (control), drip irrigation, microjet sprinkling. The second order factor was fertilization, used in two variants: mineral fertilization (standard applied in forest nurseries), organic fertilization (compost). The plot area was 4 m2 and contained 4 rows (4m length) of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. Total number of plots in each experiment was 24 (3 x 2 x 4). Organic fertilizer was produced on the base of sewage sludge (80%) and highmoor peat (20%). This fertilizer was spread in spring (dose: 100 t · ha-1) and mixed with the topsoil (10 cm deep) before establishing of exact field experiments. Introduction of edaphon consisted in the mixing of topsoil (2 ...
By using the synthetic index this dossier represents a trial to identify the living standards of populations in agricultural parts of swietokrzyskie voivodeship. The construction of this index is based on surveying elements describing different human needs. The selection of surveying elements was dictated by quite a limited collection of accessable statistics data. However preliminary characteristics (using only a few elements) indicates various differences in living standards of analysed population. Translating this data, the standard of living for human being can be categorised into needs and activities; those needs must be met to a satisfactory level. In the research internal and external factors of living standard are taken into consideration. In the dossier lots of attention is focused on internal factors such as housing, communal and social infrustructure and population problem. The researched area is a part of Malopolska Upland in south-east of Poland. Kielecko-Sandomierska Upland with Swietokrzyskie Mountains (Holy Cross Mountains), Niecka Nidzianska and Przedborska Upland are the three makroregions which are parts of Malopolska Upland. The analysed voivodeship is subdivided into 102 communes (gminy), 13 counties (powiaty) and 1 city county (powiat grodzki). Calculated index of living standards in swietokrzyskie voivodeship comprises between 0.62 to 1.90. The carried ...
The article discusses development of rural technical infrastructure elements with particular regard to water supply infrastructure and sanitation. Addressed were the issues of financing this type of investments and the limit of financial means from the European Union funds utilization for these purposes. Financial means provided by the European Union have been utilized to various degree for financing investments in rural water supply and sanitation infrastructure in various provinces. In 2005 the community means constituted in Poland 20.7% of the total expenditure on financing this type of investments. The greatest share was registered in the świętokrzyskie (37.6%), lubuskie (36.5%) and warmińsko-mazurskie (35.5%) provinces, whereas the lowest in the mazowieckie and opolskie provinces (10% in each) and in the pomorskie (11.1%). Considering rural water supply systems in 2005, podlaskie province proved the most active, lubuskie province invested most in the collective sewer systems, whereas the podkarpackie province in collective sewage treatment plants. The share of the European Union funds in the expenditure on household sewage treatment plants and municipal landfill sites remains on a marginal level. The European Union Programmes aiming at supporting technical infrastructure development in rural areas, to a great extent responded to these areas needs concerning investment outlays ...
The most serious barrier in the development of extra-agricultural activity in rural areas is the poor level of the development of both technical and social infrastructure in the country. Increase in outlays on the development of technical infrastructure in the first half of the 1990s contributed in many regions of Poland to the development of comparatively new tourist service offered by individual farmers in their own farms, called agricultural tourism and rural tourism. The development of tourist services in rural areas in Poland, should be conformable with regional strategies of the development, because, as the example of the European Union countries shows, agricultural tourism and rural tourism not only stimulates the development of regional infrastructure, but at the same time it favours the preservation of old relics of rural architecture and development of economic initiatives in rural areas. Świętokrzyskie voivodship is one of the viovodships in which the rural areas are of great importance. These areas are inhabited by more than half of the population and the issues concerning them are among the most important questions. Very essential are demographic problems, of which especially the worsening of the age structure which is the consequence of the drop of the natural ...
Biological methods have always played an important role in sludge treatment technology. Biological treatment may be conducted in various ways, in many cases as activated sludge method. Currently the processes and factors affecting efficient elimination of pollutants from municipal wastes have been relatively well identified. On the other hand the situation is different for industrial sludges. Efficiency of industrial sludge treatment plant depends mainly on physicochemical properties of sludge inflowing from individual enterprises. The work aimed at identification of sugar industry waste composition in view of its susceptibility to the processes of biological treatment, mainly removal of nitrogen compounds. The subject research was conducted in a laboratory model of bioreactor composed of an anoxic chamber where the denitrification process was conducted and aerated tank with a built-in secondary settlement tank in which nitrification process was taking place. Analyzed were sugar-mill wastes supplied from a factory and sewage treated in the analyzed model. Conditions in both chambers of the model treatment plant were monitored during the investigations. Activity of the activated sludge and the course of nitrification and denitrification processes were determined using OUR, AUR and NUR tests. The analyses have revealed that sugar wastes composition is variable in time and ...
The influence of sprinkler irrigation and four nitrogen fertilization doses on the height of true millet cv. ‘Gierczyckie’ was determined in a field experiment carried out in the years 2005–2006 on a very light soil at Kruszyn Krajeński near Bydgoszcz. The soil in horizon 0–50 cm was characterized by field water capacity 57 mm, useful retention 43 mm and effective useful retention 30 mm only. The experiments were run in a split-plot system with three replications. Two different factors were compared. The first row factor – irrigation, was used in the two following treatments: Wo – without irrigation (control), W1 – sprinkler irrigation according to tensiometer indications (-0,03 MPa). The second row factor – differentiated nitrogen fertilization, was used in the four following variants (doses): N0 = 0 kg N ha -1, N1 = 40 kg N ha -1, N2 = 80 kg N ha -1, N3 = 120 kg N ha -1. Water requirements of true millet were estimated as optimal rainfall amounts for this crop, according to Klatt and Press proposals. Mean - for two seasons - water needs of true millet (since May 1 to August 31) amounted 278 and 294 mm, for Klatt and Press proposals, ...
mechanical-biological sewage treatment plat type ECOLO-CHEF located in commune Spytkowice. The object with project in flow sewers 300 m3·d-1, working on method of low loud active sludge with oxygen stabilization of excessive sediment. Including of sewage-system in commune Spytkowice take 12,4 km. With sewagesystem of using 1303 residents. Actual percent sewage-system is very small and take 13,8%. The research included sewers in flow to sewage treatment plant and clean sewers out flow in river from 01.01.2005 to 31.12.2005 years. The opinion of efficiency of sewage treatment plant matter went to reduction of five choice indexes of pollution i.e. BOD5, COD, total suspension, total nitrogen and total phosphates. The research proved that in flow to sewage of values individuals parameters depart from typical values in sewage from people. Affirmed low of value total suspension (120,28 mg·dm-3) compare with value 375 mg·dm-3 and BOD5 (225,25 mgO2·dm-3) compare with value 300 mgO2·dm-3 announcing in literature. Value of individual pollution in clean sewage with the exception of total phosphates, was far less from values in legislative documentation for sewage treatment plant. In total phosphates affirmed in half analysis exceed permissible of value 2,5 mgPog·dm-3. Permissible of value was exceed on average 62,8%. Exceed of ...
Forest communication network consists mainly of dirt roads. Acute technical problems with forest roads occur especially for these dirt road which are constructed on cohesive topsoil. Lignite fly-ash may be utilized for successful stabilization of cohesive topsoil dirt roads. Under heavy loads the pavements stabilized with fly-ash often perform unsatisfactorily and as a result failures are noted. The aim of research described in this paper was to develop technical solution for reconstruction of road pavements constructed with admixture of fly-ash and fly-ashslug respectively. Bearing strength variability of fly-ash-soil and fly-ash-slag-soil mixes after failure were considered The mixes crushed then re-compacted with addition of stabilizer as influenced by period and conditions of setting were tested. The stabilizers utilized for the test were both active fly-ash of lignite group IIIC acquired from Konin mining region and coke blast furnace slag. Two kinds of mixtures were tested. These were sandy clay mixed with addition of 14 % lignite fly-ash and the mixture of 10 % lignite fly-ash and 10% furnace slag respectively. The samples were crashed and re-compacted after 14 and 42-day period of curing in optimal and air-dump conditions. After sample curing bulk modules were measured with the utilization of VSS press. ...
The article presents the results of water consumption analysis by two groups of users connected to the waterworks in Jordanów. The first group included 33 one-family constructions (detached houses) consisted of families with 1–8 persons, the second included 20 households of multifamily constructions (blocks of flats), that consisted of 1-7 persons. Water consumption was measured on the basis of the water meters readings, in two to four months intervals (53 to 125 days) in detached houses and in months’ intervals (28 to 33 days) in blocks of flats. The testing cycle lasted over three years (from 08.03.2002 to 30.06.2006) in the case of the one-family constructions and over two years (from 24.01.2004 to 26.06.2006) in the case of the multifamily constructions. The highest converted average daily water consumption for the detached house (containing 5 people) in the analyzed period was 597,70 dm3·d-1. It showed the 97,5% difference from the average value, which in this type of buildings amounts amounted 302,69 dm3·d-1. In the blocks of flats (multifamily constructions) the maximum converted average daily water consumption was 484,67 dm3·d-1 (with 7 people in the building). It varied a lot from the average value for this type of buildings, which amounted 245,97 ...
The paper presents results of direct investigations of water consumption conducted for the period of one year in two rural households in the villages of Włostowice and Stanisławice in the malopolskie province. The first analyzed household had a typically farmer character, whereas the second one was a typical urban household. Both household used exclusively tap water, discharged their domestic sewage into the combined sewer system and were characterized by similar standard furnishing in water supply and sewage disposal appliances. The conducted analysis of water consumption rate revealed lower water consumption by a rural household in comparison with the other of urban character, despite the fact that the first consisted of a higher number of inhabitants and was running plant and animal production. Mean water consumption per convertible inhabitant over the whole period of investigations in this household was 86.1dm3· PM-1·d-1, whereas at Stanisławice household it amounted to 129.91dm3· PM-1·d-1. Irregularity of water intake confirmed so called weakly cycle. The largest water consumption by both households was registered on Saturday and the lowest on Tuesday. On all days of the week, except Tuesday, water consumption by the household in Stanisławice was the higher than by the Włostowice household. Two peaks in ...
