Zeszyt: 2006, vol. 3 / 3 / 2
Problems of correct procedure of waste handling, their economic utilization and minimizing their harmful environmental effect belong to the most important issues of natural environment protection. Poland, which entered the socio-economic structures of the European Union in May 2004 must confront this problem through adjusting its waste management legislation including also the problems of municipal waste deposition. A failure to observe the EU provisions is connected with financial penalties. Therefore the work aims to present the most important elements of development of municipal waste management history from the viewpoint of waste deposition, discuss the most important aspects of municipal waste deposition and characterize the situation of municipal waste disposal in the malopolskie province. Only one municipal waste disposal technology, i.e. deposition has been presented in the paper because this particular technology poses the gravest hazards to the natural environment and moreover currently is has been the most popular in Poland. This form of waste disposal has been ascribed a great importance, especially because of the site selection. The development and current situation of legislation on municipal waste deposition were presented. The most important issues of waste deposition were addressed, and the situation of municipal waste disposal in the malopolskie province ...
Roof is one of the main parts of a building constituting an assembly of components covering the top part of the building and protecting it from precipitations, wind and temperature fluctuations [Żeńczykowski 1976]. A roof is usually composed of a supporting structure and covering [Fuks 1971]. The supporting structure may be made of wooden, reinforced concrete or steel elements [Rycąbel 1971]. Roofs on rural buildings are most frequently wooden constructions. The roof covering is the outer layer of the roof directly covering the building top. The roof coverage is usually composed of two layers: the ground beam and insulating layer. The ground beam may be boards (rarely used now) or scantlings. The aim of the work was to present the most frequently used constructions of roofs and their coverage systems in rural buildings, their technical condition and tendencies in this respect. The examples were three gminas from the malopolskie province: Raciechowice, Łącko and Alwernia. The Author’s own field work results were used in the paper and data collected by students for their Master theses prepared under the author’ supervision. The investigations comprised: 64 agricultural holdings from the Raciechowice gmina, where every 20th holding was randomly chosen from the Agricultural Holdings ...
Determining infrastructural potential of a municipality is possible by measuring a number of diagnostic features describing this potential in the municipality – the number of these variables depends mainly on the purpose of the analysis. 13 variables considered as diagnostic were used in this paper to illustrate diversification of agricultural infrastructure of farms on the municipality level. The set of these variables marks a point in the multidimensional space, which is characteristic for each investigated object but differentiating objects among themselves. The potential was estimated on the basis of synthetic measure of development which is an aggregate of diagnostic features. The computed synthetic index reduces multidimensional data to a single number and replaces the point in the multidirectional space by a point on an axis in one-dimensional space. The goal of the article is to show if the picture of a population of municipalities in their many dimensions and original shape seen through synthetic coefficient is similar to the original and whether the obtained one-dimensional distance properly reflects distances in the initial space of the studied infrastructure potential. In the presented work the information quality provided by the synthetic coefficient computed for the studied districts has been analysed using multidimensional ...
The content of paper is assessment the technical infrastructure and biological construction state round water reservoir Domaniów. It was found that technical infrastructure round water reservoiris well developed. Made 20 km pipe line water, 30,7 km sewerage to all localities. Built sewage treatmen plant, modernization of water station and same pump stations. Introduced biological construction again abrasion does not give good results. Development trees and shrub was weak and many plants did not live trough by reason of devastation from people and not good soil condition. Therefore biological construction is too little effectives in protection the banks of water reservoir against abrasion. The 2005 year about 150 m (runing metre) was devastated by abrasion. Improvement of the road infrastructure is very need round the water reservoir because their present state is insuitable. According to our observations and researches we think, that the development of technical infrastructure round water reservoir Domaniów is satisfa ctory and biological construction unsatisfactory. ...
Self-government organization started their chase after funds for infrastructural investments already several years ago. Each year a growing number of selfgovernments use the EU money accessible from various programmes and preaccession funds. However, their importance has grown since 2003 owing to radically increased amount of funding allocated for investments carried out by selfgovernments from means of coherence funds and equalization funds targeting particularly rural areas. The highest increase, exceeding 500 per cent was registered in rural minicipalities. More importantly not only the amount of obtained means increased but primarily the number of self-governments using the subsidies. The most serious hazard is connected with a group of municipalities which do not get any subsidies. It is due to problems they have with providing their own financial input, necessary for project application. No subsidies can be obtained if municipalities do not declare their own contribution. This leads to the outcomes contrary to the assumptions of the EU cohesion policy. Its main objective is equalizing development of all regions and not strengthening or increasing the differences. The analysis was conducted to seek correlations between the rate of development of infrastructure in the rural areas and selected budget ratios characterizing financial conditions of municipalities. ...
Investigations were conducted to analyse the relationships between the level of multifunctional rural development and the quality of these areas environment. The studies were carried out on the basis of statistical materials obtained from 97 municipalities of the świętokrzyskie province. The crucial point of the work was an application of canonical analysis which is a generalization of multiple regression analysis. A significant statistical dependence was found between the level of multifunctional development and the quality of the investigated rural areas environment described by three canonical variables. These variables explain 38% of variances of multifunctional development variables sets at given variables of environment quality. The computed value of variance is not satisfactory. Therefore it is necessary to carry out changes concerning the kind and number of indices of both multifunctional development and the environment quality. Due to multivariate character of the analysed sets of variables, canonical analysis is the correct method allowing for objective study of conditions of rural areas development. ...
The authors attempt to apply the Leontief’s interindustry flow model to demonstrate and determine the risk of not working of connected elements of technical infrastructure in individual area, without pointing to its kind (rural or municipal area). They determine the unfitness notion according to Leontief. Following a brief but adequate description of the method and defining the system alternative, the Authors solve two numerical examples providing the necessary mathematical apparatus which may be used in practice. ...
The article addresses the most important issues of the mass service theory (queuing theory) useful for organization of municipal waste transfer stations. In modern waste management transfer stations (temporary waste deposition sites) are a most important issue, since they influence the way of waste transport to further distances and at lower costs. All elements composing the transfer station are interrelated by a technological process. The work aims highlight a potential utilization of queuing theory as a tool make more efficient the work at a transfer station. Examples of queues which happen at transfer stations were analyzed to illustrate the problem. Hypothetical data were used for computations. The article presents also the most important terms connected with transfer stations and an outline of queuing theory in its queuing theory in its aspect serviceable in the organization of work at municipal waste transfer stations. The input data assumed for the project, comprised mainly the waste quantity produced in the subsequent years of the transfer station operation (15-20 years), mean generated wastes (kg per person per day), the area serviced by the station (the number of inhabitants), mean rate of waste generation (tone per day) and also data pertaining to the current operation ...
Waste management is one of the main priorities of the state ecological policy. Therefore the law on wastes which came into force in 2001 estabishes the terms of waste management to guarantee protection of human life and health, but also to ensure protection of the natural environment according to the rule of sustainable development. Pursuant to the act, plans of waste management were developed at each level of public administration. According to these plans wastes were divided into two main groups: wastes generated in the municipal sector and in the economic sector. A quantitative analysis of municipal wastes was conducted in the paper by comparing the amounts estimated on the basis of indices of generating waste streams with real waste quantity collected in 5 rural districts of the malopolskie province. The analysis revealed that estimated amounts of wastes fluctuated between 812.5 and 1614.3 Mg∙year-1, whereas the quantities of collected wastes ranged between 180.5 and 580.8 Mg∙year-1.The difference between the estimated and real amount in these districts was on average 986.2 Mg ∙year-1. Similar divergences were observed while analyzing unit amounts of wastes per one inhabitant. The value computed on the basis of indices was 223.59 kg∙M-1∙year-1, which in comparison with ...
Two methods of assessment of the effectiveness of sewage treatment plant operationwere presented in the paper: first one – with the use of the reliability theory, and second one, with the use of the statistical quality control process by means of control charts. The analysis was carried out in a sewage treatment plant located in the village of Rokiciny Podhalańskie. The sewage treatment plant works in the A2/O system. The evaluation of effectiveness of the sewage treatment was made for the following pollutants: BOD, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. The analysis showed the proper work of the sewage treatment plant for BOD and total phosphorus. The calculated reliability level were 93,3% and more than 99,9%. For total nitrogen the reliability level was lower: more than 46% for empirical distribution and more than 37% for normal distribution. This was caused by the character of inflow sewage. The analysis of control chart showed the stable work in reducting organic pollutants, and in spring and summer period unstable work for ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus. Only once a disturb of process effectiveness of total nitrogen changes caused probably by inflow of storm water to the sewage system was observed. ...
The evaluation of the influence of operation time the efficiency of on effectiveness sewage treatment process in a Lemna sewage treatment plant is presented in the paper. The basis for the evaluation included the study of the physical and chemical inflow of sewage to the treatment plant and outflow to the river, realized in years 1998–2000 and repeated in years 2004-2005. The research covered sewage temperature, pH, oxygen concentration, BOD5, total suspended solids, ammonia nitrogen and phosphates. The analysis showed an increase of hydraulic load at sewage treatment plant from 75% in years 1998–2000 to projected 100% (150 m3∙d-1) in years 2004–2005. Also, an increase was observed of concentrate pollutants in inflow sewage for following parameters: total suspended solids, ammonia nitrogen and phosphates. The increase of hydraulic load and pollutants load was caused by deterioration of the quality outflow sewage but for organic pollutants (BOD5 – average 24,6 mgO2∙dm-3) and total suspended solids (average – 26,4 mg∙dm-3), for which the discharge met the demands of water supply and sewage. Permission the increase of quantity of the sewage sludge on bottom ponds was caused by deterioration of quality outflow sewage in the analyzed sewage treatment plant. The anaerobic process in sewage ...
Water surrounds us, it is the essential component of all living organisms and all the life on earth is inevitably connected with it. From times immemorial people used to settle close to water reservoirs (rivers, streams or lakes) aiming to have water resources and natural protection against attacks or wars, as well as abundance of food (fish). Only later paths joining subsequent villages changed into roads, small settlements became towns, which later turned into large city agglomerations which we know today. On the scale of Poland there are only several cities which are not situated close to rivers. These are: Katowice, Kielce, Koszalin, Leszno, Łódź, Radom, Siedlce and Wałbrzych. As far as their history is concerned these are relatively young cities and their establishment was conditioned by other factors. Currently they face grave problems of water deficiency. In cities the problem of water supply concerns mainly its purity, but in rural areas it is connected with considerable capital consumption because of greatly dispersed holdings. Formerly water had to be carried into houses in pots and subsequently a technical progress made possible its supply directly to households. This caused a rapid increase in water consumption. Further development through increasing the number ...
Slovak villages have increasingly tended to create civic and regional associations. The endeavours to integrate originate in specific and complex mixture of local needs and interests united on the base of economic (e.g. profile of economic activities, distance of the settlements from the centre), social (e.g. similarity in social structure or employment) or cultural (e.g. cultural features, similarities in material signs of culture and language) qualities. The pragmatic leitmotif for an establishment of regional associations is knowledge that larger, institutionally based territorial entity, which links-up several settlements, is able to enforce interests of particular villages more efficiently. Simultaneously it facilitates an access to information and finances for the projects of rural development of the structural funds of European Union. The paper analyses regional activities and initiatives looking at the Western Slovak micro-region demarcated by the villages which in 1997 created the voluntary regional association SOTDUM (the Association of the Villages of the Topoľčiansko- Duchonský Micro-region) following their geographical closeness and jointly articulated regional needs. Using available quantitative data but especially qualitative ethnographic research the author tries to map intraregional conditions in relation to hierarchy and discontinuity in development of settlements. This discontinuity originates in differing administrative conditions for settlement and ...
Erosion processes apart from distruction of upper layer of soil, influences morphology and hydrology of streams. Devastation of upper soil layer decreases basin retention what increases surface runoff, flood discharges and decreases low flows. Particularly bad damages in mountains basins are caused by heavy rains that have local extent but are very violent. The Wielka Puszcza basin is located on two natural regions: Podkarpacie Właściwe and Beskid Mały that belong to the Karpaty district. The basin area amounts 19,30 km2. Density of hydrographical network is 1,60 km⋅km-2, slope index 0,3102. Mean height attaines 507,5 m npm. The basin has forestry degree 81,65%, and indicator of forestry development 0,87. In the investigated basin prevail slopes above 30% (62,1%) and 20-30% (20,7%). It is lack of slopes of 0- 3%. The mean slope of the basin is 25,47%. In land use prevail forests (81,65%). There is 16,54% of arable lands, and grasslands cover 1,81% of the area. The cross sections of the channel and discharge intensity curves before flood and after flood that took place on 28 August 2005 were presented. Disasterous flows caused significant cross section area, lowering channel bottom of about 0,5 m. The change of flow intensity curve took ...
The paper presents an assessment of the influence of biological conditions for farming in selected agricultural districts on the quantity of basic and specialist means of production on farms described by many authors as agricultural infrastructure of these farms. The conditions of crucial importance for the method and results of farming are the indices of soil agronomic usability, size and agrarian structure and other natural conditions, e.g. agroclimate, area relief and aspect, water conditions, etc. Spatial analysis comprises spatial distribution of agricultural infrastructure potential as a synthetic index of development and subsequently, considering this index as a measure of development, determining a portion of groups similar considering soil quality and other biological conditions of agricultural management (spatial evaluation index). For comparison, technical infrastructure of agricultural holdings was characterized using aggregated synthetic index of many diagnostic features, whose construction bases on Hellwig development measure. Data for the analysis were taken from the results of Agricultural Census 2002 and data on agronomic usability of soils and biological framing conditions supplied by IUNG at Puławy. Proper technical infrastructure of agricultural holdings is one of more important factors affecting the character of agriculture. In many cases the infrastructure on farms of Polish villages is ...
