Zeszyt: 2006, vol. 3 / 3 / 1
The paper outlines place and role of various kinds of land melioration and reclamation in the counteraction of negative results of grounds degrading processes. The system of works serving land reform consists of: water meliorations, agrotechnical meliorations and fitomeliorations (the so called agricultural meliorations), forest and antierosion meliorations (the so called special meliorations) and land reclamation. The identification of land reform operations on the background of their systematics has been done, basing on: type of works, aim of operations, character of operations and their technology. Basing on the five groups of essential reform operations (regulation of: land cover, relief, water conditions, improvement and restoration of soils, as well as treeplanting, shrub-planting, sodding) – -the degree of complexity of separate types of works has been estimated – distinguishing four categories: one-group category (separate types of agricultural meliorations), two-group category (anti-erosion meliorations), three-group category (forest meliorations) and complex category (land reclamation – comprising all 5 groups). The place of land reclamation in the system of reform operations has been estimated, among others by statement, that it constitutes the collection of various operations serving degraded lands restitution. Then, the range of reform works in the six basic land reclamation directions has been defined. ...
Ground-cement composites are commonly used in public road foundations constructed also in forested areas. Layers of cement stabilized ground are utilized in road construction as improved basement soil or basic foundation. Compacted cementground composite layers are independently utilized as road surfaces, surfaces of fire emergency airports, manoeuvre areas,forest car parks, wood depots and peat-lands surfaces in forest road construction. A relatively low percentage of the binder brings about a fairly high permeability of the utilized cement-ground and makes it more susceptible to flaking and cracking, as well as inflitration by precipitation water. The cements contain, apart from Portland clinker, other non-clinker mineral components, mainly industrial refuse. The source of chemical pollution of the cement binders may originate from materials and substitute fuel (e.g. industrial and domestic refuse). The general objective of the project was to evaluate the influence of cementground composite road foundations on the roadside ecotone zones in the fresh mixed broadleaved forest. The carried out investigationsaimed at recognizing the process of washing out of chemical compounds from foundations depending upon the applied cement and condition of the foundation. Five types of different cements with a different share of non-clinker components (fly-ashes and blast furnace slags) were used for ...
Determined were the volume of river sediment captured in a water reservoir at Wilcza Wola on the Łęg river. The water reservoir with 3.86 mln m3 capacity was put into operation in 1989. Silting measurements were performed after 10, 13 and 14 years of operation. Computed reservoir silting ratio were respectively: 13.08%, 15.79% and 16.20%. Samples of bottom deposits were collected to determine their physical and chemical properties. Determining of heavy metal concentrations may provide a basis for the sediment quality assessment and their potential applications in the environment after extracting from the reservoir bottom. Contents of harmful substances assessed in the sediments were compared with limit values permissible by the decrees of the Minister of Natural Environment Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry guidelines and criteria suggested in the foreign literature of the subject. The sediments from the water reservoir at Wilcza Wola are characterized by a low content of heavy metals. According to the Decree on soil quality standards [Joural of Laws, No.65, item 1359] none of the values established for the studied elements were exceeded. According to German guidelines threshold values of heavy metal concentrations in bottom deposits are between twice and thrice higher than those obtained in ...
The Wielkopolski National Park is located in the mid-part of the Warta river basin, in central part of Wielkopolska region, near Poznań city. The area is placed in the western part of the Wielkopolska-Mazovian climatic region. The natural landscape is of glacial type of Pleistocene and Holocene formation. Scot pine (Pinus silvestris) is the dominant species but also Common oak (Quercus robur), Silver birch (Betula pendula), alder (Alnus glutinosa) and Red beech (Fagus silvatica) are present there. The predominant habitats are: fresh broadleaved forest, fresh mixed broadleaved forest and fresh nixed coniferous forest. In paper the original method of potential water storage coefficient estimated for The Wielkopolski National Park has been presented. The idea of the method is as follows – for each elementary area (a square cell of 0.5 km side) exclusive potential water storage coefficient is assigned. This coefficient focuses converging influence of 8 parameters: area slope, soil thickness, infiltration coefficient of soil, distance from watercourse network, distance from pond and lake network, dominant forest site, dominant species of species composition and class of tree stand age. The next step in the course of calculation is division of the variability range of 8 above-mentioned parameters into 3 classes ...
Wielkopolska region covers the area of North European Plain with particularly unfavorable water conditions. These conditions are determined by the climate prevailing in the region, namely relatively low annual rainfall and high evapotranspiration with usually unfavorable distribution of these meteorological elements over a year. Important modulating influence can be attributed also to some non-climatic physiographical characteristics typical in vast parts of the region, mainly soil properties. In addition, evapotranspiration may be stimulated locally by vegetation. The paper comprehends initial results of hydrologic balancing of lowland catchment typical for the region of Wielkopolska. The balancing was carried out in Trojnaka Stream catchment placed in Puszcza Zielonka forest (the central Wielkopolska). High forest cover proportion, deep layer of sandy soils and high evapotranspiration shape the storage capabilities in the tested catchment. The balancing covered the average annual rainfall year (2001/2002) following average long-term rainfall period. The Period of the negative retention changes occurred from the end of April until the mid of September. The maximum decrease and increase of storage change depth occurred respectively in June (-27,7 mm) and February (50,2 mm). Average specific discharge in investigated catchment equaled 2,5 dm3∙s-1∙km-2 with maximum and minimum runoff depth respectively in January (8,8 mm) ...
This paper presents a simplified method of assessing the impact of a motorway under construction on arable lands. The method developed makes it possible to determine all the losses resulting from and connected with the indicated problems of the motor-way impact. A basis for the determination of losses studied is the analysis of variations in land use, soil quality classes, and in the layout of agricultural roads along the axis of the designed motorway. It is assumed a measure of the multilateral impact of motorway on arable lands; this measure is a specific variant of lands value. The specificity of this value variant lies in the fact that while determining it, only the variation in the usefulness to agricultural production is assessed. Therefore, it is a measure to valuate arable land usefulness in the agricultural production. Thus, this assumed measure of the motorway impact is not a market value. The estimated land value will be close to its market value only in typical agricultural regions where the key parameter to mould the land price is production potential of such lands. The presented method of assessing the motorway impact on arable land is exemplified by a section of ‘A-4’ motorway; this ...
The subject of this elaboration is the management of wastes that are generated on the Trzciana community area in Bochnia County. This commune at 4167,8 ha a surface actually has 5182 inhabitants that produce nowadays about 20% (228,1 Mg∙year-1) of all municipal wastes. The total mass of wastes generated in this area is being estimated for about 2378,0 Mg∙year-1 that includes municipal wastes (1189 Mg∙year-1), sewage sludge (4,3 Mg∙year-1), industrial wastes (1151,6 Mg∙year-1), hazardous wastes (5,1 Mg∙year-1), used lead accumulators (6,2 Mg∙year-1), medical wastes (0,2 Mg∙year-1), veterinary wastes (0,02 Mg∙year-1) and used tyres (21,0 Mg∙year-1). 96 In respect to its own infrastructure, the analysed commune is neglected, doesn’t have group water supply system and it isn’t sewered. There is also lack of controlled landfill sites and points of stockpiling wastes in this area. For the last few years only sack and container system near cemeteries have worked. It is estimated that by the year 2014, population growth in the Trzciana commune will result in increasing quantity of total wastes up to about 6298,4 Mg (177,7% of present wastes production) and municipial wastes up to ca. 2268,2 Mg. Subsequently, recovery and recycling technology will cut municipal wastes production by about 1139,5 ...
The article presents a analysis of amount flow to sewage to treatment plant type SBR – BIOVAC in years 2001–2004. The Treatment plant is located in Książ Wielki in province małopolska. The Treatment plant gave and started in 2000 year. The Treatment plant designed to flow sewer Q=200 m3∙d-1. Analysis amount flow to sewer allowed to compare actual flow to sewer with flow to founded in project. From 2001 year do 2004 year successive connected next users to sewage system, because of that increased amount flow to sewer. In 2001 year flowed to middle 70,0 m3∙d-1, however in 2004 year flowed to middle 106,7 m3∙d-1. In analysis time four years the most flow to in months march and december – middle 97,0 m3∙d-1, however months the smallest flow to in january and june – middle 77,0 m3∙d-1. After analysis middle flow to sewer in individual week days the most flow to write down in sundays (91,5 m3∙d-1) and the smallest in saturdays (81,0 m3∙d-1). Maximum deviations from middle days flow to took ± 10%. Actual flow to sewer is about 50% Qśr.d. From analysis results research follow to treatment plant flow to every year more sewer. Trend rising flow to ...
The Dobczyce Reservoir is especially important because it is a source of potable water for the inhabitants of Krakow. The source of the reservoir feeding is the Raba river, whose catchment still lacks properly managed sewage disposal, therefore the water inflowing to the reservoir contains pollutants which decide about the insufficient water quality in the reservoir and to a considerable degree also determine the processes occurring in it, including eutrophication and overgrowing. In the work analysed was the loading of the Dobczyce Reservoir with biogenic compound load carried by the waters of the Raba river. The analysis based on tests of the Raba water quality and the flow volume on the inflow to the reservoir in the Osieczany cross section. The tests covered the period from May 2003 until October 2005. Investigations of biogenic compounds concentrations were conducted with average frequency twice a month. Concentrations of NH4, NO2, NO3,PO4 and total P were determined. The loads of individual biogens were computed for days, months and years of the analysed period. The obtained results point to a considerable diversification of mean daily values of loads in the analysed years. They were the highest in 2005 for NO3, NO2 and total P, ...
Xerothermic swards occurring in Poland are extremely valuable communities because owing to the presence in them of plant species originating from warmer climatic zones they increase the biodiversity of domestic grass ecosystems. They also contribute to improvement of landscape amenities in the areas where they occur. The Malopolska Upland is a region where xerothermic swards are quite numerous. Generally they cover small areas, usually on sites where warm and dry habitats are found, mainly on strongly sun-heated slopes with southern aspect. Four plant alliances are present in the xerothermic swards on the Malopolska Upland Sisymbrio-Stipetum capillatae alliance can be encountered on gypsum rocks 129 covered with thin layer of loess soil. Another alliance forming on gypsum substratum covered with slightly thicker loess layer is Thalictro-Salvietum pratensis assemblage. The alliance frequently found on the Malopolska Upland is Inuletum ensifoliae covering the southern steep slopes of the terrain elevations developed from senonian marles. The fourth alliance of xerothermic vegetation commonly present on the Malopolska Upland is Adonido-Brachypodieto pinnati plant assemblage, encountered on deeper loamy-clay or humus brown soils similar to chernozems. Xerothermic swards, which are not climatic assemblages undergo a natural plant succession, changing into forest ecosystems. Therefore, human interference is crucial ...
Investigations with wastewater from small abattoir were carried on hybrid constructed wetland systems. Mean COD of wastewater reached 3000 gO2∙m-3 and concentration of Ntot was about 400 g∙m-3. The main problem was sufficient removal of NO3-N and Ntot. In order to intensify denitrification, a part of effluent from the vertical bed was recirculated to the settling tank. Effectiveness of Ntot removal on the plant raised along with the rise of recirculation level and obtained for 100, 150 and 200 % respectively 85,7; 91,9 and 96,6 %. The main contamination of wastewater from small fruit-and- vegetable processing plant consist of organic substance (to 10000 gO2∙m-3 as COD). The bed with vertical flow built of various fractions of sand and with fully developped reeds was found very effective in its removal. Sufficient results were obtained with loading of the bed up to 90gCOD∙m-2∙d-1. ...
On dispersed development areas most often exists advantageous conditions for expansion and application systems in order to increase retention and water percolation on the precipitation spot. This way of rain water management has favorable influence on runoff dynamic within built-up area and adjoining roads. Possibility of infiltration systems using depends on ground water depth, kind of ground and area accessibility to build infiltration facilities. Methods of rain water management which can be used on dispersed development areas are presented in this paper. The research results of suspensions grain composition from rain water and analysis of literature data concerning runoff quality show large changeability of pollution indexes. Using of infiltration facilities permits remove majority of pollutants accumulated at suspension particles which are piled up at filtration medium surface. Knowledge of suspensions grain composition occurring in rain water allows estimate intensity of clogging process in different kind of grounds as well as select methods which protect ground against deep clogging. Maintenance operations which are made regularly in infiltration facilities leads to removing clogged layer of ground and majority of pollutions protect in this way ground water against contamination. ...
In the decision making process concerning numerous objects researchers frequently face the problem of selecting an appropriate method to link them into groups of similar objects. This study is a proposal of the application of agglomeration methods to search for relationships between individual forest ecosystems in terms of their water retaining capacity. It was assumed that most parameters describing water retaining capacity of a specific ecosystem should come from forest management plans. Selected characteristics, adopted as those describing water retaining capacity of forest ecosystems, i.e. mean fall of land [%]; distance from watercourse network [m]; distance from standing waters, wetlands (lakes, ponds, swamps) [m]; site moisture content variant [-]; stand density index [-]; type of soil cover [-]; undergrowth cover index of the experimental plot [-]; canopy index [ha∙ha-1] and potential available water retentiveness of the soil profile [mm] were tested using seven data clustering methods, i.e. the single linkage method, group average method (UPGMA – Unweighted Pair-Group method using arithmetic averages), weighted average method (WPGMA – Weighted Pair-Group Method using arithmetic Averages), the furthest neighbor method, the unweighted centroid method (UPGMC – Unweighted 169 Pair-Group Method using Centroids), weighted centroid method (WPGMC – Weighted Pair-Group Method using Centroids) and ...
The experiment was carried out on fine uniform sand and fine uniform humus sand. Soil samples were collected from the surface of forest dirt roads located in the Noteć Primeval Forest. Portland cement and multi-component Portland cement were used for stabilization. Cement-soil mixtures were prepared with four doses (3, 6, 9, 12%) of both cements. Samples for strength tests were stored under conditions of optimum humidity, water saturation, freezing and thawing. Testing results were compared to strength criteria for road surfaces according to Polish Standard PN-S- 96012, 1997. Generally it was found that both soils, especially humus sand, are difficult to stabilize with cements. Portland cement exhibited 2-times better stabilization effects in comparison to multi-component cement. Mixes showed high water resistance and low freeze resistance. For the lower layer of reinforced subgrade compression strength criteria were met by fine humus sand with a 9% addition of Portland cement and fine sand with a 9% addition of multicomponent cement. For the upper layer of reinforced subgrade strength criteria were met only by the mixture of fine sand with a 12% addition of Portland cement. Further tests are required using larger doses of Portland cement and after testing of grain size upgrading ...
