In the technical field the energy balances are derived from the 1st thermodynamic law, which covers merely the instantaneous quantitative aspects of heat flows. In terms of energy conservation law these balances are expressed in the form of constant sums of exergy and anergy. And that is why they cannot, or can only to a very limited extent, be used to define the transformation of part of the energy (exergy) to the less valuable energy (anergy). Using the 2nd thermodynamic law we have a chance to trace the energy transformation through entropy, a quality indicator of every heat process and an accompanying symptom of process irreversibility. The plate air-to-air heat exchanger, whose exergy analysis is in the spotlight of our interest, operates, in terms of the laws above, in irreversible changes, while the change of entropy induced by the heat flows depends on the construction and surface of the heat exchange areas. The article analyses the influence of air inlet temperatures on the thermal exergy efficiencies of the heat exchanger and the heat loss exergy. Assessment is based on extensive measurements of the temperature, humidity and flow rate of the heated and cooled air in the plate heat exchanger. Both ...
The article presents a structure consumption cold and hot water in apartment with family with 3 people. In analyze apartment install 2 water meters cold and hot water in bathroom and 2 water meters cold and hot water in kitchen. Cold and hot water in kitchen consumption is to prepare meal and to wash dishes. Cold water in bathroom consumption is to rinse off toilet bowl and laundry. Hot water in bathroom consumption is for people in target to keep personal hygiene. In kitchen is one point to draw cold and hot water (sink). In bathroom are for points to draw cold water and two points to draw hot water. The aim of this paper is to describe structure of consumption cold and hot water in to discuss apartment. The detail aims is describe actual parts cold water consumption in bathroom and kitchen and actual parts hot water consumption in bathroom and kitchen.Cold water is deliver with water supply, however hot water with heat and power plant MPEC S.A. in Krakow. In 2004 persons consumed 96,08 m3 water. Medium consumption on one person was 101,0 dm3*M-1*d-1. Analysis consumption in months in 2004 year showed the highest consumption was in ...
The subject of paper is an analysis of selected commune capability for investment outlays realization. The Wiśniowa commune situated in the malopolskie province was selected for the investigations. The analysis used indices showing relationships between financial values constituting components of the territorial self government unit budget. In result of the analysis concerning the years 2002-2004 a number of facts were established which speak well of potential financing investment outlays by the commune. Particularly the operational surplus assumed positive value which means that sums obtained from returnable sources were wholly destined for financing investment outlays, moreover the operational surplus itself might also be allocated for their financing. Total means which could be assigned for financing investment tasks and debt service were growing, as testified by an increase in free asset index, which increased from 15.84% to 21.43%. Operational surplus index was characterized by a much greater variability and although its decline from 11.21% to 2.65% was observed, yet it still revealed positive value and in this way contributed to the increase in means for investment outlays financing. Indices of investment outlays realization revealed a growing tendency in the studied period. Investment expenditure grew over twice in comparison ...
The basket willow, commonly known as wicker, has for ages been used as raw material for weaving baskets, as a filtrating medium or for pharmaceutical needs. One of the most important uses of the plant are the hydraulic engineering and - present on larger scale for several years in Poland - as energetic raw material. Among the unquestionable advantages of the willow are fast biomass growth, relatively high immunity from diseases and pests, and the possibility to use its sticks and rods, which are cut off for caring purposes, for power generation. Due to such qualities, the willow should be more frequently used in economical development of the environment, also as a substitute for other plants. The plant-derived-fuels are undoubtedly the energetic future the World. This decided not only by the finite nature of traditional, mining energy resources, but also due to the cost of production and generation of power from biomass, and first of all due to ecological aspects. The present paper focuses on the alternative cultivation of energetic plants (natural cultivation), which - in the author's opinion - will largely contribute to propagation of clean energy production and consequently improve the condition of natural environment. According to analysis ...
The paper presents opinions concerning the influence of the electrical supply lines on the environment and people - on the basis of bibliographic data. It presents: the influence (thermal, non-thermal and anatomical effects), applied norms (electric and magnetic components, level of radioelectric disturbances, noise), confrontation of the opinions of the authors who perceive danger to the human habitat (so called "pessimists") with the opinions of "optimists" who don't seem to notice this threat.The author determined the influence of power lines on the environment in the phase of their construction (damages and losses of land, local deforestation) and also in the phase of their exploitation (noice, radioelectric disturbances, barriers of animal migration).Contemporary science is unable to determine clearly electromagnetic field intensity absolutely safe for man. It is necessary to carry out further research allowing, among others, to distinguish temporary negative effects on health from permanent damages.The great role is ascribed to the rational location of power lines from the viewpoint of human habitat protection, based on the profound ecophysiographic studies. ...
Various phytosociological plant communities may develop on fallowed arable lands depending on soil-and-climatic and topographic conditions. In this paper the Authors have presented conditions under which xerothermic vegetation encroaches on arable lands. Characteristics of fallowed arable lands, which during the diversified in time process of self-sodding changed into xerothermic communities of sward type, was presented on the basis of phytosociological characteristics of selected fallowed arable lands situated in the vicinity of Pińczów and Staszów. It was found, that depending on the substratum, plant communities belonging to various phytosociological units develop on the fallowed arable lands. Communities forming automatically in the initial period of fallowing are characterized by a considerable degree of fortuity. The course of plant succession on fallowed arable lands situated in soil-and-climatic zones favouring xerothermic vegetation advances a development of steppe plant communities through a process of self-sodding. Depending on the geological substratum (gypsums, marls or limestone) and also on the thickness of soil deposit they are diversified in respect of their phystosiociology. ...
In the work there were presented results of investigations carried out in the framework of the research problem 09.10.04.04.03 concerning hydrological characteristics in the upper Soła river against the background of physiographical conditions, climate and use. Apart from physiographical characteristics the results of annual discharges measurements amounting 1,303 m3*s-1 at hydrometrical section closing the basin of an area of 37,525 km2, unitary runoff amounting 57 dm3*s-1*km-2 and runoff indicators 2,96 mm. ...
A stream running through a settlement or town can create great hazard to the adjacent development areas; it is also, however, a natural decorative element. Because of time passing and lack of necessary maintenance of the structures, their rebuilding and modernization is often necessary. Here many problems arise. They include: lack of place for the required expansion of the river course and cross-sections, geological structure, requirements of the valid water and building law, architecture (especially in old-town development), and ecology. An approach to solve these problems is presented in the paper for a large stream of Wątok running through the old part of the Tarnów town. Because of the location of the stream, intensive urban development and the neighborhood of sacral buildings protected by law, it is the urban authorities' responsibility to ensure full safety to the neighboring land. This task was undertaken as early as in the mid-war years although the protection level was inadequate. The technical condition of the structures threatening to cause building catastrophe, and the aesthetics of solutions were additional arguments to undertake the project.To give the reader an illustration of the multiplicity and importance of technical problems of the designed development, the existing state ...
The researches of horizontal deformations of laboratory model of road embankment retaining wall constructed with gabion elements were described. The gabions, in other words grid - baskets filled with granular material, located in the rectangular container build from within one of the walls. Remaining part of container is filled with coarse - grained sand imitating the embankment beyond the retaining wall. Were performed three types of gabion walls: wall composed with three gabions (type A); with four (type B) and seven (type C). Individual types constructed in two variants: loose gabions and gabions jointed with steel clips. The horizontal pressure of retaining wall model at the measurement wall of container was aroused using the load with statical vertical pressure. Special construction of container walls enabled execution of horizontal displacement measurements of model, which counted at the unitary horizontal pressure. The test results were presented in form of diagrams of models horizontal pressure, measured at the seven wall levels according to the wall configuration. Were ascertained the horizontal deformation reduction of gabion embankment model with reference to the pattern. The value of reduction depends on dimensions, configuration and arrangement of gabion basket. ...
The analysis of final energy consumption and computed air pollution emission in the area of Kocmyrzów-Luborzyca commune were presented in the work. Energy demand included all groups of objects localized in the area of the commune. For the sake of presented work the commune was divided into the following sectors: housing sector (including households and farms), public facilities (including self-government, educational and cultural facilities, health centers and Volunteer Fire Brigade stations) and finally cultivation under covers (where horticultural production is conducted in greenhouses and heated plastic tunnels). It allowed for computing the amount and structure of energy carrier consumption in individual recipient groups and on this basis to determine the effects they have on air pollution in the commune area. On the basis of research and model computations it was established that housing sector, which is the main consumer of final energy, has the greatest impact upon air pollution in the commune. Public facilities, due to their modernization and conversion of heating to gas heating systems have a slight share in air pollution. ...
Sewage sludge, depending on its preparation and local conditions will still constitute waste material for storage or a product to be used in nature. Due to its fertilizer value, sludge originating from treatment process as its by-product may be used for fertilization or reclamation of green areas. Obviously, to be used in nature the sludge must be properly prepared in processes allowing for removal of toxic compounds, which might negatively affect the quality of crops cultivated on it.Rational agricultural production bases on observing rules to improve soil fertility and its productivity through application of proper cultivation measures, including mineral and organic fertilization. Soils of Poland usually reveal poor abundance in organic matter and when more demanding plants are cultivated in them, the amount of humus decreases rapidly and they become nutrient impoverished. Farmyard manure is the most popular organic fertilizer used in agriculture. After the year 1990 farmyard production declined considerably due to reduced animal production and the currently used doses are insufficient to obtain good yields. Therefore it is necessary to seek new alternative sources of organic matter which might be safely used as an alternative fertilizer.Alternatives to FYM fertilizers include various types of ...
The paper describes the results of the step-by-step forecasts of annual electric power consumption set out using the models developed based on the deterministic chaos theory i.e. model based on the fractal dimension, Prigogine's logistical model and heuristic crossing model. The forecasts related to rural consumers, and were determined for the areas located within the power service region of four Electricity Distribution Companies. The forecast quality was evaluated based on the absolute errors of expired forecasts. The values of errors of expired forecasts set based on the models developed according to the deterministic chaos theory are 2,3 to 4,7% and prove the usefulness of the models for incremental prediction of annual electric power consumption by rural consumers presented in the paper. Particularly useful for this purposes was the Prigogine's prognostic model. ...
