Due to their ability to uptake and accumulate trace elements, as well as to regenerate after cutting, some species of willow and reed have been used for many years in environmental protection to purify sewage and neutralize sludge. The paper presents the results of the investigation on selected chemical properties of the osier willow shrubs (Salix viminalis L.) and common reed (Phragmites australis Cav. Trin. Ex Steud.) cut every year. The research was conducted on ground-plant beds in two small sewage treatment plants in the Lubelskie voivodeship in 2002-2004. Both plants use a similar wastewater treatment technology. Their bed areas, the ways in sewage is supplied, hydraulic loading, and pollutant load are different, though. According to the results, willow stems show a greater ability to accumulate nitrogen and phosphorus than reed stems. However, the potassium content in both willow and reed is at a similar level. Plants do not uptake nutrients from sewage for a whole year but only in a vegetation season. Yearly removal of plants from the ground-plant beds advisable due to high concentration of assimilated nutrients in leaves and stems. In flora remains on the bed, nutrient release to an environment occurs and the concentration of liberated ...
The paper outlines the genesis, the subject of protection and criteria of delimitation of ecological sites - e.g. small areas of unique values of natural environment. The author presents procedures of their creation (from natural inventory to registration) and institutions participating in this process. The paper discusses management principles of the ecological sites management and their link to planning documents - based on bans, orders and limitations. Ecological sites are not productively used and their management depends on the ownership of land on which they are situated (state, commune, private owner). It is generally difficult to obtain owner's consent for the creation of such site and therefore the majority of objects is owned by the state, especially by the forest district administration. The cases of purchasing or leasing ecologically valuable sites by the social organizations also occur. The observations prove, that ecological sites are not always registered in land cadastre and in local plans.In conclusion author postulates: - dissemination of ecological sites as the form of precious nature protection, - observing of the obligation of their recording, - creation of ecological sites monitoring and delegating their management to the nature protection services. The ecological sites are of the intrinsic value for ...
Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) is a wild species growing in lighter and barren soils, which for a long time has aroused interest due to its usable value. Its root was used as a vegetable with considerable dietetic values. Interest in evening primrose grew even more by the end of the 20th century when it was discovered that oil in the primrose seeds is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, particularly in linolic and gamma-linolic acids, which beside biological activation of human organism can be successfully used for treatment of various diseases, including Alzheimer disease, allergies, diabetic neuropathy, dementia, hypertension, vascular disease and various consequences of post-viral diseases. Cultivation of evening primrose on plantations decreases slightly therapeutic values of the oil obtained from seeds, therefore in the Authors' opinion evening primrose seeds should be gathered from wild plants, particularly when it occurs so massively as at Tokarnia in the swietokrzyskie province. The Authors found large numbers of evening primroses growing in light sandy soil covering several dozen of idle arable lands. Spontaneous settling by this species of such large area may be regarded as a some kind of botanical curiosity which inclined the Authors to undertake further studies ...
Rural areas in view of specyfic bulding still does has inadeguate degree solve of sewage management. Great interwals beetwen buildings and offen bad conditions to build a sewage system are cause to popularized nonconventional methods of sewage treatment in this areas. This technologis shoud be high effective, reliability and chip. These solutions permit faster achieve desirable, good to environmental ecological effects than a sewage system and local sewage treatment. The most popular in our country are constructed wetland. This constructed characterize a high effective of reduction concentrate of organic pollutions, suspended and biogenic compound, and accumulate and minaralizate secondary sludge on account of biological treatment process. Temperature of sewage and process treatment in bed is a main factor, which significant influence on reduction pollutants in seminaturals technology of sewage treatment. In scientific literature is fault results on-site researchs of influence a winter condition on kinetic changes organic and biogenic pollutants and effectivenes reduction in this constructed. The aim of work is evaluation of influence off season vegetative on effectiveness reduction of concentrations organic and biogenic pollutants and total suspended in adjacent of sewage treatment use of reliability theory.Influence of season on reduction analized pollutants was defined by use a ...
Polish agriculture produces mainly on the basis of the extensive methods, what results in threefold decrease in mineral fertilizer consumption and sevenfold in pesticide consumption in comparison to OECD countries. All the conditions are conducive to keep farms employing the ecological methods in the course of production. Presently, a growing interest in this sort of production is observed, as a result of subsidiaries system implementation. Environmentally friendly agriculture constitutes ecologically, economically and socially system, which does not overburden the environment and is independent from external expenditure. Furthermore, such a system creates conditions favourable and function in a new market reality. This article presents economic aspects and the changes and the threats to the development of the environmentally friendly agriculture in the Świętokrzyskie Province. ...
The paper presents the results of determinations and calculations of bankfull discharge Qb for two chosen mountainous gravel-bed rivers: the Raba River and the Kamienica River. Also within the paper described in details some main methods of determination and calculation bankfull Qb: the Williams, the Woodyer, the Wołoszyn, the Riley, the Pickup&Warner, the Wollman and the Warner, Schumm&Browna methods. On the basis of the analysis of obtained results of bankfull value using all applied methods it was pointed that to determine bankfull one does not have to hale the river gauging observations. The data which are enough to calculate/determine Qb could be collected in-situ just within the research cross-section where there is a need to find bankfull. Another words the river/stream where one plans the hydrotechnic investment or river training works does not to have be hydrologically controlled. At the same time, for the civil engineer designer bankfull value is very important in term showing the real value of the discharge which shapes the river cross section and is responsible for fluvial morphological changes (the dominant discharge). Finally it was pointed that bankfull is responsible for plants species location along the cross section of the river. Because of ...
The results of the studies from 1991-2001 on the impact of drip irrigation and microjet irrigation on the content of chosen heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn) in edible parts of some vegetables (red beet, zucchini, winter squash, snap bean, carrot) and berry-bearing species (chokeberry, black currant, strawberry) are presented in the paper. Field experiments were carried out in Kruszyn Krajeński near Bydgoszcz on a soil of V-VI valuation class. The clay content was 7 % in the top soil and from 3 to 5 % in the sub-soil. The average organic matter content was 1,19 %. The water re-serve to 1 m depth of soil at field capacity was 88 mm and the available water 68 mm. The examined factor was irrigation. Three variants of irrigation have been examined: I - control (without irrigation), II - drip irrigation, III - micro-sprinkler irrigation at a soil moisture tension of up to - 0,03 MPa. It was found that irrigation significantly decreased the content of heavy metals in the fresh mass of strawberry fruits, but it influenced not significantly on this content in fruits of chokeberry and black currant. The content of examined elements in the fresh mass of zucchini and winter ...
A concept of multifunctional rural development cannot be identified exclusively with creating new jobs. Multifunctional character is a wider notion including among others local development, entrepreneurship, long-term planning, diversification of agriculture and improvement of demographic resources. Problems of multifunctional rural development must be therefore treated as a complex issue. The work presents results of research on diversification of multifunctional rural development in the świętokrzyskie province conducted in 97 communes.The level of multifunctional development of the studied objects was presented as a synthetic index of development established by Hellwig, computed on the basis of 15 variables characterizing multifunctional character. The value of computed synthetic index fell within the range of 0.3055 (Masłów commune) and -0.0155 (Blizyn commune). It must be mentioned that the index has been construed in such a way that it value is between 0 and 1. In some cases, e.g. a considerable difference in development of some objects, its value may assume values less than 0.A classification of the studied communes was also made due to the level of their multifunctional character. The first class of communes with the highest level of multifunctional development includes 10 communes, the second class with medium development level - 36 communes ...
In the article was presented variability of iron and manganese ions concentration during the decade 1993-2002 in the underground waters of „Bzin" water intake that supply water pipe for Skarżysko-Kamienna city. The Bzin water intake includes six drilled wells of 37 to 60 meters depth and 74 to 341 m3/h capacity that intake underground waters from carbonated, slotted Triassic formation. Conducted research indicated very high variability of analyses compounds. The analysis of Fe and Mn ions variability in the underground Triassic waters of Bzin intake showed that in the well II and III waters decreasing of Mn and Fe concentrations, in the wells I and Ia decreasing only of Mn concentration and increasing of Fe level, however in wells IIIb and IV increasing both Mn and Fe concentrations was followed during progressive exploitation. In case of Fe ions, concentration in exploited water reached up to 1,52 mg/dm3 (well I) and manganese up to 0,78 mg/dm3 (well Ia). First class waters (very good quality) occurred throughout research period in the well 3b, and the worst third and forth class: in the year 1997, in the well 4, that was connected with high concentration of Fe and Mn ions, and throughout whole ...
So far ethnography has followed mainly natural, historical, regional, ethnic, economic, social and technological aspects of the development of agriculture in Slovakia. Researchers' interest in the immediate political causes of this process has remained marginal, often for obvious reasons. However, the influence of the political decisions on the development of agriculture and therefore on people engaging in primary agricultural production becomes more intensive with the development of civilisation. The state (its power and political elite) tends to unify social space and to control the functioning of its areas. This tendency culminated in Slovakia during the second half of 20th century in time of collectivization and decollectivization of agriculture. The culture of Slovak villages during the first half of 20th century had been contiguous. The basic social space consisted of patriarchal peasant family and of the village community. Life strategy of individuals and peasant families, their values and the level of agriculture had been developing on the basis of cultural patterns of pre-industrial society. During the second half of 20th century there were two considerable discontinuities: first, collectivization of agriculture in 50s, and second, decollectivization in 90s. Both were politically controlled processes, and therefore their effect had been essential for the ...
In the Western Ukraine there are unique regions important in ecological, biogeographical, landscape and environmental regard. These are the Carpathians, Pokuttya, Roztocha, Western Polissya, Volyn (Ladomirien) and Podilla, which were an object of interest of naturalists for a long period of time . In the 19-th century and in the period between 1st and 2nd World wars, when that territory belonged to the Polish state, Polish botanists and foresters (the list of their publications includes more than 300 names) contributed substantially to studying flora and vegetation of that territory. In the second half of 19th century a broad net of railways was built there, which favoured to bringing nearer the West-European markets to rich natural resources. In order to satisfy the needs of quickly developing forestry industry massive cutting of the oak forests had started in flat landscapes and coniferous forests in mountain regions. As a result of such intensive clean cutting in humid region of the Carpathians, soil erosion processes started and periodic catastrophic floods appeared .In Volyn and Podilla regions relic steppe formations, valuable from botanic and phytogeographical point of view, started disappearing. The far-sighed Polish scientists estimated ecological consequences of anthropogenic transformations of natural vegetation, and in ...
Sewage treatment aims mainly at protection of the natural environment and primarily protection of surface water purity. Sewage treatment process is always accompanied by sewage sludge, which is defined an organo-mineral solid phase of sewage. Chemical composition of the sludge my be different depending on the kind of treated sewage and applied processing technologies. Sewage sludge constitutes about 2% of the total volume inflowing to sewage treatment plants. Construction of new sewage treatment plants and intensification of treatment process cause an increase in the amount of produced sewage sludge and raises its storage costs, which may be very high, reaching even 50% of total costs generated by a sewage treatment plant. An alternative for storing large amounts of sewage sludge may prove its natural utilization, which would also contribute to reduce costs born by sewage treatment plants. Some previous research has already demonstrated sewage sludge usability for the following purposes: reclamation of devastated lands, plant consolidation of ground surface or composting sewage sludge. However, agricultural utilization of sewage sludge still raises numerous controversies. It is due mainly to insufficient information about sewage sludge. However, research results convince that the problem of sewage sludge is worth ...
