The individual water intakes are an important source of water supply for human consumption in Polish rural areas. The wells are often not covered by research in range of water suitability for human consumption, therefore, a significant number of rural inhabitants use water of unknown parameters, physico-chemical and biological likely to contain contaminants harmful to humans.The main goal of this research has been determination of changes in concentrations of phosphorus compounds in water from wells located in the village Przeździedza. The research has covered the period from March 2009 until February 2010. The six wells constructed of concrete rings or from a stone has been analyzed. The following parameters has been determined: phosphate. The results of this research indicate that, poorly protected wells are characterized by worse water quality. The results confirm the fact that, poorly protected wells are characterized by a poorer quality of water. However, the average concentration of phosphate in all wells was very low, and each of them corresponded to the obligatory standards in Poland.
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The paper presents the results of the survey of the daily load of total nitrogen outflowed with drainage system and ditches in Lower Silesia. The volume of daily load shows large seasonal variation. The maximum daily loads were found in object located in the submontane area. These loads amounted for the drainage systems 6,27 kg N d-1 ha-1 and for the ditches were noted until 12,2 kg N d-1 ha-1. Significantly lower values were found in the lowland object. In lowland area, risk of polluting the receiver with total nitrogen effluents from agricultural areas, occurs mainly during early spring. At the object located in the submontane area, which is characterized by greater rainfall, there is a second critical period attributable to the July and August. Load of nitrogen outflowed from submontane catchment during the year was 75,5 kg N ha-1, while from lowland's catchment outflowed much less nitrogen - 12,7 kg N ha-1. Con-ducted research and analysis clearly show, that the size of nitrogen load outflowed from catchment is determined, to a large extent, the course of weather conditions, particularly amount of rainfall. ...
In paper analyzed the results of research concerning nitrate and total ni-trogen content in drainage effluents as well as surface water coming from facilities located in Lower Silesia area. Detailed analysis were made for participation of nitrate nitrogen in total nitrogen amount. Drainage effluents were characterized by significant content of total nitrogen: average concentration in research period amounted from 22,4 mg N dm3 to 36,9 mg N dm3. In drainage effluents, derived from different drainage section, relation N-NO3:N didn't show significant differences and was in the range 75-88%, despite the fact that this water differed significantly of total and nitrate nitrogen content. The increase of average concen-tration of total nitrogen in surface water for both research objects was cause by outflowing drainage effluents that were reached in nitrogen compounds. In drain-age water in summer period showed smaller relation N-NO3:N, what should be explain by intensive absorbing this ion by plants in vegetation period. Regardless of the analyzed period, there was found higher proportion of nitrate in water below research object. Only in case of lowland object these differences were significant for significant level p=0,05. The more fluctuation of relation N-NO3 conducive smaller participation of nitrate nitrogen in total ...
Utilisation of plants or their parts for detection of Phytophthora from soil and water was the interesting object in the second part of XX century. Using of fruits, seedlings, seeds of different plant species gave possibility to detect the most dangerous pathogens. In this study the effectiveness of rhododendron leaves as the bait for detection of Phytophthora, Cylindrocladium scoparium, formae spec. of Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani from water and horticultural substrate was estimated. During the detection of Phytophthora from river, canal and water container rhododendron top leaves were placed on the surface of water and after 4-5 days number of necrotic spots/leaf was estimated. Parts of necrotic spots were transplanted on PDA medium for isolation and identification of species. In the detection of other species from substrate, rhododendron leaves were placed in the water suspension of soil and after 3-5 day-incubation number of necrotic spots /leaf was calculated. The necrotic spot parts were transferred on PDA medium for isolation and identification of fungal species. Results obtained indicated on rhododendron leaves as satisfactory bait for detection of the most dangerous pathogens from water and soil. The method is easy for application and may be used for all year ...
The aim of this paper is to acquaint the problem of phytosanitary threats in the context of crop irrigation. This paper shows a series of reports that refer to the problem of pathogens spread through irrigation and irrigation systems. Irrigation may influence directly or indirectly the plants health condition. It may affect the conditions in which the infection may occur, but also create conditions that promote fungal sporulation and overall spread of the pathogen. Irrigation favors the plants growth, which vegetative mass is more developed, lush, but at the same time the tissue covering the plant is more sensitive towards any infection. A more intense plant growth affects the density which favors the occurrence of many diseases. In general irrigation may cause a negative or positive affect or may not influence the crops at all. In this paper, we also take point out the problem of irrigation water quality which may be the main source of infection of pathogens that could belong to various taxonomic units. To the most predominating phytopathogens in irrigation water we may include the Phytophthora and Pythium genus. Irrigation water may also contribute to the occurrence of many viruses and fungi. In order to limit the ...
The aim of the paper is to evaluate the possibility of using autoclaved aerated concrete as a reactive material to remove phosphorus from water and wastewater. To this study autoclaved aerated concrete produced by sand technology was used. During 60 minutes contact time batch test the reactive material reduced 82% of P from the solution. Laboratory tests have shown that the material has a good sorption capacity (6.03 mg g-1). The estimated maximum value of sorption capacity Smax based on the Langmuir isotherm is 16.87 mg P-PO4 g-1. Autoclaved aerated concrete may be used as a filter medium for removing phosphorus from contaminated surface water, rain water and also in small sewage treatment plants as a further step of removing phosphorus from waste water. ...
The purpose of that article was to show the significance of water as the source of plant pathogens, and need of it effective disinfection methods in modern agriculture and horticulture. The increase in the cost of agricultural water use for crop irrigation and the necessity of using the same water several times, as well as the changing climatic conditions, including prolonged shortage of atmospheric precipitation and often extreme temperatures during the summer, necessitate the selection of an effective, easy to apply and economical method of disinfecting recirculated water to eliminate or minimize the occurrence of the most serious plant pathogens inhabiting various water sources. Among them, microorganisms of the genera Phytophthora, Pythium and Fusarium, and the species Rhizoctonia solani, Verticillium dahliae and some pathogenic bacteria pose the most serious threat. Some of them can be found in rivers, streams, ponds and water reservoirs, others are soil-borne pathogens that cause root and stem base rot of many plant species. The available literature describes at least a dozen methods of water disinfection, among them slow filtration through sand or lava filters, chlorination and heating. The literature data indicates that the use of sand filters is the most effective, safe and cheapest ...
