The influence of sprinkler irrigation and four nitrogen fertilization doses on the height of true millet cv. ‘Gierczyckie’ was determined in a field experiment carried out in the years 2005–2006 on a very light soil at Kruszyn Krajeński near Bydgoszcz. The soil in horizon 0–50 cm was characterized by field water capacity 57 mm, useful retention 43 mm and effective useful retention 30 mm only. The experiments were run in a split-plot system with three replications. Two different factors were compared. The first row factor – irrigation, was used in the two following treatments: Wo – without irrigation (control), W1 – sprinkler irrigation according to tensiometer indications (-0,03 MPa). The second row factor – differentiated nitrogen fertilization, was used in the four following variants (doses): N0 = 0 kg N ha -1, N1 = 40 kg N ha -1, N2 = 80 kg N ha -1, N3 = 120 kg N ha -1. Water requirements of true millet were estimated as optimal rainfall amounts for this crop, according to Klatt and Press proposals. Mean - for two seasons - water needs of true millet (since May 1 to August 31) amounted 278 and 294 mm, for Klatt and Press proposals, ...
Two soil profiles at Kruszyn Krajeński near Bydgoszcz were studied at the paper. Characteristic of soils and their water properties were determined. Air temperature (t) values and rainfall amounts (P) in particular months of vegetation period (April–September) in 1997–2006 for the investigated area were given. The vegetation period was characterized by mean air temperature 14,4 °C, ranging in particular years from 13,4 to 15,2 °C. Rainfall total during the vegetation period amounted on average 283,4 mm, ranging from 177,5 to 377 mm. Potential evapotranspiration (Etp) amounts were also determined using Grabarczyk’s formula. Irrigation requirements under the considered soil-climatic conditions were determined according to the following Drupka’s proposal: rainfall total (P) in the vegetation period as well as potential evapotranspiration (Etp) and difference Etp – P. Irrigation is needed when rainfall is lower than 370 mm, Etp is higher than 515 mm, and difference Etp – P is higher than 150 mm. On the base of rainfall amounts in vegetation period it can be stated that in years 1997-2006 irrigation requirements have been occurred in 8 seasons, and in two remaining years irrigation also could be needed because rainfall amounts were slightly higher from 370 mm (only by 4 and 7 ...
Irrigation needs of orchard plants in Poland are presented in the work using the formula N = P – Po (mm), where: N – water needs (mm) in a given pe-riod, P – actual rainfall (mm) in a given period, Po – optimum rainfall (water needs of plants). Optimum rainfall amounts according to modified schedule of Press [1963] for three ranges of air temperature in the particular months of the vegetation period were taken into consideration. Needs N were determined for 27 chosen meteorological stations, for five fruit trees' basic species as well as strawberries. The higher water needs for fruit trees were determined in central belt of Poland with north region of Szczecin as well as regions of Poznań, Płock and Słubice. These needs in the vegetation period with high temperatures ranged from 160 to 190 mm for plum trees, 140–171 mm for apple trees, 50–81 mm for pear trees as well as 39–73 mm for sweet and sour cherries. Advantageous mois-ture conditions were determined in both extreme belts of country, but also here irrigation needs were occurred in case of plum-trees and apple-trees. The highest rainfall deficits were detected in regions ...
On the basis of research done in the Department and literature data, indicesof optimal precipitation and water needs of selected crops (cereals, root plantsand papilionaceae) have been determined. It was found that both insufficient andexcessive precipitation affected yield adversely. It caused the following decreasesin yields: cereals 2-27 and 3-21%, potato 4-45 and 3-30%, sugar beetroot 2-43and 14-19%, fodder beet 16-73 and 8-28%, legumes 5-42 and 21-40%, and papilionaceae3-34%, respectively.Productivity of 1 mm water from precipitation was higher compared withproductivity induced by sprinkling. The calculated index of productivity for waterfrom sprinkling relative to water from precipitation was in the range 40-90%.Sprinkling increased the yield of winter wheat and spring barley by 20%,spring wheat by 25%, potato 47 and 55%, and sugar beet 10-40%. ...
The data on sugar beet yield were taken from Stations of Cultivar Assess-ment situated in south-west Poland. Using the method of multiple regression with interactions, models of root and leaf yield and sugar content percentage were con-structed, where the independent variables were precipitation total in the periods April-June and July-September or the number of days with rainfall in the stated periods. The optimum for obtaining highest yields of beetroots proved to be the set of factors: rainfall April-June 222 mm (the highest studied) and rainfall July-September 260 mm (a bit higher than average). As regards the number of days with rainfall, the optimum values were 35 days in the period IV-VI (values lower than average) and 50 days in VII-IX (value close to the maximal studied). The yield of roots was lowest with the lowest precipitation totals in both the periods (122 and 152 mm), and also when the highest number of days with rainfall in the spring season (46) was accompanied by low number of days with rainfall in the summer period (33). For the yield of leaves the best set of factors proved to be the maximum precipitation totals studied, both those of the spring and summer period ...
The data on the yield of potatoes grown on very good and good wheat soil complex as well as very good and good rye soil complexes in 11 experimental stations of varieties evaluation in 1996-2005 were used in this paper. For the wheat and rye soil complexes models of medium early as well as and medium-late and late potato crop were constructed as regression functions (quadratic polynomial with interactions), in which the amount of precipitation in May-June and July-August were independent variables. Models were studied in the range of 75-175 mm precipitation in May-June, and 90-220 mm precipitation in July-August, which corresponds to the average ± standard deviation of these parameters.In all cases, July-August precipitation was the factor more strongly affecting the yield. For medium early potatoes grown on wheat soils the optimum for obtaining the highest yields proved to be the set of factor: low May-June precipi-tation (88 mm) appeared with high July-August precipitation (217 mm). The yield achieved under these conditions amounted to 594 dt•ha-1. Medium late and late potatoes grown on the same soil reacted similarly to water from rain - the optimum set of factors was: May-June precipitation - 76 mm and July-August - 220 mm, ...
The paper presents simple equations for estimation of water needs of fruit trees for conditions of Poland. These formulas are derived on the base of numerical data provided by many authors. Water needs of fruit trees can be estimated on the base of air temperature according to data and methodology of Drupka, Kemmer and Schulz as well as Press. The method of estimation of fruit tree evapotranspiration with the use of crop coefficients for particular months of the vegetation period (acc. to Doorenbos and Pruitt and acc. to Treder) and reference crop (grass) evapotranspiration on the base of air temperature (acc. to: Treder, Hargreaves in modification of Droogers and Allen, Hargreaves in modification of Bogawski and Bednorz, Blaney-Criddle in modification of Żakowicz) are also presented. The presented formulas can be helpful in estimating the irrigation needs of orchards (and vineyards) in conditions of Poland. The presented formulas can be also useful in making decisions on the location of irrigation equipment and the possible application of irrigation in orchards (and vineyards) in Poland. ...
The aim of the study was to attempt to estimate the demand for water for upward irrigation of urban green areas in parks of four selected cities in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (Bydgoszcz, Grudziądz, Toruń, Włocławek) depending on expected climate changes. The study takes into account two scenarios: the RCP 4.5 scenario assuming an increase in CO2 concentration to the level of 540 ppm in 2100 and achieving radiative forcing of 4.5 W/m2, and the RCP 8.5 scenario assuming an increase in CO2 concentration to 940 ppm in 2100 and achieving radiative forcing of level 8.5 W/m2. Three selected decades (decades) of the 21st century are included: 2021-2030, 2051-2060 and 2091-2100. Based on the adopted assumptions and calculations, it was found that the largest amounts of water for irrigation will be needed in the last decade of the 21st century. The greatest demand for water will occur in July, and then in August. Higher water needs of urban green areas - compared to the RCP 4.5 scenario - (except for Grudziądz) were found in the RCP 8.5 scenario. Among the four examined cities in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, the lowest demand for water occurred in Grudziądz, higher in Bydgoszcz, even higher in ...
