The work analyses the eight-year (1997–2004) period of research on water consumption by a selected household in a housing estate in Krakow. Water consumption was referred to the number of persons using water in the investigated household, a unit consumption was determined and daily irregularities in the uptake of water. The household numbered four permanent dwellers. The basis for analysis were daily indications of water meter registered in the observation journal, temporary changes of the number of inhabitants and water use outside the flat, e.g. for garden watering or car washing, etc. The investigated building is fully furnished with running water and sewer system, i.e. running water is supplied to the flat furnished with kitchen sink, flushed toilets and two fully equipped bathrooms. In the initial period of investigations, wastewater from the building was directed into a cesspool but since November 1997 it has been drained by common sewer system. Obtained research results revealed that daily unit water use in 1997–2004 ranged between 5.9 and 693.3 dm3∙M-1∙d-1, whereas average unit daily water consumption fell within the 135.5 and 177.5 dm3∙M-1∙d-1 depending on year. The biggest difference between average daily unit water uptakes in individual months was registered in 2000 and ...
The paper presents results of direct investigations of water consumption conducted for the period of one year in two rural households in the villages of Włostowice and Stanisławice in the malopolskie province. The first analyzed household had a typically farmer character, whereas the second one was a typical urban household. Both household used exclusively tap water, discharged their domestic sewage into the combined sewer system and were characterized by similar standard furnishing in water supply and sewage disposal appliances. The conducted analysis of water consumption rate revealed lower water consumption by a rural household in comparison with the other of urban character, despite the fact that the first consisted of a higher number of inhabitants and was running plant and animal production. Mean water consumption per convertible inhabitant over the whole period of investigations in this household was 86.1dm3· PM-1·d-1, whereas at Stanisławice household it amounted to 129.91dm3· PM-1·d-1. Irregularity of water intake confirmed so called weakly cycle. The largest water consumption by both households was registered on Saturday and the lowest on Tuesday. On all days of the week, except Tuesday, water consumption by the household in Stanisławice was the higher than by the Włostowice household. Two peaks in ...
The aim of the study is to analyze the productivity and efficiency of two types irrigation systems. First one, with using traditional hose, and second one, with using drip line system. The study was conducted in specialized vegetable farm in Karpicko near Wolsztyn, in years between 2009 to 2011, in two tunnels with an area of 180 m2 either. Cultivation areas of tomatoes, however, took up respectively 87 m2. In each of tunnels 400 tomatoes' seedlings (Nita® Nickerson - Zwann variety) were planted. The volume of water used for irrigation was checked by two independent water meters, whereas the crop took place once a week. The scope and labour intensity of treatment, protective attendance, and associated works with fertilization based on the actual number of man-hours were recorded. The efficiency of water production was much higher in the drip line system; in order to obtain one kilogram of tomatoes the system needed 33 liters of water, whereas the traditional system almost 58 liters. It means that production efficiency of drip irrigation was about 75% higher than using the traditional irrigation system. ...
The paper presents the variability in tap water consumption in a 17-thousand poviat town located in the eastern part of the Lesser Poland voivodeship. The recipients were divided into households, industrial plants, service facilities along with other recipients. Based on the analysis conducted in a multi-year period of 2000-2012, with a decrease in the total water consumption by 15.0%, the water consumption indicators were determined in relation to one connection to the water supply network of individual water consumers. Their mean values were 0.744; 60,359 and 1.606 m3× d-1, respectively. During the study period the mentioned indicators decreased - by 31.2% in the case of households, by 43.8% for service facilities, while in the case of industrial plants they increased by 15.0%. The conversion water consumption per capita in households was also determined as an average of 82.96 dm3× d-1. This ratio decreased from 91.08 dm3× d-1 in 2000 to 79.57 dm3× d-1 in 2012 (reduction by 12.6%). In the structure of water consumption, households were the predominant users (52.0%) followed by industry (30.8%) while the remaining amount of water (17.2 %) was consumed by service facilities along with other recipients. ...
The aim of the paper was an analysis of the structure of tap water consumption by rural households considering the use of its results for designing the elements of water supply and sewer systems. The analysis of this structure was based on direct measurements of water consumption conducted in 2011-2014 in 30 households located in Przeginia Duchowna village (Czernichów commune, Malopolskie province). Double measurement of water consumption (water supply connection or water draw off point outside a residential building) enabled the separation water consumption for household and additional purposes from the total water consumption per household. Analysis of the collected data revealed considerable disproportions between the real water consumption and stated in the design guidelines. Calculated on the basis of the study, averaging 85.6 dm3·I-1·d-1, accounted for only 57% of the value of 150 dm3·I-1·d-1 most commonly used in design. Because of the possible determining the water consumption structure it was demonstrated, that the divergences concerned also the volume of domestic sewage discharged from rural households. Obtained results revealed also that application of the principle, where the volume of sewage equals the volume of water consumption by rural households, for designing sewer systems is usually incorrect. In the analyzed household ...
This work analyses the variability of water consumption in Toruń over the years 2014-2017. The difference between the largest annual water consumption (2016) and the smallest (2014) was 13.2%. Higher consumption values typically occurred in the warm half-year, except in 2015. The lowest values occurred in the winter months (February), and the highest in the summer months (from June to August). The largest dayto-day variations in water abstraction were recorded at Easter and Christmas. There were differences between the average water consumption on particular days of the week, with the largest differences being between Saturdays (the highest value) and Sundays (the lowest value). Average unit water consumption was in the range of 58.2 to 67.3 dm3∙M-1∙d-1. On the basis of multiple regression analysis, a set of the factors with the greatest impact on the daily variability of water consumption in the city (in the warm half-year) was indicated. These factors include:evaporation, day of the week, humidity and maximum temperature. ...
