In researches over level of endowment to technical infrastructure, but especially in spatial comparative analyses it is helpful application of multidimensional statistics methods, allowing on assignment of synthetic measureMeasures substitute numerous set of the feature of researched object (variable characterizing individual elements of technical infrastructure) with one aggregate variable.Such approach enables estimate of object (communes) by one largeness and it allows ordering of analyzed object based on treated problem (level of infrastructural development). The purpose of article is assignment of development measure of technical infrastructure according to various methods of constructing of synthetic measures, and comparison received results. The objective is verification how the application of different aggregation methods of the same diagnostic variable effects results, manner and which from suggested methods seem adequate for researches over technical infrastructure.Were chosen 5 different proposals of constructions of synthetic variable and were compare received results according to them these methods.Object of research presents 20 mountain communes in the podkarpackie province. For construction of synthetic measure were accept 8 diagnostic variable characterizing elements of technical infrastructure of country area. ...
Present state and predicted development of technical, particularly network infrastructure, comprising elements and facilities of water supply and sewage disposal, is connected with various aspects of spatial management. There is a strict interrelation between the size of settlement units and the number of objects and facilities of infrastructure localized in their area. The degree of built-up density in rural areas and ground-water relationships have a significant influence on the construction costs of collective water supply and sewage disposal system. In the extremely unfavourable ground-water and terrain conditions the costs may be even twice higher than in moderate or advantageous conditions. Therefore in agricultural communes localized in sumbmontane areas with generally low budgetary incomes, investments connected with sewerage system construction are replaced, under the pressure of local communities, by investments on water supply systems. The article aims at describing the state of saturation with water supply and sewage disposal infrastructure in communes of the nowosądecki and limanowski counties during the period from 1990 until 2003.The state of individual communes equipment in the studied elements of infrastructure was described using saturation indices expressing the relationship of the network length per 100 km2. The indices were computed for the time span from 1990 ...
The content of paper is assessment the technical infrastructure and biological construction state round water reservoir Domaniów. It was found that technical infrastructure round water reservoiris well developed. Made 20 km pipe line water, 30,7 km sewerage to all localities. Built sewage treatmen plant, modernization of water station and same pump stations. Introduced biological construction again abrasion does not give good results. Development trees and shrub was weak and many plants did not live trough by reason of devastation from people and not good soil condition. Therefore biological construction is too little effectives in protection the banks of water reservoir against abrasion. The 2005 year about 150 m (runing metre) was devastated by abrasion. Improvement of the road infrastructure is very need round the water reservoir because their present state is insuitable. According to our observations and researches we think, that the development of technical infrastructure round water reservoir Domaniów is satisfa ctory and biological construction unsatisfactory. ...
Self-government organization started their chase after funds for infrastructural investments already several years ago. Each year a growing number of selfgovernments use the EU money accessible from various programmes and preaccession funds. However, their importance has grown since 2003 owing to radically increased amount of funding allocated for investments carried out by selfgovernments from means of coherence funds and equalization funds targeting particularly rural areas. The highest increase, exceeding 500 per cent was registered in rural minicipalities. More importantly not only the amount of obtained means increased but primarily the number of self-governments using the subsidies. The most serious hazard is connected with a group of municipalities which do not get any subsidies. It is due to problems they have with providing their own financial input, necessary for project application. No subsidies can be obtained if municipalities do not declare their own contribution. This leads to the outcomes contrary to the assumptions of the EU cohesion policy. Its main objective is equalizing development of all regions and not strengthening or increasing the differences. The analysis was conducted to seek correlations between the rate of development of infrastructure in the rural areas and selected budget ratios characterizing financial conditions of municipalities. ...
By using the synthetic index this dossier represents a trial to identify the living standards of populations in agricultural parts of swietokrzyskie voivodeship. The construction of this index is based on surveying elements describing different human needs. The selection of surveying elements was dictated by quite a limited collection of accessable statistics data. However preliminary characteristics (using only a few elements) indicates various differences in living standards of analysed population. Translating this data, the standard of living for human being can be categorised into needs and activities; those needs must be met to a satisfactory level. In the research internal and external factors of living standard are taken into consideration. In the dossier lots of attention is focused on internal factors such as housing, communal and social infrustructure and population problem. The researched area is a part of Malopolska Upland in south-east of Poland. Kielecko-Sandomierska Upland with Swietokrzyskie Mountains (Holy Cross Mountains), Niecka Nidzianska and Przedborska Upland are the three makroregions which are parts of Malopolska Upland. The analysed voivodeship is subdivided into 102 communes (gminy), 13 counties (powiaty) and 1 city county (powiat grodzki). Calculated index of living standards in swietokrzyskie voivodeship comprises between 0.62 to 1.90. The carried ...
The aim of the paper is to illustrate the results of the long-term research performed on swamp areas of the Forest Promotional Complex (FPC) “Lasy Rychtalskie”. The research project comprehended hydrological, chemical and geotechnical field studies performed on forest swamp areas to assess current state conditions of forest management and forest ecosystems, predict changes and identify the threats to ecosystem stability. The Forest Promotion Complexes are a functional areas in peculiarities about to ecological meaning, educational and social. The own name FPC “Lasy Rychtalskie” is accepted from a situated forests on precinct Rychtal of Forest Inspectorate Syców. This forests of precinct are celebrated from ekotype ordinary pine, about unrepeatable genetic values, confirmed in scientific investigations. The study covered forest swamp areas of the FPC “Lasy Rychtalskie”. To detailed investigations are selected three experimental areas, microcatchments and 6 transects transverse to forest roads situated or in frames above mentioned areas or in their immediate nearness. Chosen microcatchments are situated, that lie in wholes on marshland areas. On experimental areas are installed 51 of wells to measurements of ground water levels and 3 Thomson overflows on rivers. From all of bore-holes were received samples of soils to standard researches in laboratory – ...
The studies focus on analysis of chosen conditions of tourism development in mountain rural areas. The article presents studies which covered mountain rural communes of the sląskie province. A total of eight communes were analyzed in view of tourist traffic (Istebna, Jelśnia, Koszarawa, Milówka, Rajcza, Ślemień, Ujsoły and Węgierska Górka), of which only six were selected for further analysis because statistics did not reveal any persons using sleeping facilities in two of them (Koszarawa and Ślemień). The analysis was conducted to determine priorities for extension of technical and economic infrastructure for special purposes in the field of tourism. Analysis of the directions of changes concerns technical and economic infrastructure for special purposes in the field of tourism, including sleeping facilities, catering businesses, health resort infrastructure and tourist infrastructure. On the basis of the analysis it may be stated that a factor inhibiting tourism development in all communes, except Rajcza is the state of health resort facilities. The most backward district in this respect is Milówka. Here, in order to activate tourist traffic extension of sleeping facilities and objects of tourist infrastructure is recommended in the first place. In comparison with the other communes, accommodation facilities are best developed in the ...
The aim of the present work is a description of a multi-year complex field research (hydrological, chemical and geotechnical) carried out in the area of the "Lasy Rychtalskie" Forest Promotion Complex "Lasy Rychtalskie". The work focused on characterizing the present state, forecasting future changes, as well as indicating the stability threats which the areas face. Forest promotion complexes are functional areas of a particular ecological, educational and social significance. The Lasy Rychtalskie Complex is situated within the grounds of the Syców Forest Inspectorate and its name is taken from the section called Rychtal. The area of the forests is famous for its Pinus sylvestris L ecotype, as well as unique genetic values, confirmed by scientific research. The field investigations were carried out on the marshlands of the forests in focus. Three experimental plots, microcatchments and 6 transects transverse to the forests roads, situated either within the area of the catchments or in their close neighbourhood, were selected for the detailed research. The selected catchments are situated on the marshlands. 51 groundwater measurement wells, alongside with 3 Thomson overflows situated on watercourses were installed on the experimental plots. Soil samples were collected from all drillings for standard laboratory tests of mechanical, ...
Apparent diversification of the malopolskie province area in respect of its topography and unequal financial resources at the disposal of individual communes and districts may determine the level of their infrastructure development. At present, when Poland became the European Union member state and entered its financing structures, spatial development of the infrastructural potential is affected by the activities of local self governments. Intensive development and modernization of infrastructure favour local concentration of communes with high values of the indicator. Technical infrastructure is an element strictly connected with space and its level is affected by social, financial and human factors, which provides a basis for an analysis of the influence of local spaces on its development or lack of it. In the article local diversification of communes was made using Local Moran’s Ii statistics. Local statistics my verify whether a commune is surrounded by neighbouring objects (communes) with similar or various values of analyzed variable in relation to random distribution of these values in space. It allows for identification of spatial effects of an agglomeration. Such analysis of local indicators of spatial association LISA was suggested by Anselin [Anselin 1995]. The article aims at presentation of local indicators of spatial dependencies ...
Autocorrelation is a branch of statistics dealing with an analysis of spatial data and with further description and investigation of spatial phenomena. Methods of spatial statistics are also called explorative spatial data analysis – ESDA. Spatial statistics are an efficient method to identify the dependence of individual phenomenon occurrence on geographical space. Measures of spatial autocorrelations show the dependence of variables in respect of spatial localization. Spatial correlation (positive autocorrelation) allows to determine that intensification of a given phenomenon is more perceivable in the adjoining objects than in located far away from one another. Two types of measures are used by spatial statistics: global and local measures. The Authors used a global measure to illustrate the spatial dependence of water supply and sewage disposal infrastructure occurrence. The global measure was computed using R CRAN program. The global measure of Moran’s I statistics was computed for various spatial weight matrices. The data for analysis, evidencing the state of water supply and sewage disposal infrastructure in 2005, were obtained from the Main Statistical Office in Krakow. Moran’s I statistics allows to identify global autocorrelation measures in spatial objects with reference to the assumed weight matrix. The global measure is a one number ...
The investigations were undertaken because of an important role which necessary elements of technical infrastructure play in rural areas, conditioning a development of each economic activity, including providing services for tourists. The article presents the selected elements of municipal infrastructure in rural communes (house cross connections to sewer and water supply systems).The investigations covered rural communes of the malopolskie province, which were analyzed with respect to a tourist function which they may fulfill, estimated using Schneider and Defert indicators. An attempt was made to establish a relationship between the state of selected elements of technical infrastructure and the level of tourist traffic. The relationship may determine a given region, village attractiveness or unattractiveness therefore decide about the chances or barriers to its further development. The data used in the paper come from The Main Statistical Office Regional Data Bank. A survey of water supply systems showed that not all communes had such cross connections. The highest number of cross connections per 100 houses were registered in the communes of Biały Dunajec, Poronin and Kościelisko. On the other hand the communes of Lubień, Ochotnica Dolna, Rzepiennik Stryżewski, Tokarnia and Trzciana did not have a single cross connection to water supply system. ...
Presented were the results of studies on the level of technical infrastructure development in rural areas of the świętokrzyskie province. Saturation with and accessibility of water supply and sewage disposal systems and road network were considered. Ward method was used to identify uniform groups of objects (communes) and the results were verified using discriminant function analysis. ...
The strength and character of spatial auto-correlation of the value of synthetic level of development of selected technical infrastructure elements functioning in rural areas in the swiętokrzyskie province. The synthetic indicator value was determined on the basis of Hellwig synthetic development measure. The research did not confirm the occurrence of spatial autocorrelation concerning the level of infrastructure development. ...
Territorial self-governments, especially those at the local level, when lack-ing sufficient amount of own financial resources, are forced to search for external finances. Today, EU funds are one of the most important sources of this kind of financing. These funds aim at diminishing development disparities between old and new EU members. The aim of this paper is to characterize technical infrastructure investment project, realized in the rural areas in the region of Łódź in years 2004-2008, co-financed by The Integrated Regional Operational Programme (IROP, Polish abbreviation: ZPORR). This description includes not only material effects, but also economical, social and ecological ones. ...
The existing technical and social infrastructure greatly affects the quality of life of inhabitants and the development of rural areas. This development is hin-dered mainly by a shortage of funds. Following Poland's accession to the Euro-pean Union, the chances of acquiring funds have increased. The main beneficiar-ies include the poorest and most poorly developed communes. The aim of this paper is to show the development of technical and social infrastructure in rural communities such as: Gietrzwałd, Stawiguda, Dywity, Jonkowo and Purda after Polish accession to the European Union. The focus is on infrastructure networks, water, sewage, the types and number of educational institutions, as well as the types and number of sports and recreation. Also examinedsource of funding for ongoing investment in the division's own resources, derived from national and European Union. According to the research, it is not always dependent on the funds acquired from foreign sources. ...
The main aim of this article is to assess the degree of development and spa-tial diversity of the technical infrastructure (sanitation) in rural areas of the Ku-jawsko - Pomorskie. Particular attention was paid to the development of infra-structure in protected areas located in the area of natural landscape park and to relationships in the level of development between municipalities located within the parks and being outside protected areas. To analyze the level of infrastructure de-velopment, a number of variables describing the dynamics of the water and sewage networks and water consumption, the amount of generated waste, sanitary housing equipment or local government expenditures for investments in environmental protection was used.
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Presented article analyses the rate of development of selected technical in-frastructure elements i.e. water supply lines, sewage disposal systems and gas grids located in rural areas in Poland in the years 2000-2009. In order to ensure the comparativeness of obtained results concerning the analyzed elements of technical infrastructure, absolute data were presented as an indicator expressing the number of water supply lines per 100 houses situated in the analyzed area.The analysis conducted including such indicators as absolute increments, chain indices or average rate of changes, revealed increasing tendency for all an-alyzed elements of technical infrastructure. The most noticeable development characterized water supply lines. Development of the other elements was also noticeable, however at a much slower rate.Increasingly faster development of rural areas owing to new functions which they assume, determines the direction of changes both in the infrastructure and other areas of life in the country.
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The article compares the level of technical infrastructure development in rural districts of Jelenia Góra. Taxonomic meters of development have been con-structed based on a set of characteristics of selected municipalities in the field of three categories: sewer and water mains, gas and district heating and transport, waste management and environmental protection (such as water supply, gas dis-tribution network, or the percentage of population served by sewage treatment plants). The study ranks the collection of cross-sectional data for 2009. ...
The subject of the article is the availability of technical infrastructure equipment in rural areas. Analysed were both the availability of technical infra-structure facilities and the tendencies of development in this area. Spatial analysis covered rural areas in Poland per provinces in the years 2003-2010. The studies comprised the following elements of infrastructure: water-pipe network, sewerage network, gas grid and road network, as well as individual and collective sewage treatment plants. For the sake of the article, which aims at the assessment of the level of technical infrastructure development in rural areas of Poland in spatial and time arrangement, the author applied methods of statistical multidimensional analysis using a construction of synthetic measure.The results of analysis obtained in the work greatly confirm commonly known situation of rural areas in Poland. However, it is worth noticing, that despite the intense investment activities undertaken by local self-governments and noticeable improvement in the technical infrastructure facilities availability, interregional differences are diminishing only slightly. On the basis of the joint assessment, in 2010 the highest level of the technical infrastructure facilities availability in rural areas was noted in the Małopolskie and the lowest in the Lubuskie province. ...
The aim of this paper is evaluate of the technical infrastructure layer use-fulness in Suloszowa community planning process. Authors was assumed that the layer will allow a thorough analysis of existing community facilities in terms of utilities, identify problem areas and present the offer to potential investors. In the application of the technical infrastructure layer analysis, focuses on networks of underground and overhead infrastructure: water, gas, electricity and telecommu-nications. Spatial analyzes were performed based on the created layers of spatial information system, that can be used by the municipal administration level in the space management. The utilities network layer allowed to identify community in-vestment offer by analyzing infrastructure net and buildings in the production areas, warehouses and storage facilities. In this article has also included an conclusion for variation of methods used to calculate the density of the network indicators per area unit. ...
The dynamic growth of civilisation requires sufficient access to broadly defined infrastructure. The term stands for a collection of public service devices and installations that are indispensable for providing proper operation of national economy and society's existence [Krakowiak-Bal, 2004]. For centuries, infrastructure has been best developed in the places characterised by highest population density, i.e. mainly in urban areas. This tendency is still noticeable, however, the implemented programs and European Union funds ensure reducing disproportions between rural and urban areas. The main role in this process is occupied by the Rural Development Programme, which enables receiving external funding for the realisation of infrastructure investments most crucial for the region. According to Siemiński [1996], infrastructure, with regard to its scope, is categorised into three groups: utility infrastructure, social infrastructure and economic infrastructure. The present paper considers the issues of utility infrastructure. This type of infrastructure is characterised by unalterable location in an area, general accessibility, functionality and availability. It is considered to be linear, long-lasting, capital-intensive (requiring high investment and exploitation expenditures) indivisible, and its construction requires complex technique and technology. All branches of utility infrastructure (such as waterworks, sewage systems, roads, railroads, etc.) are closely connected with their ...
Technical infrastructure plays an important role in the restructuring process of rural areas. Production processes and labor productivity depend on infrastructural arrangement, its condition and properly work of all elements. One of the cause for the rural areas marginalization is the underdeveloped technical infrastructure.In the paper the similar areas with infrastructural quality of Świętokryskie voivodship were separated. Evaluation of these areas due to the environmental quality of the infrastructure was made. In order to carry out the valorization of the technical infrastructure level, multivariate correspondence analysis was applied. ...
The article presents the development and condition of the sewage system in five rural communities in the powiat of Jelenia Góra in the years 2002-2012. Values of density of sewage network, the population using the network in the general population were examined, the results are presented in tables and cartograms. The article presents the legal situation of the examined communities in terms of belonging to agglomeration and municipalities involved in projects related to the construction of the sewage network. The spatial scope of research includes rural communities of the powiat of Jelenia Góra, these are: Janowice Wielkie, Jeżów Sudecki, Mysłakowice, Podgórzyn and Stara Kamienica. Analyzed data refer to communities, without specifying the localities.The study showed a heterogeneous state of development of the sewage network,different growth of network, as well as variability in the share of the population using the sewage network. In the analyzed period, the network most intensively developed in 2008-2012, due to the participation of some communities in projects for the development and construction of the sewerage network.
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Continuous social and economic development of a country is associated with providing basic needs like electricity, fuel, gas, water, heat etc. Technical infrastructure connected with media transmission and distribution similar to a transport infrastructure has become a fundamental human need, required for public purposes. Taking into consideration its linear character, both the existing infrastructure and the new one, regarding a large number of properties, limiting or preventing execution afforded full rights to these properties. Therefore there is a necessity to define areas connected with transmission and distribution line infrastructure, and all of these, in a light of the youngest limited property right - transmission easement. The purpose of this paper is the division of technical infrastructure connected with media transmission and distribution in view of its occurrence in the real estate space, range and availability for potential customers as well as registration in the geodesy and cartography regulations. In the study have been indicated also the area bands of land associated with the transmission and distribution line infrastructure, depending on its technical parameters and the way of a appearance in the real estate space.
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The article presents analysis and comparison of the settlement and infrastructure of urban and rural communities in the powiat of Jelenia Góra in the years 2008-2012. Research examined several indicators: the indicator of density-availability of water supply and sewage system, population density, population density of residential areas, percentage of residential areas in total community area. Analyzed data refer to communities, without specifying the localities. The results were used to draw dendrite of similar of communities in 2012. This method allowed to show similarities of urban and rural communities and to detect outliers communities. The study showed that the tree of four urban communities (Karpacz, Kowary, Piechowice) are similar and all rural with one urban community are also similar (Janowice Wielkie, Jeżów Sudecki, Mysłakowice, Podgórzyn, Stara Kamienica, Szklarska Poręba). Communities that stand out the most, considering the settlement and infrastructur situation, are: urban community Kowary and rural community Stara Kamienica ...
The aim of this study is to analyse the intensity of traffic in the village of Bysina taking into account, that local municipality is planning to build ring road of Bysina nearby. Conducted traffic measurements confirmed that existing transit route - the county roadNo.K1935is characterized by allow transit traffic with a relative stabilization of its level in the various periods of the year. In addition, there is no increased arduousness at night and during all the days off from work. The discussion was also subjected to an assessment of the accuracy of the report on environmental impact of one particular road investment. Basing on authors research, there was found that the report should not be used as the ultimate document judging the road usefulness ...
Sustainable development consists in integrating political, economic and social activities while maintaining natural balance and durability of basic natural processes in order to guarantee the possibility of satisfying the basic needs of individual communities or citizens of contemporary and future generations. The paper presents the research results on the impact of selected elements of technical infrastructure on the level of sustainable development of provinces. Both the level of sustainable development and the quality of infrastructure were defined in the form of synthetic indicators.Infrastructure was proved to be the factor affecting the sustainability of development; however, it did not have the same impact on all four domains of sustainable development. It was found that the infrastructure may have a negative effect on sustainable development in the natural (environmental) domain. ...
