The subject of river sediment transport has been studied from centuries - by river engineers as well as geographers, geologists, river morphologists and fluvial geomorphologists. Up to now there are no well known complex methods and/or approaches with help of which one can determine the intensity of sediment transport. However, even the approximate knowledge of the quantity of sediment transport is important, especially when dealing with sedimentation of river deltas, and lakes, designing artificial water reservoirs and planning any river engineering works or designing hydraulic structures. The appropriate assessment of the intensity of sediment transport has the direct influence on an adequate functioning of any hydraulics structure or object, with the help of which the negative influence of sediment transport is eliminated (erosion, channel cutting, filling-up river and water reservoir water intakes). One has to bear in mind that all phenomena connected with sediment transport are very complicated and complex and belong to the most poorly recognized in river hydraulics, thus the best way to understand them is to do measurements directly in the field. This is especially recommended for mountainous streams and rivers. However, in practice, when we suffer the lack of huge financial support (since all river measurements ...
The aim of river and valley restoration is re-establishment of natural or close to natural state in which the river channel and valley were before regulation works. River and valley were losing their natural state due to various factors. Mostly, it was connected with the radical changes as the result of the regulation works, i.e. river bed straightening , river gradient increase, standardization of size and shape of river cross section , liquidation of banks and channel bed irregularities, ecotones destruction, cutting off links between old river-bed and main river channel, reduktion in overbank flooding and floodplain storage. Increasing of water pollution in the past it was also chemical factor which changed natural state of rivers. Restoration is usually long-lived process which consists of different technical measures and induced by them ecological changes of water body and surroundings areas accomplished by nature. The full re-establishment of natural state is not possible in practice. By the time the restoration works begin the hydrological, hydraulic and environmental conditions should be recognized. The restoration works may be placed in the river bed, bank zone, along river valley and in tributaries or in the catchment area. The process of restoration encounters many and varied ...
The Upper Odra valley on sector between Chałupki (km 20,0) and Olza mouth (km 28,0) is subject of deformations caused by natural factors and by human activity. This sector constitutes the border river between Poland and Czech Republic. Seven unique meanders exist here. The I-st and the IV-th meander have been broken during the floods in 1997 and 1967. Together with road bridge (km 20,530) they constitute three critical places with regard to flow capacity of Odra valley in its upper course. The problem of the border between both states Poland and Chech Republic on this sector is still not solved, what causes serious lawful and economic complications. The studied sector is distinguished by intensive bank erosion and sedimentation. The dynamic of Odra morphological processes is high here, so changes of water course as well as shape of the riverbed are very indicative. At present, the new channels formed within the meanders I i IV are characterized by the rapid flow caused by the high bed slope. From the authors’ studies it follows, that the old river branches permit to pass only a small percentage of the average discharge. Great outwashes, islands and dense vegetation within the meanders cause a ...
The main aim of the article is to show (present) the influence of vegetation zone on concentration of suspended load. New standards (principles, rules) of river engineering conducted in harmony with nature assign enormous plant significance. It is treated not only as a natural factor but also as a component of hydraulic reaction which clearly shapes hydraulic and hydrologic conditions. Until recently it was generally believed that vegetation is only the faktor which makes exploatation of water facilities difficult and unfavourably influence on structure working. At present vegetation has begun to be appreciated as a new element in contemporaly water management which may favourably influence on hydraulic conditions. Vegetation may cause riverbed roughness changes, bed configuration changes, water level slope changes increase of riverbed erosion resistance and also may cause retention of considerable amount of suspended load transported by (in) the river. Existing of vegetation zone in rivers and reservoirs influences on fluvial processes. Vegetation degree and its vertical and horisontal dimension influence on longitudinal and transverse transport of suspended load as well as its variation dynamics. The research of the suspended load transoport in vegetation zone was conducted in Institute of Environmental Engineering on model in scale 1:1. The ...
In natural rivers, bed forms built of sandy and gravel-sandy fractions may be formed on the river bed at some determined hydraulic conditions. Depending on the type of the flow they can be two- or three-dimensional forms (2D, 3D) and they can have straight or curved crestlines (dunes: barkanous, sinusous, lunate, linguoid or catenary). Any bed form can exist individually (for example isolated dunes), but mostly they occur as accumulated single forms. These forms are placed parallel or transverse to the flow. Moreover, they can be arrangement across the flow. The subject the bed forms arising was involving and still is many scientists from abroad and from Poland and the main topic of investigations. Most of the paper covers the issue of sandy bed forms (in the form of ripples and dunes) which one shaping bottom of the lowland rivers [Młynarczyk (1998), Dąbkowski (1989)] and bed forms which observed on the submarine bottom [Pruszak 1998]. So far, there have been only a few publication in the world concerning existing sandy-gravel and typical gravel dunes [Carling at al. 2000, 2005]. This paper presents results of the hydraulic parameters calculations above gravel curved crestline dunes along the estuary part of the Raba ...
At present one of the most important problems of water management in accordance with requirements of Water Frame Directive (WFD) is counteract of worsen on water bodies condition and to end of year 2015 achievement good conditions all waters. For surface water “good state” be appointed by “the good ecological state”. Ecological conditions accordance with FWD determined biological quality elements, helped by hydromorphological and physics – chemical quality elements. It to it fully match the requirements the FWD to assessment of quality of surfers waters was one should introduce hydromorphological assessment. It in many European countries, in this also in Poland, the row of methods was has worked out was taking into account the integrated methods of assessment of quality rivers. Methods these by biological component and phisics – chemical the structural features of surface waters take into account in this: hydrological regime, continuity of river, morphological conditions. In article will be introduced applied in countries of European Union the comparison of methods with applied in Poland in the light of recommendations the FWD and standards of CEN. ...
Paper concerns the Włodzienin retention reservoir on river Troja located in Opole Province. Main function of this reservoir is flood protection and agricultural irrigatin. Reservoir capacity at NPP is equal 4 mln m3, and flood surface 86 ha. At present construction of this reservoir is near, and start of tankage is foreseen towards the end of current year. The authors presented on the paper prognosis of sediment inflow to reservoir. Calculations showed that this reservoir has been deposited after about 100 years. ...
Paper presents results of measurements and analyses of sediment transport flowing to the water small Mściwojów reservoir. Measurements of suspended and bed load transport on two tributaries (stream Zimnik and Wierzbiak) to this reservoir showed that annually it gets to this one about 167 T of sediment. Part of suspended load in total transport is about 97%. From the self bathymetry author’s studies follows that this reservoir is better intensively silted up, mainly in settling tanks and pre-dams. It causes the continuous reduction of its storage and shows on further necessity operation of the bathymetry reservoir bowl measurements and quantity, and kind of flowing sediment. The last studies at Mściwojów reservoir showed that it has been partly elutriated in part, where are the settling tank, and dumps have been deposited in its region. ...
These issues concern a section of the Lower Oder River which is approximately 110 km long, as well as the Lake Dąbie. They are jointly addressed by the two neighbouring countries. The key objective of the modernisation is to improve the conditions for navigation on the whole border section of the Oder River. It is supposed to ensure minimum depths of about 1.8 m at minimum firm flows in the Oder River, equal to 228 m3·s-1 on the section from the outlet of the Warta River to Widuchowa and 151 m3·s-1 from the outlet of the Lusatian Neisse River to the outlet of the Warta River. Another important objective is to improve the efficiency of ice-breaking operations and thus mitigate the risks caused by ice jamming. The channel of the Oder River was regulated in early 19th century with the use of a system of spurs located on both river banks. The regulation structures did not ensure the expected channel stability and navigable depths. In 1924–1941 corrections were made to the river regulation system with the use of spurs for the socalled low water level, however the efforts have never been completed. The crowns, heads and main bodies of the ...
Paper concerns the investigations of riverbed sediments in the meandering sector of the Border Odra, In the frame of meander I. As a result of fluvial processes the Odra riverbed is exposed to deformations, leading to often changes of the river itinerary. In the historical time, many meander breaks were registered, the last in 1967 (Meander IV) and in 1997 (Meander I). In the old river bed the discharge is gradually decreasing and the substantial part of the discharge is flowinging through the new channel. It leads to gradual silting of the old river part. The intensive formation of bars and of islands is observed. In the upper part of the old meander, mainly the bed load is deposed, and in the middle and lower part – the suspended load. The superficial part of the layer (cover) is exposed to the formation of pavement. The size of the pavement cover is equal 8,4–9,8 cm, and the granulometry of the lower layer (20–40 cm) equal to d50 = 2,3–2,9 cm. The islands formed by fine sediments were covered in 3-4 years by intensive vegetation (trees and bushes). This process causes an important decreasing of flow velocity in the old channel. The ...
Paper concerns show of laboratory experiment program of the electricelectronic barrier application ingoing to Electronic Deterrent Fish System to its protection against negative influence of hydrotechnical facilities. Investigations have been performed at Hydraulic Laboratory of Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, and will be tend towards determination of optimal technical parameters of the tested facilities for specified hydraulic conditions within the water plants. The Union Water Instruction and national controls determined requirements fish protection of inland waters. Free two-environment fish migration in canalized rivers can be realised by water plant modernization based on construction of fish passes friendly for environmental and assembly of electricelectronic facilities as barriers. In our opinion these barriers should be enable fish migration upwards and downwards, and its localization and construction should be secure simpler passage across fish passes. This publication has been coasted from the research project means No. 00029-61535-OR0100002/06 on “Efficiency studies of the facilities to control of fish behaviour at inlets to water intakes and fish passes”, realised by Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences. This project is financed by European Union and national budget in frame of Sectorial Operating System on “Fishery and Fish processing 2004-2006”. ...
Environmental compensation is a set of actions. These actions should take to restore natural balance on the given area, compensating the damage to the environment through undertaking the action plans and maintaining the landscape amenities (Article 3 of the Environmental Protection Law). They including hydrotechnical constructions, groundworks, soil reclamation, afforestation, tree planting or developing vegetation concentration sites, that are leading. Environmental compensation is highly recommended to repair the harm to the environment especially when realization of an investment disabled the protection of the environmental elements. The required range of environmental compensation is issued by the decision of the environmental conditioning for the investments with the environmental impact assessment already made (Article 75 of the Environmental Protection Low). The paper presents an inventory of the compensation actions that allow for reducing the negative impact of hydrotechnical constructions on the ecosystem of rivers. ...
Suspended sediment constitutes about 90% of the total river sediment transport. Recognition of river sediment transport, its kind intensity is indispensable in designing, execution, and operation of objects realized for needs of water economy. It is of great importance in water reservoir silting forecast.Intensity of suspended sediment transport may be determined by use of var-ious methods i.e. direct ones - measurement methods and indirect - calculation ones. Among the direct ones the following ones may be distinguished: bathometric, photometric, electro-resistance, ultrasonic and radioisotope method. Indirect methods permit to calculate sediment transport basing upon empiric, semi-empiric and theoretical equations. Description of suspended sediment transport based on empiric investigation is connected with the necessity of introduction of hydraulic parameters describing water flow and parameters characterizing suspended sedi-ment. Introduction of these parameters into description of water and sediment movement requires consideration of their reciprocate dynamic influence. Determi-nation of water flow velocity, distribution in the river bed section, forces, and stresses acting on the bottom characterizing the beginning of movement is also significant. Distribution of suspended sediment concentration, taking into regard its granulometric composition and fall velocity of particular grains, as well as hy-draulic parameters, permit description of transport of the water-sediment mixture and ...
This paper presents the research results of pollution level in Stobrawa river. The research was carried out on 19,5 km of the river in six test points: from the cross-section of the planned Kluczbork storage reservoir (point St.1) to the river source (point St.6). The test was carried out between November 2006 and October 2007. In the tested samples following compounds were determined: NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, PO43-, Ptot., BOD5, DO, TSS, water temperature, water reaction and elektro-lytic conductivity. Beside water quality tests, the hydrometric measurements were carried out. The paper also presents Stobrawa river quality valuation. The valua-tion of eutrophication of the Stobrawa river has been presented as well and it has been determined if the water is prone to nitrogen compounds pollution from agri-culture. The Stobrawa river catchment area has been valuated taking into consid-eration the flowing matter into the body water.The test has shown vast pollution of water flowing into the Kluczbork water body. Subsequently it may negatively influence the water quality in the body of water in terms of its future possible water retention. It has been shown that the familiarity of the profile of water quality indica-tors changeability is crucial while taking decision whether to build ...
The work concerns analyses of the water outlet through the hypothetical dam break in the dam of the dry reservoir „Rzymówka" on the river Kaczawa, which is currently in the project. One analysed two variants of dam erosion: overflowing water through the dam crest (variant 1) and hydraulic piping (variant 2). In the modeling one took into account different breach parameters based on parametric methods. The results of numerical simulation shows, that in case of the overflowing water through the dam crest will arise the dam break about width 74-78 m, and the duration of washing will be 0,8-2,1 h. However, if the dam break will be created as the result of the hydraulic piping, width would carry out 75 m. Magnitude of the water outflow through the gap has estimated on level 2337-2597 m3/s for variant 1 and 1590-2492 m3/s for variant 2. ...
The article presents the problem of inconsistencies of the lande borders under flowing waters and the shoreline of the river. It presents data register, containing information on the plots under the waters. These include the following databases: cadastral, topographic and administrative. Measurements of the course of the shoreline of one of the mountainous rivers showed large discrepancies between borders of land under the waters and the shoreline of the river. Changes in time and space of the shoreline of the river were determined on the basis of the long term cyclical location and height measurements. The paper aims to show the need of updating cadastral databases related to the borders of land under the flowing waters due to the change of the course of the rivers shoreline. Do cadastral maps always faithfully reflect the course of the border line of this type of objects? How often should they be updated? Cadastral maps as the primary source of information about the borders of land under the flowing waters (rivers) should be updated, after prior verification of the shoreline of the river (for example, on the basis of an orthophotomap). The study showed clearly, that update the borders of land under ...
