The authors show in the paper which types of soil erosion occur in the Carpathian mountain region and what are causes of it. It was found that the most susceptible to soil erosion were arable lands because of their surface being periodically devoid of plant cover. On the arable lands two types of soil erosion: surface and wind erosion can be found. Sometimes one can also find rill erosion and land slides. On the mountain grasslands, the most frequent are landslides which occur also in the forests on slopes with inclination. The main cause of soil erosion is the waterproof clay part on which a surface layer of soil slides down. All described types of soil erosion are very dangerous for environment because degrade the soils, pollute the surface waters, lower the agricultural and grassland production and lower the landscape values. The occurrence of soil erosion in mountain regions is caused first of all by larger and more intensive rainfalls and inclination of the slopes. ...
Variability of precipitation, evaporation and resulting of them climatic water balance influences particulary in the growing season on yield and quality of crops. Detailed values of these elements concerning particular years, months and even decades are necessary for determining terms and standards of irrigation, the best use of water resources of soil, studies in water-power engineering and for water supply. Based on collected material concerning precipitation, air humidity deficiency and mean wind velocity the values of climatic water balance were calculated. For determination of evaporation the Schmuck’s formula was used. Values of climatic water balance were determined as the difference between precipitation and calculated evaporation. The investigations were carried out in monthly system for warm season (IV–IX) and 20-year period summer season (1981–2000), analysing measurements data from 16 meteorological stations situated uniformly on the area of Poland. Obtained results were presented graphically, on climatic maps of the climatic water balance and its components, precipitation and evaporation. Analysis of climatic water balance in investigated period shows that highest water deficiency occurred respectively in August, July and May, and the lowest one in September, when in east part of the country the positive values were observed. The scope of water deficiency in ...
Reduction of evapotranspiration due to soil water deficit is quantified by CDI (Crop Drought Index). It is an agricultural drought index. The relationship was examined between precipitation P and CDI for sugar beet in Kujawy region for different soils. Evapotranspiration reduction was estimated on the basis of model research conducted for the growing season of sugar beet (21.04–30.09) in the years 1954–2003 and for 4 soils, with different total available soil water (103, 137, 165, 203 mm) in the 1-m profile. Relations between P and CDI were studied in 5 time periods, created by adding another subsequent phenological phases of sugar beet. The significance of the relationships was evaluated by using statistical analysis. The correlation coefficients showed the share of precipitation in the reduction of evapotranspiration of sugar beet in relation to potential evapotranspiration. The determined monograms can be useful in determining CDI on the basis of current measurements of precipitation. ...
The humidity conditions of a certain area depend mainly on the level which precipitation, being a natural water taking, covers its expenditure. It has been noticed series of precipitation deficiencies in Poland for the last years, which often cause heavy droughts. They can be a barrier in the intensification of plant production. In the study it was shown the characteristic of water deficien-cies in RSD Zawady. It was used data from 2002–2008 period coming from an automatic weather station. Particular months, vegetation periods and years were classified according to precipitation category using Kaczorowska’s division. In order to describe deficiencies and surpluses of humidity it was calculated the climatic water balance (P-E). Using the optimal precipitation table by Klatt it was determined surpluses and deficiencies of precipitation for the selected crops. The results of the investigation show that September was a very dry month. Only in last two years it was considered as wet. The highest water deficiencies for the selected cereals were observed in June. The analysis of the deficiencies for the particular months points that the smallest difference between precipitation and area vaporization was in October and the biggest one in April and June. ...
The data on sugar beet yield were taken from Stations of Cultivar Assess-ment situated in south-west Poland. Using the method of multiple regression with interactions, models of root and leaf yield and sugar content percentage were con-structed, where the independent variables were precipitation total in the periods April-June and July-September or the number of days with rainfall in the stated periods. The optimum for obtaining highest yields of beetroots proved to be the set of factors: rainfall April-June 222 mm (the highest studied) and rainfall July-September 260 mm (a bit higher than average). As regards the number of days with rainfall, the optimum values were 35 days in the period IV-VI (values lower than average) and 50 days in VII-IX (value close to the maximal studied). The yield of roots was lowest with the lowest precipitation totals in both the periods (122 and 152 mm), and also when the highest number of days with rainfall in the spring season (46) was accompanied by low number of days with rainfall in the summer period (33). For the yield of leaves the best set of factors proved to be the maximum precipitation totals studied, both those of the spring and summer period ...
The study estimated the needs of emergency irrigation in malting barley and illustrated their high temporal variability. The original test method, based on the results of many years of field experiments was used. Experiments were carried out in the area of particular deficit in the water (region of Bydgoszcz) on two soil types: very light with a drained subsoil and light with a dense subsoil. A total of 17 annual experiments were carried out, in three multi-year cycles, involving 13 growing seasons. There was a significant correlation between grain yield at a non-irrigated plots, and increases in grain yield under the influence of irrigation and the amount of precipitation during the period of increased water needs of barley, including the months May and June. Based on the analysis of these relationships and the total rainfall in May and June in the years 1971-2010, it was found that the great barley irrigation needs, requiring the use of at least 5 doses of irrigation (in total at least 100-120 mm of water) are found in the region of Bydgoszcz on the very light soil in 30% and on the light soil in 12.5% of the years. The use of irrigation in these ...
Occurence of minus air temperature, precipitation and wind worsen tech-nical conditions of the performance of maintenance works and it also has an impact on the occupational safety. Some of the results of considered weather events are the delays in the performance of particular works and an increase of their costs in a result of additional works. Potential financial loss that may influence enterprise in a result of unfavourable weather conditions is determined as the weather risk. In the following research the level of the risk in maintenance works in watercourses was assessed. The analysis of the weather forms was conducted in Wrocław between 2000 and 2011 for that purpose. Three weather conditions such as the air temperature below 0, rainfall, snowfall and the velocity of the wind were considered. Analysis was conducted basing on the data obtained from the Wroclaw Airport station. It was performed for the period recommended for the performance of maintenance works in watercourses from the 1st to the 31st of December. Frequency of the days occurence while weather conditions constituted an obstacle was determined basing on the obtained data. The analysis revealed that unfavourable weather conditions occurred often in realization of the works in the considered ...
The article attempts to assess the precipitation impact on eutrophication process in selected lakes of Suwalsko-Augustowskie Lakeland (lakes: Necko, Rospuda Augustowska, Studzieniczne and Białe Augustowskie). Numeric model of eutrophication, defined in WASAP programme (Water Analysis Simulation Pro-gram), which is developed and worked on in USA Environmental Protection Agency, has been used in studies. The model has been developed on the basis of own investigations, which were carried on in 1998-2008 years as well as the rain-fall analyses, that were available in WIOŚ (Voivodship Inspectorate for Environ-mental Protection) materials and statistical Yearbooks. Using the calibrated model a simulation was made, in which estimated nitrogen and phosphorus loads, delivered to the lake's waters from precipitation, were increased and decreased and then, the concentration changes of total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate, total phosphorus, orthophosphate and chlorophyl ‘a' were observed in the model. Based on the obtained results, the role of precipitation in the eutrophication process of lakes was assessed.
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Results of the 3-year field experiment carried out in 2005-2007 at the Ex-perimental Station in Zawady near Siedlce on good rye complex soil are presented in the paper. The oat phonological stages progress depending on weather condi-tions in vegetation period was estimated. The weather conditions in years of investigation were diversified. Exceptionally unfavorable conditions were in season 2006 - the great precipitation deficiency was noted. In following years the effects of three sowing rates (300, 500, 700 germinating seeds/1m2) on three oat cultivars (Polar - hulless cultivar, Bachmat and Rajtar - hulled cultivars) was evaluated. It was indicated that the decisive influence on oats growth and yield had the weather conditions in experimental years, also with experience factors: seed spacing and cultivars. The highest yield was noted in favorable 2007 year. The sowing rates increase caused the substantial growth of grain yield. Among examined cultivars the highest yield had Bachmat cultivar. ...
The data on the yield of potatoes grown on very good and good wheat soil complex as well as very good and good rye soil complexes in 11 experimental stations of varieties evaluation in 1996-2005 were used in this paper. For the wheat and rye soil complexes models of medium early as well as and medium-late and late potato crop were constructed as regression functions (quadratic polynomial with interactions), in which the amount of precipitation in May-June and July-August were independent variables. Models were studied in the range of 75-175 mm precipitation in May-June, and 90-220 mm precipitation in July-August, which corresponds to the average ± standard deviation of these parameters.In all cases, July-August precipitation was the factor more strongly affecting the yield. For medium early potatoes grown on wheat soils the optimum for obtaining the highest yields proved to be the set of factor: low May-June precipi-tation (88 mm) appeared with high July-August precipitation (217 mm). The yield achieved under these conditions amounted to 594 dt•ha-1. Medium late and late potatoes grown on the same soil reacted similarly to water from rain - the optimum set of factors was: May-June precipitation - 76 mm and July-August - 220 mm, ...
The yield of the spring cereals depends mainly on the distribution of at-mospheric precipitation in the growing season according totheir requirements in particular growing stages. Both precipitation excess and deficiency are not de-sirable. The analysis of spring cereals' water requirements fulfillment was made on the basis of IMGW data concerning the sums of atmospheric precipitation in Siedlce in the years 1968-1997. Monthly sums of precipitation were compared with optimum values of precipitation, estimated by Klatt (Water needs..., 1989),for specific spring cerealsin particular vegetation months. The characteristics of water requirements fulfillment for particular cereals was made on the basis of differences between the values of monthly sums of precipitation during the years analyzed and the values considered as optimum. In the months of April, May and June the frequency of precipitation deficiencies was higher than the frequency of precipitation excesses for all the cereals analyzed. However, in July precipitation excesses have been registered more frequently than the deficiencies. During the analyzed thirty years, the highest values of the average precipitation deficiencies for all the spring cereals were registered in May, while the values of precipitation excesses - in July. Meteorological growing season during the analyzed years began on 30th March and ...
Water reservoir on the Radomka River was built in 2001 year. From the 2001 to 2008 year there were carried out measurements of water levels in 16 wells near water reservoir.It was found, that water levels in the wells were correlated with water levels in water reservoir. At higher levels of water in the water reservoir there were also higher levels of water in the wells. The highest levels of water in the wells were in the spring season and afterwards systematically decreased till winter season. The water levels in the wells were always higher than in the water reservoir. Only the 2001 year was different, because then the reservoir was not filled completely. Higher levels of water were a result of depression curve. The higher levels of water in wells indicate the advantageous influence of water reservoir Domaniów on the terrain humidity in neighborhood, thus affecting the vegetation development.
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Daily measurements of water levels in water reservoir Domaniów were carry out from 2009 to 2013 year. After analyzing date received it was found that correlation between precipitation and water levels in water reservoir. Besides the highest water level in reservoir in all years there were during the spring season and the lowest water levels in reservoir water during autumn season. It results mainly hence, that during the spring is stronger humidity because except precipitation there are also water from melting snow. Whereas in autumn period is water deficit because the summer was strong evapotranspitation and the soil is very dry. The high water levels in reservoir occur also in other month if at the very intensive rainfalls. It will be described below.
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In Polish climatic conditions rainfall constitutes the main source of water for vegetation. The climate of Poland is characterized by high temporal and spatial variation. The total amount and seasonal distribution of precipitation show significant variability. The aim of the study was to analyze spatial changeability of rainfall in Central Poland. Data concerning rainfall were collected during the vegetative seasons of April - October in years 2013 - 2015. Analysis of the results confirms the observation which states that there is a great spatial variability of sum of precipitation, its maximum amount and intensity as well as the length of dry and rainy periods. Significant differences were observed between the stations located very close to each other. On the basis of obtained results it is stated that the rainfall must be measured directly on the area for which the water balance is to be estimated. ...
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of precipitation, which were observed in Nowy Sącz, on the variability of quantitative wastewater inflowing into the treatment plant Wielopole in the years 2008-2014. An analysis of the data from the multi-year was presented as a time series. The next a method for spectral Fourier smoothing operation using a Hamming window was using. The 56 % relationship between the amount of precipitation and the daily flow of sewage was after decomposition. This means that variability of the flow to the treatment plant Wielopole can be explained by the amount of precipitation in 204 days for annual period. ...
The aim of the study was the characteristics of thermal-precipitation conditions in the Opole voivodeship on the basis of mean monthly air temperature, and precipitation values from the 1981-2010 period from the Łosiów, Stare Olesno, Opole, and Głubczyce weather stations. Basic statistical characteristics of the thermal-precipitation conditions were calculated. They were mean monthly, and annual air temperature, and precipitation values over the 30-year period, standard temperature deviations, and precipitation variability coefficients. It was also studied whether there were trends of change as far as temperature, and precipitation were concerned. In addition, the dates of the beginning, and end of thermal periods, as well as their lengths were determined. The determined periods were: thermal winter, the economic period, vegetation period, intense vegetation period, and ripening period, corresponding to the period of thermal summer. During the last stage of study, dryness indicator A was calculated. On the basis of the calculations carried out, it was stated, that in the Opole voivodship the mean annual air temperature ranged from 8.0ºC, and 9.1ºC, and in the case of two towns it increased significantly. A significant increase in monthly temperature was also observed in April, and in the summer months. The increase in temperature translated ...
The paper analyses results of measurements of precipitation amounts in the Widawa River basin in the multi-year period 1956-2012. Analysed were annual, monthly and daily precipitation totals and the numbers of days with precipitation in a year and in a month. Trends of changes were determined and extreme monthly and daily precipitation totals were analysed. Annual precipitation totals over the analysed multi-year period were very strongly diversified. Despite a considerable spread of results, the distribution in time did not reveal any clear tendency of changes, the trend line was almost horizontal. The number of days in a year with precipitation revealed an obvious decreasing trend, particularly within the fraction of days with precipitation <1mm. Average daily precipitation obtained from the ratio of annual precipitation total and the number of days with precipitation showed a growing tendency. December was the month in which the highest number of days with precipitation was noted during the multi-year period 1956-2012. Considering the fewest number of days with precipitation, similar results were obtained for three months. In May and September the least number of days with precipitation was registered eleven times. Only once a less often mentioned number of days occurred in October. A summary ...
An assessment of the variability of four climatic indicators of plant irrigation needs (air temperature, precipitation, frequency of atmospheric droughts, rainfall shortages) in the 1st zone of irrigation application in Poland was carried out. The analysis concerned four localities (Szczecin, Poznań, Kalisz, Toruń) during the reference multiyear period 1991-2020, in the entire period of active plant growth (V-VIII) as well as the parts of it. Results of the analysis have shown a fairly clear increase in irrigation needs in terms of the climatic criterion. It results primarily from a significant increase in air temperature, resulting in an increase in the water needs of plants. For the period 1991-2020 tendency to deepening rainfall shortages in the Szczecin Lowland and in Wielkopolska was demonstrated. The large numbers of atmospheric droughts with higher level of intensity were identified in the second part of the analysed period in the years 2015- 2020. ...
