The municipal waste is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes col-lected by a municipality within a given area. EU waste management principles were defined in the Waste Framework Directive 74/442/EWG. In 2007 in EU countries 261 Mio Mg waste (522 kg*(capita*year)-1) were generated. In Poland the production index was lower and came to 322 kg*(capita*year)-1. 179 communes of Malopolska were choused as the research area. Jenk's method (natural break algorithm, also known as the goodness of variance fit (GVF).) was used in the analysis. This method in the best way describes spatial data arrangement. The Jenks optimization method was used to classify features us-ing natural breaks in data values. It was used to minimize the squared deviations of the class means. Optimization was achieved when the quantity GVF was maxi-mized.There was made a spatial analysis of the waste production, numbers of inhabi-tants and population densities in Malopolska communes by means of GIS soft-ware. Based on the gotten results there were defined the average quantities of generated waste in the specified communes' classes. ...
The municipal waste is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (municipals waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes col-lected by a municipality within a given area. Amount of generated municipal wastes depends on many factors, which the most important are: life standard, population's rate and goods' consumption scale and intensity. The kind of wastes and its composition depend on the area where the wastes are generated, also depends on population density, buildings' types, objects of public utility, trade outpost magnitude and intensity of industry and services.The acquaintance of morphological composition of municipal waste permits on treat the decision about waste management, projection waste installation, bal-ancing the processes of classification and forecasting about quality of products from wastes.This paper shows several practical methodologies of investigation municipal wastes and norms in Poland.
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Waste management comprises a number of single activities forming a cohe-rent system aiming at creating conditions for waste storage, their transport and disposal.Poland committed herself to implement and realise the European Union di-rectives concerning waste management. One of the major problems is closing down the hitherto existing landfills which do not meet the requirements of the directives. Moreover, the European Union requires a radical diminishing of the municipal waste quantities deposited on landfills.This aim may be reached by means of appropriate education about handling wastes and creating a system of waste management, suitable for local conditions. The paper shows the waste management system existing in the past in the Bochnia commune and the current state of affairs, and suggests solutions leading to improvement of the currently existent system. The research, conducted in the form of directed interviews among the investigated commune dwellers allowed to indicate the main trends of changes in the system of waste management, particularly concerning the waste collection. ...
The paper attempts to assess the effect of standard living on municipal waste generation in Podlasie Province. Changes of waste quantity were analysed in all province's districts in eight-year period. Eight parameters (variables), which characterise standard living and which may differentiate waste generation in each region, were taken for analyse. Two variables connected with waste generation (waste quantity and waste generation index) were also taken into consideration.As an investigation tool was used the Statistica packet. It allows to determine direction and strength of interaction between selected variables as well as to describe the interdependences and structure of them. The obtained results have shown, that different variables influence in dif-ferent way on waste generation. As a results of this a regional diversity of waste has appeared. It was also observed reduction of correlation value between the average monthly salary and amount of generated waste. In the whole province it was observed a high correlation between the waste quantity and population using sewage-treatment plants as well as urbanisation level. It was assumed that such a correlations are appropriate for urban areas. Analyse of correlation coefficient in non-urban area has also indicated a positive correlation between waste generation index and number of unemployed ...
The work discusses the basic issues of protection of the aquatic environment in the context of the operation of the facility, with reduced infrastructure support. Survey, the quality of groundwater and the wastewater during the advanced service in the years 2006-2008 after a period of winter the meltdown, were analysed, including benchmarking, which takes into account the variability in the composition of both the groundwater in-flow opacimeter and outflow and leachate collected in the landfill. In assessing the environment includes the components of the compromised sites, as well as the type, quantity and origin of deposited waste.The detailed analysis of the background of the results of the analyses carried out, requires above all to assess the efficiency of the system for the dehydration of the landfill, with an indication of the solutions for the protection of the aquatic environment in the context of the increase of mass deposited of municipal waste not selectively collected. ...
After World War II ended in Poland, large amounts of contamination began entering the environment. This was both household and municipal pollution. Equipment to reduce the released waste was lacking; control services were under-equipped and society, which was facing many different problems, was not interested in environmental protection. The first issues of national environmental policy were regulated in 1991. In the following years modifications concerning current needs and regulations of the European Union were carried out. According to these regulations, waste man-agement was acknowledged as a separate branch of environmental protection with its most important principles as follows: waste prevention, limiting of waste which could not be prevented, recycling of substances and materials which come from waste and safe neutralization of waste. By virtue of the waste act in 2001, a requirement to start waste planning was introduced at each level of local gov-ernment. These plans were to include analysis of the current state and forecasts of change in waste management, they were also supposed to present actions necessary to meet the targets.The purpose of this paper was to describe current work principles and methods of waste management planning in addition to new organizational solutions for managing municipal waste. ...
A summary of the work concerns the basic issues related to the composition process of bio-waste deposited on the municipal landfill. Study of the landfill gas composition obtained in the representative point was analyzed during the exploi-tation of the landfill in the years 2004 - 2008. During the study the quantity and the quality parameters of deposited waste, conditions of its exploitation and the time of deposition were under consideration. Particular attention was also paid to the 30 % share biodegradable waste and the development of aerobic processes during the operation of the landfill. The composition of the gas has demonstrated the domination of aerobic processes by an oxygen content within the limits of the 4,9 - 9,7 % over anaerobic processes in the downtrend content of methane to 2,3 % and 0 % carbon content. At the end of the article some conclusions concerning mainly an inadequate density of deposited waste which results in an easy oxygen access to the surface layers of the waste. ...
The goal of the work was an analysis of the waste management system at the municipal level in the context of limitation the amount of unselectively waste collection. At work showed the results of studies that relate to the amount collected selectively and unselectively household waste in the years 2007-2010. On the basis of the analysis carried out and showed that the prevalent cadastre of 67 % share on unselective waste collection. During the analysis period for negative has been recognized to decrease the total quantity of waste collection about 85,73 Mg, including selectively about 28,45 Mg in spite of the increase of the number of inhabitants and residential buildings. Moreover in the household waste management system in the commune have not been stating biodegradable waste pickup with a significant their share of more than 33%. Noted the discrepancy between the quantity of produced waste - 973 Mg and collected one - 269,52 Mg, as well as a decline in the value of the weighting indicator of their accumulation about 18 kg·miesz.-1·rok-1, confirmed the possibility of waste management by the inhabitants themselves due to the nature of the rural commune. ...
In the work presented and discussed the results of the study of groundwater in the area of the landfill site, which has been done in the years 2004 - 2008 in three piezometer points. For the analysis were taken into account the value of the reaction, electrolytic conductivity, TOC, Cr + 6, Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn and PAH. The results of the test of groundwater are normative values of Polish Standards, as well as the comparative analysis was taking into account the direction of their flow. The topic of the work was to assess the quality of these waters at the stage of the operation of the municipal landfill site. Tested waters in area of the landfill site was characterized by variability of their composition. In particular, an increase in the content of cadmium has confirmed influence of waste in underground waters on their outflow and on their qualities in result limited proficiency of drainage system of the landfill site. However, increased contents of product of incomplete combustionof organic product on inflow so as well outflow of this water it has exerted relationship with interaction of the effects of anthropogenic. ...
Leachates in the landfill site both result from direct flow of water from atmospheric precipitations and arise during the process of biochemical changes, most frequently organic compounds. The aim of the research was presentation of several selected heavy metals content in the leachate from landfill site posing a hazard to the environment. The landfill site is situated in Wola Suchożebrska, in the eastern part of the Mazowieckie voivodeship in the Podlaski county. It receives waste from the city of Siedlce and several neighbouring communes. Leachates were collected in compliance with the PN-ISO 5667-10:1997 standard taking in to consideration the vertical stratification of the leachate quality. The research covered concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr and Hg. No elevated concentrations of any of the analyzed indices was assessed over the 2007-2012 period in industrial waste supplied to the sewer system. Obtained results confirmed that during the recent years of the landfill exploitation it has been receiving only wastes whose storage does not pose a potential source of environmental pollution with heavy metals, on condition that proper accumulation and treatment of leachates is maintained. ...
The paper presents results of the experiment focused on the establishment of cemetery waste weight changes in time depending on the way of collection. The cemetery waste samples were collected at the Brno Central Cemetery and at the Brno-Lisen Cemetery. The samples were stored in an open area and in closed containers (composteiners).Weight of the cemetery waste samples was measured at week intervals for seven months (the end of April - the end of November). The amount of rainfall was measured as well.During these seven months of the experiment the cemetery waste weight was reduced to almost 71 % on average of initial weight but the weight of the samples was stabilized after three months and further sample weight changes were only minor. The rainfall influence tothe waste weight was just temporary. ...
The article presents the results of a research on the processing of undersize fraction, extracted from a stream of mixed municipal solid waste (MSW), into alternative fuel, in the process of bio-drying. The analysis was conducted with the use of an innovative EWA (Ecological Waste Apparatus) bioreactor adapted to carrying out aerobic treatment of waste in such processes as: composting, aerobic digestion/stabilization and bio-drying of waste. EWA bioreactors have been designed and manufactured by AGRO-EKO spol. s r.o. from the Czech Republic.The subject matter of the analysis was undersize fraction, with particle dimensions ranging from 0 to 50 mm, manufactured in the process of sorting (mechanical processing) of MSW. The main aim of the research was to assess suitability of the use of EWA bioreactor in the process of alternative fuel production from undersize fraction developed from municipal waste (in the process of accelerated bio-drying). Samples were collected between 2011 and 2012. The undersize fraction and the produced alternative fuel were analysed by AGRO-EKO spol. s r.o. and at the University of Agriculture in Krakow, in accordance with the standards for wastes and solid fuels. It has been concluded that undersize fraction produced from mixed municipal waste might be the ...
The work examines the role of innovative solutions in order to make more efficient use of waste and the reduction of their storage. Such solutions are necessary in the transformation process of linear economy to circular model. In the new model, the role of waste is being changed. Waste has not yet been treated as a by-product of economic activity but as a valuable resource that can be reused in the production process. There were also analysed how extent is the development of innovativeness in Poland in comparison to other European Union Member Countries. There is also analysed the direction of changes in the waste management field, especially in the structure of municipal waste. Another aim is to examine the examples of the Polish enterprises acting in waste management sector and the kind of innovative methods they use. In the article there were also presented supportive tools for implementing innovations in enterprises, with a focus on the waste management. They include among others: National Smart Specialisations and Regional Smart Specialisations. ...
The work assessed the quality of services in the field of collection of waste in the urban-rural commune of Wadowice. The research was carried out in 2013-2015. The form of a questionnaire survey was adopted as a research tool. The method used to measure the quality of SERVQUAL services (service quality) defines the discrepancy between the consumer's expectations and the perception of the product. The assumption of this method is to express the quality of services as the difference between the service expected by the client (expected quality) and the service received (purchased quality). The result of the analysis allowed for the assessment of the quality of services provided in the field of collection of waste in the studied commune and the selection of the preferred enterprise by the residents of the Wadowice commune in the aspect of waste collection. Residents of the Wadowice commune show higher expectations as regards the service of receiving municipal waste from their property. They attach great importance to the reliability of the company providing this service. ...
